Waste Statistics 1997

Environmental Review from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Waste generation, general
2.1 Generation
2.2 Treatment of waste in 1997
2.2.1 Total waste amounts
2.2.2 Treatment of ordinary waste
2.2.3 Treatment by sources and waste types

3. Recycling
3.1 Recycling distributed on fractions
3.2 Paper and cardboard
3.3 Glass
3.4 Ferrous metals
3.5 Organic waste for composting, wood chipping, and biogasification
3.6 Tyres

4. Hazardous waste

5. Imports and exports of waste
5.1 Imports
5.2 Exports
5.3 Imports and exports of waste subject to mandatory notification, distributed on countries and waste fractions
5.3.1 OECD-codes

6. Waste fractions and status compared to objectives for year 2000
6.1 Residues from waste incineration plants
6.2 Waste from building and construction activities
6.3 Households
6.3.1 Domestic waste
6.3.2 Bulky waste
6.3.3 Garden waste
6.3.4 Household waste per capita
6.4 Waste from manufacturing industry
6.5 Waste from institutions, trades and offices
6.6 Residues from coal-fired power plants
6.7 Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants

7. Incineration plants and landfills
7.1 Incineration plants
7.2 Landfills

Literature
A. Annex 1
B. Annex 2

1. Introduction

In 1993, the ISAG (Information System for Waste and Recycling) was used for the first time. The results of the fifth ISAG reports for the year 1997 are presented in this publication.

Reports to the ISAG for 1997 cover 424 plants distributed on 317 enterprises. In 1996, reports covered 436 plants distributed on 307 enterprises.

However, this decrease covers large variations in waste arisings in different sectors and can first and foremost be attributed to a decrease of 557,000 tonnes in the generation of residues from coal-fired power plants. This decrease is due to reduced exports of power to Norway and Sweden, as a consequence of a rainy year which meant that these two countries were able to cover more of their power needs by domestic hydropower.

If residues from power plants are not included in statistics, there has been an increase in waste amounts of 502,000 tonnes, which corresponds to some 5 per cent.

70 per cent of this increase of 502,000 tonnes can be attributed to construction and demolition waste arisings which increased by 11 per cent from 3,088,000 tonnes in 1996 to 3,427,000 tonnes in 1997. This increase in construction and demolition waste is explained by high activity in the building and construction sector. The activity in this sector has been on the increase since early 1996 and seems to have peaked early 1998.

Waste amounts from manufacturing industries, institutions, trade and offices, and wastewater treatment plants also increased, though only by between 1 and 4 per cent.

If both slag/fly ash and construction and demolition waste amounts are kept apart, an increase of 2 per cent can be seen.

By contrast, total waste amounts from households were almost similar to 1996: in 1997, 2,776,000 tonnes were generated in this sector against 2,767,000 tonnes in 1996. Of this, domestic waste amounts decreased by 2 per cent from 1,654,500 tonnes in 1996 to 1,620,800 tonnes in 1997. Bulky waste amounts decreased by 8 per cent from 639,100 tonnes in 1996 to 587,700 tonnes in 1997, and garden waste amounts increased by 10 per cent to 442,700 tonnes in 1997.

Total recycling in 1997 attained a rate of 63 per cent against 60 per cent in 1996. 20 per cent of waste was incinerated in 1997 against 19 per cent in 1996. Landfilling decreased to a rate of 16 per cent in 1997 against 20 per cent in 1996. Special treatment still accounted for 1 per cent.

If again residues from coal-fired power plants are kept apart from overall statistics, the rate of recycling in 1997 amounted to 61 per cent, whereas 24 per cent was incinerated and 15 per cent landfilled. If also construction and demolition waste is kept apart - which does account for a high rate of recycling - recycling of all other waste types reached 47 per cent, whereas 34 per cent was incinerated, and 18 per cent landfilled.

2. Waste generation, general

2.1 Generation
2.2 Treatment of waste in 1997
2.2.1 Total waste amounts
2.2.2 Treatment of ordinary waste
2.2.3 Treatment by sources and waste types

2.1 Generation

Table 1 and Figure 1 show waste generation within various sectors. These figures are compared to corresponding figures for 1995 and 1996.

Sources: ISAG-reports for 1995, 1996 and 1997, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft, and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used). Figures for sludge are stated in wet weight. A dry matter rate of 13.7 per cent has been used. Figures have been adjusted for imports of waste. The generation of waste in relation to the ISAG reports has been found by stating the quantity of waste delivered to waste treatment plants from primary sources. For this purpose, "primary sources" means waste generators that are not waste treatment plants (reprocessing facilities, incineration plants, composting and biogas plants, and landfills). Waste such as slag, fly ash, and flue gas cleaning products from waste incineration plants is therefore not included in the statement as it would otherwise be counted twice. Furthermore, waste from the source "recycling centres/transfer stations" is distributed on the original source. The principles for distribution are given in Annex 2.

70 per cent of this increase can be attributed to the building and construction sector, where waste amounts increased by 11 per cent from 1996 to 1997. Waste amounts in other sectors such as households, institutions, trade and offices, and the manufacturing industry only increased by between 0 and 4 per cent.

If also waste amounts from building and construction activities are kept apart from total waste amounts, an increase of 2 per cent in waste amounts from 1996 to 1997 has been registered.

In the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97 it was expected that waste amounts would increase up to 9.8 million tonnes in 1997 and then remain stable up to year 2000. This has not been the case. With a waste generation in 1997 of 12.8 million tonnes, amounts projected in the Plan of Action were exceeded by 3 million tonnes.

Projections and objectives for waste amount developments stated in the Plan of Action were based on a survey of waste amounts in 1985, carried out by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and regional councils. This was the first survey of waste amounts, and data were mostly based on estimates and theoretic calculations. Therefore, 1985-figures, and consequently also projections for developments up to year 2000, are subject to uncertainty.

With the implementation of the ISAG in 1993, which is based on reports of actual waste amounts delivered to treatment plants, data on waste generation have become considerably more reliable.

Developments in waste amounts are shown below and related to objectives laid down in the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97 for waste treatment in year 2000 (in the following called Target 2000).

It can be seen from Table 2 that 63 per cent of total waste amounts was recycled in 1997, whereas 20 per cent was incinerated and 16 per cent landfilled. This means that the Plan of Action's overall objectives for recycling for year 2000 (54 per cent), incineration (maximum 25 per cent) and landfilling (maximum 21 per cent) have been attained.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Government’s Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used).

Table 2 and Figure 2 show that 8,046,000 tonnes, or 63 per cent of total amounts of waste, were recycled in 1997. This corresponds to an increase of 259,000 tonnes or 3 per cent compared to 1996. Waste incinerated in 1997 amounted to 2,622,000 tonnes, which corresponds to 5 per cent more than in 1996, whereas amounts of waste landfilled decreased by 17 per cent to 2,103,000 tonnes.

The significant decrease in landfilled waste amounts may be attributed to several different factors: Firstly, a steep drop in amounts of residues from coal-fired power plants was registered in 1997. Secondly, on 1^st January 1997 the ban on landfilling of waste suitable for incineration as well as an increase in the tax rate for landfilling took effect. Much waste suitable for incineration that used to be landfilled is now incinerated.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Government’s Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft, and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used). Special treatment means, for example, incineration with energy recovery (Kommunekemi), or pre-treatment for incineration or landfilling of, among others, health-care waste, oil and chemical waste, and other types of hazardous waste.

In Figure 3, slag and fly ash amounts are not included, and it is seen that 61 per cent of ordinary waste was recycled in 1997. This is somewhat more than projected in the Plan of Action. Objectives for maximum incineration and landfilling have also been attained, as 24 per cent of ordinary waste was incinerated and 15 per cent landfilled in 1997.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Government’s Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft, and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used).

In absolute figures, this means that 11,082,000 tonnes of ordinary waste were generated in 1997. Of this amount, 6,746,000 tonnes were recycled, 2,622,000 tonnes were incinerated, and 1,628,000 tonnes landfilled. 86,000 tonnes were subjected to special treatment.

Due to the high activity in the building and construction sector, it may also be of interest to keep construction and demolition waste apart from statistics.

If both slag and fly ash, and construction and demolition waste are kept apart, it is seen that 47 per cent of waste was recycled in 1997, whereas 34 per cent was incinerated, and 18 per cent landfilled. Because of the large amounts and the high rate of recycling (92 per cent), construction and demolition waste has a significant impact on the achievement of objectives for year 2000 in the Plan of Action for waste and recycling.

It is seen from Figure 4 that the rate of recycling of waste from manufacturing industries, the building and construction sector, wastewater treatment plants, and coal-fired power plants is high. Objectives for year 2000 in the Plan of Action for waste and recycling for recycling of waste from these sources are attained by a good margin. By contrast, objectives for recycling of waste from households and institutions, trade and offices are far from being attained.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Government’s Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft, and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used).

As Figure 5 shows, treatment options also vary much from one waste type to another. 97 per cent of garden waste is recycled, in comparison to a recycling rate of only 15 per cent for domestic waste.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Government’s Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97, Danisco, Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, Elsam, Elkraft, and reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants applied to farmland, and incineration in sludge incineration plants (for 1997, figures from 1996 are used).

3. Recycling

3.1 Recycling distributed on fractions
3.2 Paper and cardboard
3.3 Glass
3.4 Ferrous metals
3.5 Organic waste for composting, wood chipping, and biogasification
3.6 Tyres

3.1 Recycling distributed on fractions

Table 3 shows waste fractions that are recycled, either by reprocessing, composting, or biogasification. The table expresses quantities sent for reprocessing, composting or biogasification, and is thereby not an outline of actual output of these fractions.

Sources: ISAG reports for 1995, 1996 and 1997, (1) Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, (2) Elsam, Elkraft, (3) reports to the Environmental Protection Agency on sludge applied to farmland (for 1997, figures from 1996 have been used). (4) Correction for ferrous metals removed from waste incineration plants (15,100 tonnes) has been made to avoid double counting. Some of the collective terms such as "Other recyclable waste, "Other construction and demolition waste" and "Soil and stone" may contribute - after sorting has been completed - to additional quantities of items such as tiles, wood, etc.

The most significant amounts are found for waste fractions relating to industry (ferrous metals), building and construction activities (for example concrete and asphalt), coal-fired power plants (fly ash, gypsum, and slag), and wastewater treatment plants (sludge). However, waste fractions such as glass, paper and cardboard, branches and leaves etc. also account for large amounts. A large proportion of this waste is generated in households.

Amounts of recycled fly ash, slag, and flue gas cleaning products from coal-fired power plants decreased considerably from 1996 to 1997. This is attributable to the decrease in waste amounts from coal-fired power plants as a consequence of reduced exports of power to Norway and Sweden.

Amounts of recycled sludge from municipal wastewater plants also decreased. In 1997, amounts of sludge were 34,000 tonnes larger than in 1996, and incineration and landfilling of sludge increased by 5 and 1 per cent respectively. It seems that sludge recovery by application to farmland has decreased compared to previous years.

3.2 Paper and cardboard.

Consumption of virgin paper, paper collected for recycling, and exports of waste paper are shown in Table 4.

Sources: (1) Rendan’s material stream analysis of waste paper and Statistics Denmark, (2) ISAG reports 1995, 1996, and 1997, (3) Statistics Denmark. The discrepancy between waste paper collected, and Danish waste paper sent to Danish paper mills + net export, may be due to stock enlargement, and it may be a consequence of the use of different statistical sources.

From 1996 to 1997, a significant increase took place in the consumption of virgin paper. In 1997, paper consumption amounted to 259 kg/capita, whereas 112 kg/capita were collected separately. In 1996, corresponding figures were a paper consumption of 224 kg/capita and average collection of 104 kg/capita.

As amounts of waste paper collected did not increase by a similar rate as paper consumption, this means that the rate of collection of waste paper decreased from 46 per cent in 1996 to 43 per cent in 1997.

In 1997, Denmark had a net export of 204,000 tonnes of waste paper, which covers imports of waste paper of 106,000 tonnes and exports of 310,000 tonnes.

Sources of waste paper collected are stated in Table 5. Almost identical amounts of waste paper are collected from the three sources: manufacturing industry, households, and institutions, trade and offices. After a decrease from 1995 to 1996 of 7 per cent, amounts of waste paper from households increased by 14 per cent from 1996 to 1997. Amounts of waste paper from institutions, trade and offices increased by 3 per cent from 1996 to 1997. However, total amounts collected decreased by 1.5 per cent from 1995 to 1997. Amounts of paper collected for recycling from manufacturing enterprises increased by 3 per cent from 1996 to 1997.

Source: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997.

3.3 Glass

According to ISAG reports, recycling of bottles and glass from primary sources amounted to 89,000 tonnes in 1997. This is a decrease of 10,000 tonnes compared to 1996. By only including waste from primary sources, however, a complete picture of total material streams is not obtained.

As a consequence, the following description of total recycling of bottles and glass is based on the Rendan material stream analyses for glass, which are more detailed than the ISAG statement of glass recycling.

Consumption of glass packaging has been increasing throughout the 1990s, cf. Figure 6, though with a slight decrease in consumption in 1996 compared to 1995 (1996: 178,348 tonnes and 1995: 181,265 tonnes). The decrease covers a decrease in the consumption of jars of a good 8,000 tonnes, and an increase in the consumption of bottles for wine and spirits of 3,600 tonnes.

Collection and recycling of glass have also been increasing throughout the 1990s. In 1996, 126,109 tonnes of glass were collected, corresponding to 71 per cent of total consumption. Correspondingly, the rate of recycling increased by 3 percentage points from 61 per cent in 1995 to 64 per cent in 1996.

Bottles for beer and soft drinks manufactured for reuse are not included in this statement. Refillable glass bottles, on average, make 35 trips. If these bottles were manufactured as single-use bottles, it would give an increase in waste glass of around 350,000 tonnes.

Source: Rendan material stream analysis for glass, bottles, and cullets, 1996.

3.4 Ferrous metals

Table 6 shows amounts of collected ferrous scrap, distributed on receivers. Total potential of ferrous scrap is not known precisely. Recycling industries normally estimate a recycling rate in excess of 90 per cent for ferrous scrap.

According to ISAG reports, Danish foundries and the Danish Steel Works imported 210,000 tonnes in 1997, whereas scrap dealers imported 78,000 tonnes. This adds up to total imports of 288,000 tonnes in 1997, or 10,000 tonnes less than in 1996.

Sources: (1) ISAG reports 1996 and 1997, (2) Information from the Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers. The statement used in table 5 for recycling of ferrous scrap is slightly different from the one used in Table 3. For example, the correction for ferrous scrap removed from waste incineration plants (1996: 15,100, 1997: 19,774) has not been made in Table 5, as this table shows the total balance for ferrous metals.

3.5 Organic waste for composting, wood chipping, and biogasification.

Organic waste amounts delivered to composting, wood chipping, and biogasification are shown in Table 7.

The table shows, similar to developments from 1995 to 1996, that there was a significant increase from 1996 to 1997 in garden waste amounts (branches, leaves etc.) for composting. This indicates that municipal collection and bring schemes for garden waste are becoming more widespread and extensively used.

Source: Calculations and estimates based on ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997. ISAG reports do not include information on the quantity of biogas generated.

Amounts of organic domestic waste for composting, and other organic waste for biogasification also increased from 1996 to 1997. By contrast, there was a drop in amounts of organic domestic waste treated by biogasification. This is mainly attributable to the closing-down of the biogas plant Nordsjællands Biogasanlæg located in Elsinore.

Quantities of bark/wood chips and compost removed from the plants do not reflect the quantities generated. However, this quantity should be considered as reflecting the quantity sold or delivered free.

Amounts of compost removed from the plant increased significantly: from 162,000 tonnes in 1996 to 214,000 tonnes in 1997.

3.6 Tyres

In 1995, the Minister for Environment and Energy entered an agreement with a number of organisations, on a take-back scheme for used tyres from cars, vans, and motorcycles. The purpose of the agreement is to ensure collection and recovery of used tyres in Denmark. Landfilling is avoided and resource recovery ensured, whereby material recovery is prioritised to energy recovery.

The scheme started 1st April 1995 and is financed by a fee on tyres comprised by the agreement and marketed in Denmark. The fee amounts to DKK 8 per tyre.

According to the agreement, the objective was a take-back rate of 60 per cent in 1995. The objective for 1997 onwards is 80 per cent. Objectives have been more than attained in 1997.

Source: Reports from the Danish Tyre Trade Environmental Foundation for 1995, 1996, and 1997. 2nd half of 1995 includes 1,000 tonnes collected in the first half of 1995, thereby increasing the collection rate.

4. Hazardous waste

Table 9 on hazardous waste amounts, includes waste from primary and secondary sources distributed on treatment options. Waste from secondary sources, such as waste from incineration plants, is not included in total waste generation, cf. Table 1. However, it is reasonable when assessing the total generation of hazardous waste to include waste from both primary and secondary sources.

Table 9 Look Here

Table 9 shows a slight decrease from 1996 to 1997 of 15,600 tonnes in hazardous waste arisings. This decrease covers different developments for different fractions. For example, an increase of 7,500 tonnes in total generation of oil and chemical waste from primary sources has been registered, whereas there has been a decrease of 10,600 tonnes in the generation of fly ash and flue gas cleaning products from waste incineration plants.

In 1996, Kommunekemi received 82,500 tonnes of oil and chemical waste, or 10 per cent less than amounts received in 1995, and the lowest amount since 1984. This trend continued in 1997, with 74,200 tonnes of oil and chemical waste delivered to Kommunekemi, corresponding to around 10 per cent less than in 1996.

This result shall be seen in connection with the fact that amounts of oil and chemical waste subjected to special treatment at other treatment plants than Kommunekemi more than doubled in 1997 compared to 1996. As mentioned above, total generation of oil and chemical waste increased by 7,500 tonnes or almost 7 per cent.

Amounts of nickel-cadmium batteries collected in 1997 were 95 tonnes against only 33.5 tonnes in 1996. This increase can be attributed to Statutory Order no. 93 of 22^nd February 1996 on Collection of Hermetically Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Accumulators (Closed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries) and Remuneration for Collection and Disposal for Recycling. Under the terms of this Statutory Order, a remuneration was introduced amounting to DKK 120/kg of nickel-cadmium batteries collected for recycling.

Since subsidies were introduced in 1993 for incineration of waste oil at district heating plants, amounts of waste oil delivered to such plants have increased steadily. In 1994 and 1995, around 19,000 tonnes were delivered, and in 1996 a delivery of 20,734 tonnes was registered, whereas 22,500 tonnes of waste oil were delivered to district heating plants in 1997.

5. Imports and exports of waste

5.1 Import
5.2 Exports
5.3 Imports and exports of waste subject to mandatory notification, distributed on countries and waste fractions
5.3.1 OECD-codes

5.1 Imports

Table 10 shows imported amounts of waste for 1996 and 1997 distributed on waste fractions and treatment options. Imported amounts of waste increased from 1996 to 1997 by 6 per cent, and account for 4 per cent of total waste generated in Denmark.

Table 10 Look here

89 per cent of waste imported is categorised as green waste for recovery according to the EU Regulation on shipments of waste, and it covers glass, paper, cardboard and carton, plastic, ferrous metals, as well as organic waste. Waste imported is destined for recycling or incineration with energy recovery.

The remaining 11 per cent of waste imported is listed on the OECD amber and red lists and is subject to mandatory notification under the EU Regulation on shipments of waste, cf. Table 12. Waste of this type is destined for disposal (landfilling and incineration without energy recovery) or recovery (recycling and incineration with energy recovery).

5.2 Exports

Table 11 shows amounts of waste exported in 1996 and 1997. It is seen that amounts exported account for 9 per cent of total waste generation in Denmark. In 1997, amounts exported increased by 56,000 tonnes or 5 per cent compared to 1996. This increase is mainly attributable to an increase in exports of residues from waste incineration plants, whereas there has been a decrease in exports of residues from coal-fired power plants and iron manufacture.

Sources: (1) Statistics Denmark, (2) Association of Danish Recycling Industries and other large scrap dealers, (3) Elsam and Elkraft, (4) Registrations according to EU Regulation on shipments of waste, (5) Collection of nickel-cadmium batteries registered by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, (6) ISAG reports 1996 and 1997, (7) Figure changed compared to 1996 statistics.

91 per cent of amounts exported is classified as green waste destined for recovery, and covers primarily the fractions paper and cardboard, and ferrous metals, which alone account for 80 per cent of amounts exported.

Exports of waste destined for disposal and waste destined for recovery, which are listed on the OECD red and amber waste lists, are subject to mandatory notification in accordance with the EU Regulation on shipments of waste. These exports amounted to about 114,000 tonnes, corresponding to 9 per cent of amounts exported, cf. Table 12.

Table 12 shows countries of export and import of waste subject to mandatory notification.

The table shows that imports of waste destined for recovery come almost exclusively from Germany. Norway, Spain, Sweden and Germany receive most of what Denmark exports for recovery.

The major proportion of imported waste subject to mandatory notification and destined for disposal comes from Norway. Similarly, Norway is also the main country of destination for waste for disposal exported from Denmark (flue gas cleaning products from waste incineration plants).

The geographical structure of countries with which Denmark co-operates in the treatment of hazardous waste is identical to that of 1996. In return, from 1996 to 1997, a remarkable increase in amounts of exported waste subject to mandatory notification has been registered.

In 1997, Denmark exported 113,800 tonnes against 65,200 tonnes in 1996. This is an increase of 75 per cent. Especially, there was an increase in exported amounts of slag and ash from the manufacture of iron and steel, and ash from zinc processing plants to Norway; in household hazardous waste and waste from paper mills to Sweden, and in residues from waste incineration plants, waste oil, household hazardous waste, and waste from surface treatment of ferrous metals to Germany.

By contrast, amounts of imported waste subject to mandatory notification decreased from 65,000 tonnes in 1996 to 55,000 tonnes in 1997.

Sources: Danish Environmental Protection Agency, database of shipments. The registration is made on the background of completed consignment notes under EU Regulation 259/93 on shipments of waste. The consignee must send a copy of the filled-in consignment note to the competent authorities within three working days after receipt of the waste. OECD-codes are defined in Commission Decision of 21^st October 1994 (no. L 288/36, Official Journal of the European Communities of 9^th November 1994).

AA010 Dross, scalings and other wastes from the manufacture of iron and steel.
AA020 Zinc ashes and residues.
AA030 Lead ashes and residues.
AA040 Copper ashes and residues.
AA050 Aluminium ashes and residues.
AA060 Vanadium ashes and residues
AA070 Ashes and residues containing metals or metal compounds not elsewhere specified or in- cluded.
AA130 Liquors from the pickling of metals.
AA100 Mercury waste and residues.
AA120 Galvanic sludges.
AA160 Ash from incineration of printed circuit boards
AA162 Photographic film ash.
AA170 Lead-acid batteries, whole or crushed.
AA180 Used batteries or accumulators, whole or crushed, other than lead-acid batteries and waste and scrap arising from the production of batteries and accumulators, not otherwise specified or included.
AB010 Slag, ash and residues, not elsewhere specified or included.
AB020 Residues arising from the combustion of municipal/household wastes.
AB030 Waste from non-cyanide based systems which arise from surface treatment of metals.
AB070 Sands used in foundry operations.
AB080 Waste catalysts not on the green list.
AB100 Waste alumina.
AB110 Basic solutions.
AC030 Waste oils unfit for their originally intended use.
AC040 Leaded petrol (gasoline) sludges
AC070 Brake fluids.
AC090 Waste from production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticisers, glues and adhe- sives.
AC170 Treated cork and wood wastes.
AC210 Non-halogenated solvents.
AC220 Halogenated solvents.
AC260 Liquid pig manure; faeces.
AC270 Sewage sludge.
AD010 Waste from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products.
AD030 Waste from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals.
AD040 Inorganic cyanides, excepting precious metal-bearing residues in solid form containing traces of inorganic cyanides.
AD060 Waste oils/water, hydrocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions.
AD070 Waste from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnish.
AD080 Wastes of an explosive nature, when not subject to specific other legislation
AD090 Waste from production, formulation and use of reprographic and photographic chemicals and materials, not elsewhere specified or included.
AD140 Wastes from industrial pollution control devices for cleaning of industrial offgases, not elsewhere specified or included.
RA010 Waste, substances and articles containing consisting of or contaminated with polychlori- nated biphenyl (PCB) and/or polychlorinated terphenyl (PCT) and/or polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), including any other polybrominated analogues of these compounds at a concentration level of 50 mg/kg or more.
RC030 Leaded anti-knock compounds sludges
RX100 Other wastes not specified with an OECD-code

6. Waste fractions and status compared to objectives for year 2000

6.1 Residues from waste incineration plants
6.2 Waste from building and constuction activities
6.3 Households
6.3.1 Domestic waste
6.3.2 Bulky waste
6.3.3 Garden waste
6.3.4 Household waste per capita
6.4 Waste from manufacturing industry
6.5 Waste from institutions, trade and offices
6.6 Residues from coal-fired power plants
6.7 Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants

6.1 Residues from waste incineration plants

Residues from waste incineration plants are not included in statements of total waste generation presented so far, as waste would otherwise be counted twice.

Figure 7 shows amounts of residues (slag, fly ash, and flue gas cleaning products) from waste incineration in 1997, stated in tonnes, as well as treatment option.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

In Table 13, amounts of residues removed from waste incineration plants are detailed further. Amounts of residues from waste incineration naturally depend on amounts of waste incinerated. The table shows that amounts removed from waste incineration plants decreased by 26,000 tonnes from 1996 to 1997. 150,000 tonnes were landfilled in 1997, which is 42,000 tonnes less than in 1996. Recycling of residues from waste incineration plants in 1997 amounted to some 407,000 tonnes, which is almost 24,000 tonnes more than in 1996.

Source: Calculations based on ISAG reports 1995, 1996, and 1997 and registrations according to EU Regulation on shipments of waste.

6.2 Waste from building and construction activities.

In 1997, waste from the building and construction sector amounted to a total of 3,427,000 tonnes, which is an increase of 11 per cent or 339,000 tonnes compared to 1996-amounts. Such an increase is not surprising, as activities in the building and construction sector have been increasing since the beginning of 1996 and seem to have peaked in early 1998. It is therefore to be expected that waste arisings from this sector will also be considerable in next year's statistics, though perhaps not quite as large as in 1997.

As it can be seen from Figure 8, by far the largest proportion of waste from the building and construction sector is recycled - only 1 per cent of waste is incinerated, whereas 8 per cent is landfilled. This adds up to a rate of recycling in 1997 of 92 per cent, which is an increase by 3 per cent compared to 1996. The figure also shows that objectives for year 2000 have been more than attained for construction and demolition waste, both for recycling, incineration, and landfilling.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

Figure 9 shows composition of construction and demolition waste. More than half the waste is concrete and asphalt.

Source: ISAG reports 1997. Legend: clock-wise from top.

A large proportion of construction and demolition waste is reprocessed in mobile crushing plants moved around the country for various assignments. In some cases, both the owner of the crushing plant and his client report to the ISAG. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency is aware of this possible source of double counting, and great efforts are made in co-operation with reporting enterprises to subject data to quality assurance in order to avoid double counting.

6.3 Households.

It can be seen from Tables 1 and 14 that total waste generation in households in 1997 amounted to some 2,776,000 tonnes, which is almost identical to 1996.

Waste from households covers primarily the waste types domestic waste, bulky waste, and garden waste, which again can be divided into waste fractions such as paper and cardboard, bottles and glass, and food waste/other organic waste. See also Table 14 where fractions are stated, in so far as it has been possible to register them separately.

Sources: ISAG reports 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997.

Amounts of "various non-burnable" from households have decreased for the third consecutive year. The decrease was almost 24 per cent in the period from 1994 to 1997. As this fraction is normally landfilled, this is an expression of waste from households being separated better, resulting in smaller amounts of waste for landfilling.

Amounts of separately collected paper and cardboard from households increased by 14 per cent from 1996 to 1997, whereas amounts of separately collected bottles and glass increased by around 4 per cent.

There has been a minor increase of around 3 per cent in amounts of separately collected food waste/other organic waste from households from 1996 to 1997.

Amounts of garden waste from households continued to increase. From 1996 to 1997 amounts of garden waste increased by 10 per cent. In the period from 1994 to 1997, the total increase was just above 70 per cent.

Developments and treatment of different waste types are detailed below.

Domestic waste from households covers waste that results from normal consumption in private households, i.e. paper, bottles and glass, organic food waste, and residual waste, which is collected at regular intervals, normally weekly or every second week.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

Table 1 shows that amounts of domestic waste from households decreased from 1,654,500 tonnes in 1996 to 1,620,800 tonnes in 1997, corresponding to a decrease of 2 per cent.

Domestic waste recycling remained at a level of 15 per cent of total amounts, whereas 80 per cent was incinerated in 1997 against 77 per cent in 1996. Landfilling decreased from 8 per cent to 5 per cent in 1997, see also Figure 10.

Figure 10 also shows that the objective for year 2000 of 40 to 50 per cent recycling of domestic waste is far from being attained. By contrast, the objective for year 2000 of 0 per cent landfilling of domestic waste is closer to being attained. Domestic waste is incinerated to an increasing extent instead of being landfilled.

In 1997, 587,700 tonnes of bulky waste were generated in Danish households, which is a decrease of 8 per cent compared to 1996, cf. Table 1. Amounts of bulky waste have doubled since 1985. This is due to a real increase in bulky waste amounts, but for a major part also to the introduction of collection schemes and bring schemes at recycling centres.

It can be seen from Figure 11 that the rate of recycling of bulky waste from households has been relatively stable since 1985.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

In 1997, 17 per cent of bulky waste was recycled which is actually less that the previous year. This means that the objective of 25 per cent recycling in year 2000 is still far ahead.

As in previous years, too much bulky waste was delivered to landfilling, but landfilled amounts expressed in per cent have been reduced significantly from 73 per cent in 1985 to 42 per cent in 1997.

Garden waste amounts collected from households reached 442,700 tonnes in 1997. This is an increase of 10 per cent compared to 1996, cf. Table 1.

Figure 12 shows treatment of garden waste. It can be seen that 97 per cent of garden waste was recycled in 1997, which is far more than stated in the Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-1997. Only 2 per cent was incinerated - the objective of the Plan of Action states a maximum of 15 per cent - and only 1 per cent was landfilled. Compared to 1985, garden waste has been diverted from incineration and landfilling, so that almost all garden waste is recycled today.

The remarkable increase from 1995 to 1997 of 75,000 tonnes of garden waste from households is not only attributable to actual increases. Around 20,000 tonnes derive from plants that should have reported in 1994 and 1995, but only did so as from 1996. The rest of the increase may be seen as an expression of increased use of municipal schemes for garden waste.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

Table 15 states the generation of household waste per capita and per household. The table covers both waste type and waste fraction.

As the table shows, waste generation in households stated per capita and household remained relatively stable compared to 1996, as only a minor increase of 1 and 4 kg respectively has been registered.

Source: ISAG reports 1996 and 1997. Population figures and number of households per 1st January 1997 have been used.

A good half of households' waste generation is collected in separate collection schemes for paper/cardboard, bottles/glass, food waste/other organic, hazardous waste, bulky waste, and garden waste. This shows that households separate their waste extensively.

Both measured per capita and per household there has been an increase from 1996 to 1997 in separate collection of paper/cardboard and garden waste, whereas amounts of separately collected bulky waste decreased.

In an evaluation of waste generation from households it is worthwhile to notice that garden waste and bulky waste make up a significant proportion of total amounts.

The composition of waste from manufacturing industries is presented in Figure 13. It can be seen that ferrous metals, various burnable, and various non-burnable account for the largest single fractions in industrial waste.

Source: ISAG reports 1997. Legend: clock-wise from top.

Total waste generated in manufacturing enterprises in 1997 amounted to 2,736,000 tonnes, corresponding to 104,000 tonnes or 4 per cent more than in 1996.

This increase is mainly attributable to an increase in amounts of various burnable waste and ferrous metals of 60,000 tonnes and 135,000 tonnes respectively. This increase is outweighed, however, by a decrease in amounts of beet soil and sludge of 101,000 and 85,000 tonnes respectively.

The decrease in amounts of beet soil from the harvesting of sugar beets is attributed to better weather conditions in 1997 compared to 1996. However, efforts made in the sector to reduce soil sticking to beets in harvesting have also played a significant role.

58 per cent of waste from industry was recycled in 1997, corresponding to some 193,000 tonnes more than in 1996, cf. Figure 14. Amounts incinerated in 1997 remained at the same level as in 1996, whereas 26 per cent was landfilled. This means that 115,000 tonnes less waste were landfilled in 1997 compared to 1996. This is certainly the right direction, but there is still some way to go before the objective of the Plan of Action for waste and recycling of maximum of 10 per cent landfilling will have been achieved.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

The composition of waste from institutions, trade and offices is presented in Figure 15. It is seen that the major proportion of waste falls within the fractions various burnable, various non-burnable, and separately collected paper and cardboard.

In 1997, waste generation in institutions, trade and offices amounted to 861,000 tonnes, corresponding to a minor increase of 10,000 tonnes compared to 1996.

This modest increase covers an increase in amounts of various non-burnable waste of 47,000 tonnes, whereas amounts of various burnable waste decreased by 37,000, and separately collected bottles and glass decreased by 14,000 tonnes. Other fractions were more or less identical to 1996.

Source: ISAG reports 1997. Legend: clock-wise from top.

The increase in amounts of various non-burnable waste, which is mainly landfilled, also means that compared to 1996 there was an increase of 4 percentage points in landfilled waste from institutions, trade and offices. This means that objectives of the Plan of Action for waste and recycling for no landfilling are further away from being attained than before, cf. Figure 16.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

Amounts of residues from coal-fired power plants vary somewhat from one year to another due to variations in exports of power to Sweden and Norway. In 1996, the generation of residues was particularly large due to large exports of power. In 1997, amounts of residues decreased again to a level of 1,775,000 tonnes.

In 1997, recycling of residues from coal-fired power plants attained 73 per cent, corresponding to 1,300,000 tonnes, whereas landfilling decreased from 30 per cent in 1996 to 27 per cent in 1997. See also Figure 17.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97.

Table 16 shows recycling options for residues from coal-fired power plants.

Source: Reports from Elsam and Elkraft

75 per cent of recycled residues was used as secondary raw materials in industrial manufacture of, for example, cement, concrete, and plaster board.

The remaining 25 per cent of recycled residues was recovered either under the terms of Statutory Order no. 586 of 6^th December 1983 from the Ministry of Environment and Energy, or as backfilling with special approval under the Danish Environmental Protection Act.

This means that these residues are either used in building and construction works as backfilling below buildings, roads and squares, backfilling of cable conduits and trenches, for noise barriers, or as backfilling in land reclamation works or harbour fillings.

Figure 18 shows treatment of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants. The statement only includes sludge, excluding sand and screenings.

Sources: ISAG reports 1995, 1996 and 1997, and the Government's Plan of Action for waste and recycling 1993-97. Reports to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on sludge applied to farmland etc. Figures for 1997 are based on data from 1996.

In 1997, amounts of sludge stated in wet weight were 1,209,000 tonnes, which is 34,000 tonnes more than in 1996.

Recycling of sludge decreased from 78 per cent in 1996 to 72 per cent in 1997, and amounts incinerated increased by 5 percentage points to 20 per cent, whereas amounts delivered to landfilling increased by one percentage point to 8 per cent.

7. Incineration plants and landfills

7.1 Incineration plants
7.2 Landfills

In 1996, total waste incineration capacity was 2,474,000 tonnes, distributed on 31 plants, cf. Table 17. In the beginning of the nineties, an extensive conversion of waste incineration plants from heating generation to combined power and heating generation took place. In this connection, capacity adjustments were effected in relation to expected waste amounts for incineration in future. As a result of the ban on landfilling of waste suitable for incineration that took effect on 1^st January 1997, increased pressure on incineration capacity is expected. Amounts of non-recyclable waste suitable for incineration will be surveyed regularly in order to ensure necessary incineration capacity.

Sources: Rambøll & Hannemann 1990: Analysis of data for energy plants based on waste, for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the Danish Energy Agency, October 1990. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the Danish Energy Agency 1994: Waste resources for waste incineration 1993 and year 2000 (*)The Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the Danish Energy Agency 1997: Waste amounts for incineration year 2000. Figures for 1989 and 1995 are calculated on the basis of nominal capacity at 7,000 hours/year. Figures for 1996 are based on actual hours of operation of plants. District heating capacity (DH) may be subject to restrictions under the Act on heating supply. CPH = combined power and heating.

Total remaining capacity at landfills in 1994 amounted to 24.7 million tonnes distributed on 64 sites. Remaining capacity at landfills for inert waste in 1994 was 6.4 million tonnes distributed on 49 sites. Remaining capacity at separately located mono-landfills amounted to 6.2 million tonnes in 1994, distributed on 63 sites.

A landfill is defined as a site receiving waste which, immediately or over time, presents a risk of pollution of groundwater, surface water and/or air. A landfill for inert waste is a site receiving waste which does not, or only to a very limited extent, present a risk of pollution of groundwater, surface water and/or air. A mono-landfill is a site receiving only one or a limited range of waste types with known composition.

As a consequence of the above-mentioned ban on landfilling of waste suitable for incineration, in combination with an increased and further differentiated waste tax, a drop in landfill capacity needs is expected. Thus, at the national level, it is not expected that there will be a need for large extensions of landfill capacity in future.

Sources: Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Working report no. 54, Landfill capacity 1992, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 1997: Landfill sites in Denmark, and internal calculations

Annex 1: Tables outlining waste generation

table 1 LOOK HERE
table 2 LOOK HERE