Identification data
	Physico-chemical charateristics
	Toxicological data
	Ecotoxicity data
	Environmental fate

 

Compound	CAS no.	Pages
Triphenyl Phosphate	115-86-6	21-30
Tricresyl Phosphate	1330-78-5	31-38
Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate)	57583-54-7	39-44
Phosphonic acid (dimethyl ester)	20120-33-6	45-48
Aluminium Trihydroxide	21645-51-2	49-56
Magnesium Hydroxide	1309-42-8	57-62
Ammonium Polyphosphate	14728-39-9 and 68333-79-9	63-68
Red Phosphorus	7723-14-0	69-76
Zinc Borate	1332-07-6	77-82
Melamine	108-78-1	83-90
Antimontrioxide	1309-64-4	91-98
Quinidine carbonate Only summary page included	No CAS no.	99

Triphenyl Phosphate (TPP)   CAS number: 115-86-6   Data compilation, environmental and health screening

Summary   Health: The available data indicate that TPP has a relatively low impact on health. In rare cases it can induce skin sensitisation and contact dermatitis in humans. Although TPP is a neurotoxin in animals, recent investigations indicate that TPP is not neurotoxic in humans, but persons with preexisting neuromuscular disorders may be at increased risk. Environment: The literature reviewed indicates that TPP is very toxic to algae, fish and some crustaceans (typical L(E)C50<1 mg/l). The compound is toxic to D. magna. NOEC data available for fish are in the range 0.014 - 0.23 mg/l. Bioaccumulation of this compound is high (>100). The available biodegradation data indicates that this compound is readily to inherently biodegradable under aerobic conditions. No data is available for anaerobic degradation. Mobility of TPP and its primary degradation product in soil is very low.

Triphenyl Phosphate
Identification of the substance
CAS No.		115-86-6
EINECS No.		204-112-2
IUPAC Name		Triphenyl phosphate
Synonyms		Phenyl phosphate; TPP; Phosphoric acid triphenyl ester; triphenyl phosphoric acid ester; celluflex tpp
Molecular Formula		C18H15O4P
Structual Formula		Triphenyl Phosphate
Known Uses		Fire-retarding agent, plasticizer for cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose
EU		Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its revisions: None.
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form		Colorless or white powder [2].
Molecular Weight (g/mol)		326.28
Melting Point/range (° C)		48 [1], 49-50 [2,3,4], 50 [5]
Boiling Point/range (° C)		370 [1], 220 [3] , 245 [3,4,5,6]
Decomposition Temperature (° C)		No relevant data found
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))		1 at 193.5 ° C [2,6,4]
Density		Specific gravity=1.268 g/cm3 at 60 ° C [5] Specific gravity=1.2055 g/cm3 at 50 and 4 ° C [2]
Vapour Density (air=1)		1.19 [2]
Solubility (water)		1.9 mg/l at 25 ° C [2,6,7]
Partition coefficient (log Pow)		2.62 [3] 4.59 [2,6,7]
pKa		Not applicable
Flammability		Nonflammable [2]
Explosivity		No relevant data found
Oxidising properties		No relevant data found
Toxicological Data
Observation in Humans		While a statistically significant reduction in red blood cell cholinesterase has been reported in some workers, there has been no evidence of neurological disease in workers in a TPP-manufacturing plant. There have been no reports of delayed neurotoxicity in cases of TPP poisoning. (10).
Acute Toxicity
Oral		Oral-rat LD50: 3,800 mg/kg [2,4]. Oral-rat LD50: 3,500-10,000 mg/kg bw. [3,6]. Oral-mouse LD50:1,320 mg/kg [2,4,6]. Oral-mouse LD50: 1,300 mg/kg bw. [3]. LD50 White leghorn chicken oral > 5.0 g/kg [2].
Dermal		Concerning dermal application one study indicates that the LD50 for rabbits is higher than 10.000 mg/kg and another that LD0 (no death) is higher than 7,900 mg/kg [2,3,6].
Inhalation		No relevant data found
Other Routes		¨ Several studies concerning subcutaneous acute toxicity have been conducted. Some of the first studies were performed with TPP prepared from coal-tar sources containing neurotoxic impurities. Based on recent experimental data, it is concluded that TPP is not neurotoxic when it is administered subcutaneously [3]. Subcutaneous-monkey LDLo: 500 mg/kg [2,4,6]. Subcutaneous-cat LDLo: 300 mg/kg Subcutaneous-rat LD0: 3,000 mg/kg bw. [3]. Subcutaneous-guinea pig LD0: 3,000 mg/kg bw. [3].
Skin Irritation		Based on 4 studies it is concluded that TPP is not irritating skin [3].
Eye Irritation		100 mg TPP administered directly in the eye of rabbits cause minimal reversible irritation [3].
Irritation of Respiratory Tract		No relevant data found
Skin Sensitisation		¨ Some people have been tested positive in TPP patch-tests [3] and one case of skin sensitisation has been recorded [2]. An allergic reaction in a 67-year old woman to spectacle frames containing triphenyl phosphate was reported. Patch tests with analytical grade triphenyl phosphate in that individual indicated a reaction at concentrations as low as 0.05%. [2].
Sensitisation by Inhalation		No relevant data found
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in Humans		¨ Numerous medical observations have been made on workmen employed for several (2-10) years in the factory where TPP was produced. No abnormal symptoms appear to have been observed, in particular no signs of neurotoxicity. Persons with preexisting neuromuscular disorders may be at increased risk. [2].
Oral		Oral-rat NOAL: 1,900 mg/kg repeated dose [3]. Oral administration for 3 months to rats in doses of 1,800 mg/kg and 380 mg/kg caused no deaths, and it was concluded from the normal growth and cholinesterase activity that these doses have no cumulative toxic effects. [2]. When administered as repeated excessive doses orally, TPP can cause neurotoxic effects such as decreased cholinesterase activity [3]. Concerning neurotoxicity 3 studies have been conducted on hens and chickens with an exposure time of 5-6 days. Only one of these studies indicated signs of decreased colinesterase activity. The two others did not indicate signs of neurotoxicity [2,3].
Inhalation		In workers engaged in the manufacture of aryl phosphates (including TPP and up to 20% triorthocresyl phosphate) and exposed to concentrations of aryl phosphates of 0.2 to 3.4 mg/m3. There was some inhibition of plasma cholinesterase, but no correlation between this effect and the degree of exposure or minor gastrointestinal or neuromuscular symptoms [2].
Dermal		Contact dermatitis due to TPP has been described [10].
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity		Triphenyl phosphate was tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay using a protocol approved by the National Toxicology Program. Triphenyl phosphate was tested at doses of 0, 100, 333, 1000, 3333 and 10,000 ug/plate in four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) in the presence and absence of Aroclor-induced rat or hamster liver S9. Triphenyl phosphate was negative in these tests, and the highest ineffective dose level tested (not causing the formation of a precipitate) in any Salmonella tester strain was 1000 ug/plate. [2]. ¨ 4 AMES tests were negative [3] and WHO conclude that TPP is not mutagenic [10].
Gene Mutation		No relevant data found.
Chromosome Abnormalities		No relevant data found.
Other Genotoxic Effects		No relevant data found.
Cancer Review		No IARC evaluation.
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity		One study concludes that TPP is not a development toxicant in rats [3]. The NOAEL on mothers and offspring from a 90-day rat study was terminated at 690 mg/kg per day [10].
Teratogenicity		No relevant data found.
Other Toxicity Studies		No relevant data found.
Toxicokinetics		TPP is poorly absorbed through the intact skin but readily through guinea pig skin [2]. Application of TPP on skin of rats as well as application of TPP in ethanol solution on skin of mice caused no skin irritation which leads to the conclusion that since cholinesterase is not inhibited after application, there is no dermal absorption. [2].
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae		Ankistrodesmus falcatus: EC50 (4h)=0.26 mg/l [3] EC50 (28h)=0.260 mg/l (F) [11] Scenedesmus quadricauda EC50 (4 h)=0.5 mg/l [3] EC50 (28 h)=0.5 mg/l (F) [11] Selenastrum capricornutum: EC50 (96 h)=2.00 mg/l (F) [11]
Crustacean		Daphnia magna ¨ EC50 (48h)=1 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009). LC50 (48h)=1 mg/l [3]. ¨ EC50 (48h)=1.35 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009). EC50 (48h)=1 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009). EC50 (48h)=1 mg/l (F) [11]. LC50 (48h)=1 mg/l (F) [11]. Survival in a 28d test was not affected in concentrations up to (NOEC) 136 µg/l (EPA 660/3-75-009) [3]. Gammarus pseudolimnaeus: EC50 (96h)=0.25 mg/l [3] Mysidopsis bahia : ¨ 0.32>LC50 (96h)>0.18 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009).
Fish		Carassius auratus (fw): ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.7 mg/l [3] LC50 (1h)=5.0 mg/l (F) [11] LC50 (5h)=3.0 mg/l (F) [11] LC50 (8h)=1.0 mg/l (F) [11] Cyprinodon variegatus (fw): ¨ 0.32 mg/l<LC50 (96h)<0.56 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009) Lepomis macrochirus (fw): LC50 (96h)=0.78 mg/l [3] LC50 (96h)=0.290 mg/l [3] LC50 values for Lepomis macrochirus exposed to water with clay (either adsorption or desorption method) were about double those seen in TPP/water alone (1.56 mg/kg). In the adsorptive soil test, the LC50 was about 1.5 times higher than in the water alone (1.2 mg/l) and in the desorptive soil test the LC50 was 4 times that in water (3.1 mg/l). Sorption on clay or soil reduced intial bioavailability of TPP to aquatic bluegills [3]. LC50 (96h)=290 mg/l (F) [11] Menidia beryllina (sw): LC50 (96h)=95 mg/l [3]
		Oryzias latipes (fw): LC50 (96 h)=1.2 mg/l [3] LC50 (24h)=6.4 mg/l at 10 ° C (F) [11] LC50 (24h)=3.4 mg/l at 20 ° C (F) [11] LC50 (48h)=0.4 mg/l at 10 ° C (F) [11] LC50 (48h)=3.4 mg/l at 20 ° C (F) [11] Onchorhynchus mykiis (fw): ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.40 mg/l (F) [11] ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.30 mg/l (F) [11] ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.36 mg/l (F) [11] Pimephales promelas (fw) ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.66 mg/l (EPA 660/3-75-009) [3] NOEC (30 or 60d)=0.087 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009) ¨ NOEC (30 or 60 d)=0.23 mg/l (EPA 660/3-75-009) [3] LC50 (96h)=0.66 mg/l (F) [11] ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.87 mg/l (F) [11]
Fish		Salmo gairdneri (fw) ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.36 mg/l [3] ¨ LC50 (96h)=0.4 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009) ¨ NOEC (30 or 60d)= 0.014 mg/l [3] (EPA 660/3-75-009) Rainbow trout (fw): Fingerlings: LC50 (24h )=0.62 mg/l, EC50 (24h)=1.15 mg/l [3] LC50 (24h)>0.45 mg/l, EC50 (24h )=0.37 mg/l [3] LC50 (96h)=0.32 mg/l, EC50 (96h)=0.3 mg/l [3] LC50 (96h)>0.45 mg/l [3],EC50 (96h)=0.27 mg/l [3] Sac-fry: LC50 (24h) > 0.45 mg/l, EC50 (24h )= 0.295 mg/l [3] LC50 (24h)>0.56 mg/l, EC50 (24h)=0.31 mg/l [3] LC50 (96h)>0.45 mg/l, EC50 (96h)=0.24 mg/l [3] Adults: LC50 (96h) = 0.85 mg/l (OECD 203) [3]
Other aquatic organisms		Chironomus tentans LC50 (48h)=1.6 mg/l [3] Chironomus riparius ¨ EC50=0.36 mg/l [3] EC50 (48h)=0.36 mg/l [3]
Bacteria		Not available
Environmental Fate
BCF		Oryzias latipes (fw) BCF(18d, conc. 0.009-0.01 mg/l)=84 - 193 [3] BCF(38d, conc. 0.090 mg/l)=61-144 (T) [11] Phoxinus phoxinus (fw) Bioaccumulation (4 months, food conc.=100 ug/g)=0.06 [3] Pimephales promelas (fw) BCF(105d, mesocosmos, conc. 60 ug/l)=68-160 [3] BCF(1h-1d)=1,743 (F) [11] BCF(1h-1d)=561 (F) [11] BCF(1h-1d)=218 (F) [11] Salmo gairdneri (fw): ¨ BCF(90d)=271 [3] BCF(112d, conc.=60 ug/l)=43 [3] Oncorhynchus mykiis (fw): BCF(1h-1d)=1,368 (F) [11] BCF(1h-1d)=573 (F) [11] BCF(1h-1d)=931 (F) [11] BCF(6h)=2,590 (F) [11] BCF(6h)=18,900 (F) [11]
Aerobic biodegradation		¨ Triphenyl phosphate biodegrades under aerobic conditions (half-life of 4 days or less) in water. However, biodegradation in benthic sediments is unclear. If released to soil, biodegradation will be the predominant fate process and aqueous hydrolysis may be important in alkaline soils. Biodegradation is expected to be the dominant fate process of triphenyl phosphate in soil; screening tests exhibited aerobic half-lives of about 4 days or less in natural waters [2]. Half-life in killifish=5h [3]. Half-life in goldfish>100h [3] ¨ Percent degraded (20d)=93.8 % (OECD 303A) [3] Percent degraded (48 h)=40 %, sludge inoc. [3] Percent degraded (40 days)=53 %, unknown inoc. [3] ¨ Percent degraded (24 h)=96 %, sludge inoc. [3] Percent degraded (2-4 days)=50 %, unknown inoc. [3] ¨ Percent degraded (96h)=100 %, sludge inoc. [3] Percent degraded (49-84d)=93-96 %, adap. sludge inoc. [3] BOD7=61.9% BODth, adap. sludge inoc. [3] BOD28=81.8% BODth, adap. sludge inoc. [3]
Anaerobic biodegradation		No relevant data
Metabolic pathway		No relevant data
Mobility		¨ Koc=3,100 [3] Kd (silty clay)=21.52 [3] Kd (loamy sand)=77.72 [3] Kd (silty loam)=67.50 [3] ¨ Mobility of TPP and its primary degradation product in soil was very low. It was strongly absorbed to the soil [3]. Kp=112 ± 26.8 [3]
Conclusion
Health		The available data indicate that TPP has relatively low impact on health. TPP can induce skin sensitisation and contact demartitis in humans. Based on the available data TPP is not neurotoxic or mutagenic. Persons with preexisting neuromuscular disorders may be at increased risk.
Environment		The literature reviewed indicates that TPP is very toxic to algae, fish and some crustaceans (typical L(E)C50<1 mg/l). The compound is toxic to D. magna. NOEC data available for fish are in the range 0.014 - 0.23 mg/l. Bioaccumulation of this compound is high (BCF >100). The biodegradation data available indicates that this compound is readily to inherently biodegradable under aerobic conditions. No data is available for anaerobic degradation. Mobility of TPP and its primary degradation product in soil is very low.
References
1	Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2	Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
3	IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
4	SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
5	HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
6	RTECS. Online search December 1999.
7	Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8	Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9	Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
10	World Health Organization: IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 111 - Triphenyl Phosphate, Geneva, 1991.
11	ECOTOX AQUIRE. ECOTOX database system. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Online search December 1999.: http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecotox_home.ht

Tricresyl Phosphate   CAS number: 1330-78-5   Data compilation, environmental and health screening       Summary

Health: In the available data there are indications that the investigated tricresyl phosphate is toxic by absorption through the skin. This substances seams not to be mutagenic or carcinogenic. Tricresyl phosphate might be connected with effects on the reproduction. This particular tricresyl phosphate has no classification. The main commercial product is a mixture of various isomers of tricresyl phosphates. Two other tricresyl phosphates (not 1330-78-5) are classified toxic or harmful. Environment: The available effect data originates from tests performed using either the pure compound or a formulation. The tests performed using the pure compound indicates that tricresyl phosphate are very toxic to fish and toxic to algae and crustaceans (L(E)C50 from <1 mg/l to 10 mg/l). Formulations are slightly less toxic, but typically in the 1-10 mg/l range. A study of long term acute and chronic effects in fish showed NOECs from 0.0001-0.00032 mg/l for a formulated product. Tricresyl phosphate bioaccumulates (BCF ranges from 165-281). Available screening studies suggest that aerobic biodegradation will occur at moderate to rapid rates with half-lives in the order of several days or less. The mobility in soil is presumably low.

Tricresyl Phosphate
Identification of the substance
CAS No.			1330-78-5
EINECS No.			215-548-8
EINECS Name			tris(methylphenyl) phosphate
Synonyms			Celluflex TPP; Disflamoll TP; Phosflex TPP; TPP; Trifenylfosfat (Czech); Triphenyl phosphate; Celluflex 179C; Cresyl phosphate; Disflamoll TKP; Durad; Flexol Plasticizer TCP; Fyrquel 150; IMOL S 140; Kronitex; Lindol; NCI-C61041; Phosflex 179A; Phosphate de tricresyle (French); Tricresilfosfati (Italian); Tricresylfosfaten (Dutch); Tricresyl phosphate; Trikresylfosfat (Czech); Trikresylphosphate (German); Tris(tolyloxy)phosphine oxide; Tritolylfosfat (Czech); Tritolyl phosphate [5]
Molecular Formula			C21H21O4P
Structual Formula			Tricresyl Phosphate
Known uses			This compound is used as a plasticizer in vinyl plastics manufacturing, a flame-retardant, a solvent for nitrocellulose and in cellulose molding compositions. It is also used as an additive to extreme-pressure lubricants, as a nonflammable fluid in hydraulic systems, as a lead scavenger in gasoline, to sterilize certain surgical instruments, in polystyrene, in waterproofing, in common organic solvents and thinners, in linseed oil, in china wood oil and in castor oil.
EU			¨ Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its revisions: None, but within the family of tricresyl phosphates, two CAS No. (78-30-8 and 78-32-0) are classified toxic (T, N with R 39/23/24/25-51/53) and harmful (Xn;R21/22 N;R51/53) respectively. ¨ Commercial tricresyl phosphates normally contain a mixture of isomers of tricresyl phosphate which can have influence on the final classification.
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form			Practically colourless and odourless liquid [4].
Molecular Weight			368.37
Melting Point/range (° C)			-33 [8]
Boiling Point/range (° C)			420 [4], 265 [8]
Decomposition Temperature (° C)			No relevant data found
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))			6´ 10-7 at 25 ° C, estimated [4] 0.1´ 10-3 at 20 ° C [8]
Density			Density=1.16 [3], Density=1.162 at 25 ° C [4] Specific gravity= 1.247g/cm3
Vapour Density (air=1)			12.7 [1]
Solubility (water)			0.36 mg/l [4,8]
Partition Coefficient (log Pow)			5.11 [4,8]
pKa			No relevant data found
Flammability			No relevant data found
Explosivity			May burn, but does not ignite readily
Oxidising properties			No relevant data found
Toxicological Data
Observation in humans			Toxic by ingestion in humans [4].
Acute Toxicity
Oral			Oral-rat LD50: 3,500 mg/kg [5]. Oral-rat LD50: 5,190 mg/kg [3]. Oral-muse LD50: 1,320 mg/kg [5]. Oral-mouse LD50: 3,900 mg/kg [3]. Oral-dog, adult LDLo: 500 mg/kg [3]. Oral-rabbit, adult LDLo: 100 mg/kg [3].
Dermal			¨ Toxic by skin absorption [4]. Skin-rabbit LD50: >7,900 mg/kg [5]. Skin-guinea pig LD50: >4 gm/kg [5]. Skin-cat, adult LD50: 1,500 mg/kg [3].
Inhalation			No relevant data found
Other Routes			No relevant data found
Skin Irritation			No relevant data found
Eye Irritation			No relevant data found
Irritation of Respiratory Tract			No relevant data found
Skin Sensitisation			No relevant data found
Sensitisation by Inhalation			No relevant data found
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in humans			No relevant data found
Oral			No relevant data found
Inhalation			No relevant data found
Dermal			Repeated dermal application of 128 mg/kg body weight of tricresyl phosphate every other day on up to 83 occasions on pig skin has been shown to produce total, irreversible paresis, but without development of the clinical signs associated with organophosphorus compound poisoning [4].
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity			¨ Tricresyl phosphate was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537, nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. These in vitro assays were all conducted with and without exogenous metabolic activation. [7].
Gene Mutation			No relevant data found
Chromosome Abnormalities			No relevant data found
Other Genotoxic Effects			No relevant data found
Cancer Review			¨ In 2-year feeding studies there were no evidence of carcinogenic effects of tricresyl phosphate in male or female F344/N rats treated at 75, 150, or 300 ppm. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of tricresyl phosphate in male or female B6C3F1 mice treated at 60, 125, or 250 ppm. [7].
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity			¨ The reproductive effects of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) were investigated in Long Evans rats . Twelve male rats/dose group were given 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg TCP in corn oil (10 ml/kg body wt) by gavage once/day, 7 days/wk for 56 days prior to breeding and throughout the 10 day breeding period. Twenty four female rats/dose group received 0, 200, or 400 mg/kg TCP in corn oil (10 ml/kg body wt) for 14 days prior to breeding, and throughout breeding, gestation and lactation until the pups were weaned on day 21.
Reproductive Toxicity cont.			Control groups were given corn oil only. The results show that male rats treated with 200 mg/kg TCP had reduced sperm concentration, motility, and velocity (65, 4, and 5% of control, respectively). There was a dose-dependent increase in abnormal sperm morphology in both the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg treated males. TCP did not have an adverse effect on mean testicular wt, but epididymal weights were reduced in the 200 mg/kg dose group males. The % of sperm-positive females for TCP-exposed pairs was not different from that of controls. [4].
Teratogenicity			No relevant data found
Other Toxicity Studies			No relevant data found
Toxicokinetics			No relevant data found
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae			Anacystis aeruginosa EC50(96h)>1 mg/l (F) [10] Chlorella pyrenoidosa: EC50(96h)>1 mg/l (F) [10] Scenedesmus pannonicus: ¨ EC50(96h)=1.3 mg/l (F) [10] EC50(96h)=3.8 mg/l (F) [10] EC50(14d)=1.5 mg/l (F) [10] Selenastrum capricornutum: EC50(96h)>1 mg/l (F) [10] Stephanodiscus hantzschii: ¨ EC50(96h)=0.29 mg/l (F) [10] Euglena gracilis: LC50(96h)>1.0 mg/l (F) [10]
Crustacean			Daphnia magna: EC50(24h)=9.1 mg/l (F) [10] EC50(24h)>3.2 mg/l (F) [10] ¨ EC50(48h)=3.6 mg/l (F) [10] 0.10 <EC50(14d)<0.32 mg/l (F) [10] 0.32 <EC50(14d)< 1.00 mg/l (F) [10] 0.10 <EC50(21d)< 0.32 mg/l (F) [10] 0.32 <EC50(21d)< 1.00 mg/l (F) [10]
Fish			Brachydanio rerio (fw): LC50(96h)>1 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=5.9 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=0.4 mg/l (F) [10] Gasterosteus aculeatus (fw): LC50(24h)>0.87 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(35d)= 0.0017 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(48h)=0.83 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(72h)=0.58 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(72h)=0.44 mg/l (F) [10]
Fish cont.			Gasterosteus aculeatus (fw): NOEC(mortality,24h)=0.28 mg/l (F) [10] NOEC(mortality,48h)=0.28 mg/l (F) [10] NOEC(mortality,72h)=0.16 mg/l (F) [10] NOEC(mortality,96h)=0.16 mg/l (F) [10] NOEC(development,35d)=0.0032 mg/l (F) [10] NOEC(growth,35d)=0.00032 mg/l (F) [10] ¨ NOEC(mortality,35d)=0.0001 mg/l (F) [10] Ictalurus punctatus (fw): ¨ LC50(96h)= 0.803 mg/l [10] Jordanella floridae (fw): LC50(48h)=3.1 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(48h)=6.7 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=2.1 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=5.0 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(7d)=0.1 mg/l (F) [10] 0.010<LC50(35d)<0.032 mg/l (F) [10] Lepomis macrochirus (fw): LC50(96h)=7,000 mg/l (F) [10] ¨ LC50(96h)=0.150 mg/l [10] Menidia beryllina (fw): LC50(96h)=8,700 mg/l (F) [10] Oncorhynchus mykiss (fw): ¨ LC50(96h)=0.26 mg/l [10] Oryzias latipes(fw): LC50(24h)>1,000 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(24h)=5.8 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(48h)=53.0 mg/l (F) [10] 3.2<LC50(48h)<10.0 (F) [10] LC50(48h)>10,000 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(48h)>700 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=13.0 mg/l (F) [10] 3.2<LC50(96h)<10.0 mg/l LC50(7d)=0.080 mg/l (F) [10] Perca flavescens (fw): ¨ LC50(96h)=0.520 mg/l [10] Poecilia reticulata (fw): LC50(24h)=8.0 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(24h)=5.7 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(96h)=5.7 mg/l (F) [10] Poecilia reticulata (fw) cont.: LC50(7d)=3.7 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(7d)=3.5 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(14d)=2.8 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(14d)=2.5 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(28d)=2.6 mg/l (F) [10] LC50(28d)=2.2 mg/l (F) [10]
Other aquatic organisms			No relevant data found
Bacteria			No relevant data found
Environmental Fate
BCF			¨ BCF=165 (F) [10] ¨ BCF=281 [8]
Aerobic biodegradation			¨ Available screening studies suggest that aerobic biodegradation will occur at moderate to rapid rates with half-lives in the order of several days or less [4]
Anaerobic biodegradation			Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions is unclear [4]
Metabolic pathway			No relevant data found.
Mobility			¨ Koc=7,700-79,000, estimated [4] Koc=14,350, estimated [8] ¨ Kd=400 [4]
Conclusion
Health			The available data indicate that following repeated application tricresyl phosphate is toxic by absorption through the skin. Available data do not indicate mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of tricresyl phosphates. Tricresyl phosphate may cause effects on the reproduction. This particular tricresyl phosphate has no classification. The main commercial product is a mixture of various isomers of tricresyl phosphates. Two other tricresyl phosphates (not 1330-78-5) are classified toxic or harmful.
Environment			The available effect data originates from tests performed using either the pure compound or a formulation. The tests performed using the pure compound indicates that tricresyl phosphate are very toxic to fish and toxic to algae and crustaceans (L(E)C50 from <1 mg/l to 10 mg/l). Formulations are slightly less acutely toxic, but typically in the 1-10 mg/l range. A study of long term acute and chronic effects in fish showed NOECs from 0.0001-0.00032 mg/l for a formulated product. Tricresyl phosphate bioaccumulates (BCF ranges from 165-281). Available screening studies suggest that aerobic biodegradation will occur at moderate to rapid rates with half-lives in the order of several days or less. The mobility in soil is presumably low.
References
1		Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2		HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
3		SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
4		Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
5		RTECS. Online search December 1999.
6		IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
7		Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8		Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9		Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
10	ECOTOX AQUIRE. ECOTOX database system. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Online search December 1999.: http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecotox_home.htm

Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)   CAS number: 57583-54-7   Data compilation, environmental and health screening

Summary   Health: The health screening of the substance show an inadequate data set. In the reviewed studies there were no adverse effects on reproductive performance or fertility parameters associated with administration of the substance in the diet. In these studies the substance did not result in any biologically significant toxic or teratogenic effect in the foetuses. Environment: No data available.

Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
Identification of the substance
CAS No.		57583-54-7
EINECS No.		260-830-6
EINECS Name		tetraphenyl m-phenylene bis(phosphate)
Synonyms		CRR-733S; Fyrolflex RDP; Mark PFK; Oligomeric phosphate ester; m-Phenylenebis(diphenyl phosphate); 1,3-Phenylene tetraphenyl phosphate; PMN 89-234; Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate); Tetraphenylresorcinol diphosphate.
Molecular Formula		Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
Structual Formula		C30H24O8P2
Known Uses		The substance is used as a flame retardant and is a component of certain plastics.
EU		Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its updates: None
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form		No relevant data found
Molecular Weight		No relevant data found
Melting Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found
Boiling Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found
Decomposition Temperature (° C)		No relevant data found
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))		No relevant data found
Relative Density		No relevant data found
Vapour Density (air=1)		No relevant data found
Solubility (water)		No relevant data found
Partition Coefficient (log Pow)		No relevant data found
pKa		No relevant data found
Flammability		No relevant data found
Explosivity		No relevant data found
Oxidising properties		No relevant data found
Toxicological Data
Observation in humans		No relevant data found
Acute Toxicity
Oral		Oral-rat LD50 >5 mg/kg (5).
Dermal		Skin-rat LD50 >2 mg/kg (5).
Inhalation		Inhalation-rat LC50 >4,860 mg/m3 (5).
Other Routes		No relevant data found.
Skin Irritation		No relevant data found.
Eye Irritation		No relevant data found.
Irritation of Respiratory Tract		No relevant data found.
Skin Sensitisation		No relevant data found.
Sensitisation by Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in humans		No relevant data found.
Oral		FyrolflexQ RDP administered for more than 13 weeks and up to the entire life span (F1) resulted in increased liver weights with associated periportal hypertrophy. This change was considered an adaptive process associated with RDP metabolism in the liver. (7).
Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity		No relevant data found.
Gene Mutation		No relevant data found.
Chromosome Abnormalities		No relevant data found.
Other Genotoxic Effects		No relevant data found.
Cancer review		No relevant data found.
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity		FyrolflexQ RDP was evaluated in a two-generation reproductive study as part of a program to assess the overall toxicology of this flame retardant. RDP was administered to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in the diet at concentrations of 1000, 10,000 or 20,000 ppm. The control group was given diet alone. ¨ In conclusion, there were no adverse effects on reproductive performance or fertility parameters associated with RDP administration in the diet. (7).
Teratogenicity		Groups of 27 sperm-positive New Zealand White rabbits (HRP, PA) were administered graded concentrations of 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg of RDP in corn oil. A vehicle control group of equal size was administered corn oil alone. Rabbits were dosed daily (1.5 mL/kg) on gestation days 6-28 and sacrificed on gestation day 29. The fetuses were removed by cesarian section and examined for gross external, visceral, cephalic and skeletal anomalies. No treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity were observed. No effects on maternal food consumption, body weight, body weight gain, or on uterus, liver, kidney and spleen weights were detected. Fetal viability and body weight, as well as developmental endpoints were unaffected by the treatment. ¨ Accordingly, exposure of pregnant rabbits to doses ranging from 50 to 1000 mg/kg of RDP during the periods of major organogenesis and histogenesis did not result in any biologically significant toxic or teratogenic effect in the dams or fetuses (7).
Other Toxicity Studies		No relevant data found.
Toxicokinetics		No relevant data found.
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae		No relevant data found
Crustacean		No relevant data found
Fish		No relevant data found
Bacteria		No relevant data found
Mobility		No relevant data found
Environmental Fate
BCF		No relevant data found
Aerobic biodegradation		No relevant data found
Anaerobic biodegradation		No relevant data found
Metabolic pathway		No relevant data found
Conclusion
Health		The available data are not sufficient to prepare a health screening of the substance. In the reviewed studies there were no adverse effects on reproductive performance or fertility parameters associated with administration of the substance in the diet. In these studies the substance did not result in any biologically significant toxic or teratogenic effect in the fetuses.
Environment		No data available.
References
1	Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2	HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
3	SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
4	Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
5	RTECS. Online search December 1999.
6	IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
7	Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8	Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9	Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm

Phosphonic acid, (2-((hydroxymethyl)carbanyl)ethyl)- dimethylester   CAS number: 20120-33-6   Data compilation, environmental and health screening

Summary   Health: The available data are not sufficient to perform a health screening of the substance. One study reports an oral-LD50 which may indicate potential adverse acute effects at a dose of 13 mg/kg. Environment: The available data is not sufficient to make an environmental screening. Two data sets are available on the toxicity of a formulation to fish. The indication is that this compound is toxic to very toxic to fish.

Phosphonic acid, (2-((hydroxymethyl)carbanyl)ethyl)- dimethyl ester
Identification of the substance
CAS No.		20120-33-6
EINECS No.		243-528-9
EINECS Name		dimethyl [3-[(hydroxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl]phosphonate
Synonyms		N-Methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide; Phosphonic acid, (3-((hydroxymethyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)-, dimethyl ester (9CI); Phosphonic acid, (2-((hydroxymethyl)carbanyl)ethyl)- dimethyl ester; Pyrovatex [5]
Molecular Formula		C6H14NO5P [5]
Structural Formula		No relevant data found.
Known Uses		No relevant data found.
EU		Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its revisions: None.
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form		No relevant data found.
Molecular Weight (g/mol)		211.18
Melting Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found.
Boiling Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found.
Decomposition Temperature (° C)		No relevant data found.
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))		No relevant data found.
Relative Density		No relevant data found.
Vapour Density (air=1)		No relevant data found.
Solubility (water)		No relevant data found.
Partition Coefficient (log Pow)		No relevant data found.
pKa		No relevant data found.
Flammability		No relevant data found.
Explosivity		No relevant data found.
Oxidising properties		No relevant data found.
Toxicological Data
Observation in Humans		No relevant data found.
Acute Toxicity
Oral		¨ Oral-rat LD50: 13 mg/kg (5).
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Other Routes		No relevant data found.
Skin Irritation		No relevant data found.
Eye Irritation		No relevant data found.
Irritation of Respiratory Tract		No relevant data found.
Skin Sensitisation		No relevant data found.
Sensitisation by Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in Humans		No relevant data found.
Oral		No relevant data found.
Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity		One study indicating that the substance has mutagenic effects is reported (5).
Gene Mutation		No relevant data found.
Chromosome Abnormalities		No relevant data found.
Other Genotoxic Effects		No relevant data found.
Cancer Review		No relevant data found.
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity		No relevant data found.
Teratogenicity		No relevant data found.
Other Toxicity Studies		No relevant data found.
Toxicokinetics		No relevant data found.
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae		No relevant data found.
Crustacean		No relevant data found.
Fish		Oncorhynchus mykiis (fw): ¨ LC50(48h)=0.56 ml/l (F) [10] ¨ LC50(48h)=1.14 ml/l (F) [10]
Bacteria		No relevant data found.
Environmental Fate
BCF		No relevant data found.
Aerobic biodegradation		No relevant data found.
Anaerobic biodegradation		No relevant data found.
Metabolic pathway		No relevant data found.
Mobility		No relevant data found.
Conclusion
Health		The available data are not sufficient to make a health screening of the substance. One study reports an oral-LD50 which may indicate potential adverse acute effects at a dose of 13 mg/kg.
Environment		The available data is insufficient for an environmental screening. Only data available on the toxicity of a formulation to fish is available(LC50 = 0.56-1.14 ml/l). This indicates that the compound is very toxic to fish.
References
1	Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2	HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
3	SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
4	Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
5	RTECS. Online search December 1999.
6	IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
7	Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8	Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9	Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
10	U.S. EPA ECOTOX Database system. AQUIRE On line search December 1999. http://www.epa.gov/medecotx/ecotox_home.htm

Aluminium trihydroxide     CAS number: 21645-51-2     Data compilation, environmental and health screening

Summary   Health: Aluminium hydroxide is often an important source of aluminium in the body. Aluminium compounds can lead to deposition of aluminium in bones leading to decalcification. There are indications that aluminium compounds may lead to lung injuries. Most aluminium compounds may cause irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Environment: Very few data was found on the compound Al(OH)3. Since the compound may dissociate in the environment a limited data set on the Al-ion is presented. The data on aluminium however indicates that this element is very toxic to fish and toxic to crustaceans.

Aluminium trihydroxide
Identification of the substance
CAS No.		21645-51-2
EINECS No.		244-492-7
EINECS Name		aluminium hydroxide
Synonyms		AF 260; Alcoa 331; Alcoa C 30BF; Alumigel; Alumina hydrated; Alumina trihydrate; alpha-Alumina trihydrate; Aluminic acid; aluminium hydroxide; aluminium hydrate; aluminium(III) hydroxide; aluminium hydroxide gel; aluminium oxide trihydrate; aluminium trihydrate; aluminium trihydroxide; Alusal; Amberol ST 140F; Amphojel; BACO AF 260; British aluminium AF 260; C 31; C 33; C 31C; C 4D; C 31F; C-31-F; C.I. 77002; GHA 331; GHA 332; H 46; Higilite; Higilite H 32; Higilite H 42; Higilite H 31S; Hychol 705; Hydral 705; Hydral 710; Hydrated alumina; Liquigel; Martinal; P 30BF; PGA; Trihydrated alumina; Trihydroxyaluminium [4] Tonerdehydrat, White hydrate [6]
Molecular Formula		Al(OH)3
Structural Formula		Aluminium trihydroxide
Known uses		Desiccant powder; in packaging materials; chemical intermediate; filler in paper, plastics, rubber, ceramics, in printing inks, lubricating compositions, detergents; iron-free aluminium and aluminium salts and cosmetics; glass additive to increase mechanical strength and resistance to thermal shock; in manufactures of activated alumina; flame retardants, for rubber reinforcing agent, paper coating; adsorbent; emulsifier; ion-exchanger, in chromatography; mordant in dyeing; filtering medium; waterproofing fabrics; used in pharmacy as the gel or dried gel. ¨ Aluminium hydroxide is sometimes used as an antidiarrheal agent, as a slow acting antacid and in protective dermatological pastes
EU		Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its revisions: None
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form		White monoclinic crystals, white powder, pellets or granules [4].
Molecular Weight (g/mol)		77.99
Melting Point/range (° C)		300 [4]
Boiling Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found.
Decomposition Temperature (° C)		Ca. 150-220 °C decomposition to Al2O3 and H2O.
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))		No relevant data found.
Density		Specific: 2.42 g/cm3 [4] 2.42 g/cm3 at 20 ° C [6] Relative: 1.01 - 1.25 at 25 ° C [6]
Vapour Density (air=1)		No relevant data found.
Solubility (water)		Insoluble in water [4] App. 0015 g/l (20 ° C) [6].
Partition Coefficient (log Pow)		No relevant data found.
pKa		No relevant data found.
Flammability		No relevant data found.
Explosivity		Not explosive [6]
Oxidising properties		No oxidising properties [6]
Toxicological Data
Observation in humans		¨ Aluminium hydroxide is one of the main sources to aluminium in the body. The implications of previous reports of elevated aluminium concentration in patients with Alzheimer's disease for the treatment of the disease are disused. At the present time there is no conclusive evidence that active attempts to alter aluminium concentration in diet or medicines produce any beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease. [4].
Acute Toxicity
Oral		Because aluminium is only sparingly absorbed from the gut, LD50 values for aluminium ingestion are unavailable, since death occurs from intestinal blockage due to precipitated aluminium species rather than systemic aluminium toxicity [4]. The only LD50 value (>5000 mg/kg bw) found supports this [6]. Antacids including aluminium hydroxide may inhibit the gastrointestinal absorption of some beta-blockers [4].
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Inhalation		Animal studies show that aluminium particles, in particular stamped aluminium powder, may cause fibrosis of the lung whereas particles of aluminium compounds appear to be less reactive [4]. ¨ On occasion workers chronically exposed to aluminium-containing dusts or fumes have developed severe pulmonary reactions [4].
Other Routes		Aluminium salts are much more toxic intravenously than by mouth to animals [4].
Skin Irritation		Not irritating [6].
Eye Irritation		¨ One study indicates that aluminium hydroxide is not an eye irritant [6], but aluminium (dust or powder) is an eye irritant [4].
Irritation of Respiratory Tract		¨ Aluminium (dust or powder) is a respiratory irritant [4]. Aluminium compounds appear to be less reactive [4].
Skin Sensitisation		Not sensitising [6].
Sensitisation by Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in humans		There has been and still is much dispute about aluminium's influence on CNS, e.g. the development of Alzheimer syndrome. Although aluminium is common in nature, and the exposure therefore rather comprehensive, the amount found in humans is rather limited [6].
Oral		Severe aluminium intoxication following oral administration of aluminium hydroxide, chloride, or sulphate to rats is characterised by anorexia or death [4]. The effects of dietary administration of aluminium hydroxide were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of 25 rats were fed a diet containing 14,470 ppm aluminium hydroxide or a control diet for 28 days. The mean daily aluminium dose was calculated as 302 mg/kg body weight/day. Dietary administration of aluminium hydroxide did not induce any signs of toxicity. Clinical observations during the 28-day treatment period and the recovery phase were similar in control and treated rats. There were no significant changes in haematology, clinical chemistry parameters, or organ weights. Histopathological examination of tissues revealed no treatment-related changes. Ingestion of aluminium hydroxide caused no significant deposition of Al in bone samples. [4].
Inhalation		No relevant data found.
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity		¨ Aluminium compounds have been evaluated as non-mutagenic by most standard methods of mutagenic assays. [4].
Gene Mutation		No relevant data found.
Chromosome Abnormalities		No relevant data found.
Other Genotoxic Effects		No relevant data found.
Cancer review		No relevant data found.
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity		No relevant data found.
Teratogenicity		¨ In one study, concentrations of aluminium ranging from 500 to 1,000 ug/g body weight were added to the diets of pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation, when the fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. Aluminium in the diet did not affect embryo or fetal mortality rate, litter size, fetal body weight, or length. [4]. ¨ 5-16 days' exposure of mice did not lead to material toxicity, embryo/fetal toxicity or teratogenicity [6].
Other Toxicity Studies		No relevant data found.
Toxicokinetics		Aluminium salts are absorbed in small amounts from the digestive tract and can be deposited in bones [4].
		Aluminium hydroxide or oxide is slowly solubilised in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and water. About 17-30% of the aluminium chloride formed is absorbed and rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal functions. In vitro studies indicate that aluminium hydroxide binds salts with an affinity and capacity similar to that of cholestyramine. Calcium and aluminium salts decrease the absorption of fluoride from the intestinal tract. In studies of humans, Spencer and co-workers demonstrated that ingestion of antacids containing aluminium hydroxide increased fecal excretion of fluoride by as much as 12 times, resulting in decreased absorption and lowered plasma levels of fluoride. [4].
		Adults (with renal failure), who ingested 1.5 to 3.0 g aluminium hydroxide per day for 20 to 32 days, absorbed between 100 and 568 mg aluminium per day (7-19% of the dose). Thus, it is quite clear that the administration of large doses of aluminium result in significant systemic absorption of the metal. [4].
Toxicokinetics		Aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate are some of the least soluble aluminium salts, but both compounds are sources of aluminium exposure. In metabolic studies on six patients, 12% of an oral load of aluminium in the form of a hydroxide was retained, but absorption was not calculated. At least 50% of serum aluminium is bound to proteins, which include both albuminand transferrin.
		Most of the tissue aluminium stores (about 30-50 mg) reside in bone. Current data indicate that biliary excretion is the major route of excretion, but renal elimination appears more important after large aluminium loads. [4]. Studies have shown that normal persons who consume one of several aluminium salts (eg, hydroxide or carbonate), but not aluminium phosphate readily absorb aluminium from the gastrointestinal tract. [4].
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae		No relevant data found.
Crustacean		Daphnia magna: EC50= No effect in tested range DIN 38412 L11 [6] ¨ A search in [10] on Al resulted in several values on Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex (range): LC50(24h)=2.6-3.5 mg/l [10]
Fish		Leuciscus idus (fw): LC50= No effect in tested range (DIN 38412 L12) [6] ¨ A search in [10] on Al resulted in one value on Oncorhynchus mykiis: LC50(24h)=0.16 mg/l, F, [10]
Bacteria		¨ Pseudomonas putida: EC50= No effect (DEV L8, modified ) [6]
Environmental Fate
BCF		No relevant data found.
Aerobic biodegradation		Not relevant for metals.
Anaerobic biodegradation		No relevant for metals.
Metabolic pathway		No relevant data found.
Mobility		No relevant data found.
Conclusion
Health		Aluminium hydroxide is often an important source of aluminium in the body. Oral ingestion of aluminium compounds can lead to deposition of aluminium in bones. Epidemiological studies indicate that that aluminium compounds may lead to lung injuries. Most aluminium compounds may cause irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Aluminium compounds have been evaluated as non-mutagenic by most standard methods of mutagenic assays. Aluminium in the diet did not affect a number of teratogenic parameters in mice or rats (dose 500-1000 ug/g).
Environment		Very few data was found on the compound Al(OH)3. Since the compound may dissociate in the environment, a limited data set on the Al-ion is presented. The data on aluminium indicates that this element is very toxic to fish and toxic to crustaceans.
References
1	Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2	HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
3	SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
4	Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
5	RTECS. Online search December 1999.
6	IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
7	Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8	Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9	Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
10	ECOTOX AQUIRE. ECOTOX database system. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Online search December 1999.: http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecotox_home.htm

Magnesium hydroxide   CAS number: 1309-42-8   Data compilation, environmental and health screening

Summary   Health: Only few data are reported on the substance (acute oral toxicity in rat and mouse 8,500 mg/kg). Magnesium is used in pharmaceuticals and food, and short term human exposure to the substance in small quantities is assumed not to affect human health adversely. Repeated or prolonged human exposure to larger quantities of the substance may imply impact on human health, such as malaise and general irritation of skin and respiratory tract. Effects on the central nerve system (CNS) associated with long term exposure and large doses) can not be excluded. Repeated or prolonged human exposure to larger quantities of the substance may imply adverse impact on human health, such as general irritation and malaise. Environment: Very few data was found on the compound Mg(OH)2. The compound may dissociate in the environment in Mg-ion and hydroxide. Magnesium is an essential element in many organisms. One LC50 was identified: 64.7 mg/l, which indicates that magnesium is harmful to crustaceans.

Magnesium hydroxide
Identification of the substance
CAS No.		1309-42-8
EINECS No.		215-170-3
EINECS Name		Magnesium hydroxide
Synonyms		Magnesium hydrate; Milk of magnesia; Magnesia; Magnesium dihydroxide; Gastrobrom; Gastrogel; Mylanta
Molecular Formula		H2MgO2
Structural Formula		Magnesium hydroxide
Known Uses		Antacid in medicine, alkaline buffer and chemical thickener in food, ingredient in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, toothpaste, rubber, plastics and adhesives industries. Additive in fuel oil. Chemical intermediate in the production of magnesium chloride and magnesium carbonate. Raw material for the production of magnesium metal. In sugar refining, uranium processing and denetrification.
EU		Classification on annex 1 in Directive 67/548/EØF and its revisions: None. Labelling of metals not developed.
Physico-chemical Characteristics
Physical Form		White powder [3]
Molecular Weight		58.33
Melting Point/range (° C)		350 [4]
Boiling Point/range (° C)		No relevant data found
Decomposition Temperature (° C)		350 [3]
Vapour Pressure (mm Hg(° C))		No relevant data found
Density		Specific gravity=1.573 at 14 ° C [4] Specific gravity=1.574 at 20 ° C [6]
Vapour Density (air=1)		No relevant data found
Conversion Factor		No relevant data found
Solubility (water)		9 mg/l at 18 ° C [3] 40 g/l at 100 ° C [3]
Partition coefficient (log Pow)		No relevant data found
pKa		No relevant data found
Flammability		No relevant data found
Explosivity		No relevant data found
Oxidising properties		No relevant data found
Toxicological Data
Observation in Humans		¨ The substance is used for medication mainly as an antacid but also as antidote for poisoning. It is reported that prolonged use rarely cause rectal stones composed of MgCO3 and Mg(OH)2. Absorbed Magnesium is rapidly excreted by kidney but the urine may become alkaline. [4]. ¨ Magnesium hydroxide is a general food additive [10,11].
Acute Toxicity
Oral		Intoxication of humans occurring after oral administration of magnesium salts is rare, but may happen in the face of renal impairment [10]. ¨ Oral-rat LD50: 8.500 mg/kg [5]. ¨ Oral-mouse LD50: 8.500 mg/kg [5]. Human ingestion of quantities above normal content in food may be connected with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Dermal		Relevant data not found.
Inhalation		No relevant experimental data reported, but according to suppliers of the substance it may irritate the respiratory tract on prolonged or repeated contact [11].
Other Routes		Relevant data not found.
Skin Irritation		¨ No relevant experimental data reported, but according to suppliers of the substance it is indicated that repeated or prolonged contact may cause irritation [11].
Eye Irritation		¨ No relevant experimental data reported, but according to suppliers of the substance it may irritate or injure the eye [11].
Irritation of Respiratory Tract		¨ No relevant experimental data reported, but according to suppliers of the substance it may irritate the respiratory tract on prolonged or repeated contact [11].
Skin Sensitisation		Relevant data not found.
Sensitisation by Inhalation		Relevant data not found.
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
Observation in humans		Intoxication of humans is rare but may happen in case of renal impairment [10].
Oral		¨ Oral administration of large quantities of magnesium salts may cause central nerve system (CNS) depression [12].
Inhalation		¨ No relevant experimental data is reported. According to the supplier inhalation of mineral dust over long periods of time may cause industrial bronchitis, reduce breathing capacity and lead to increased susceptibility to other lung diseases [11].
Dermal		No relevant data found.
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity		No relevant data found.
Gene Mutation		No relevant data found.
Chromosome Abnormalities		No relevant data found.
Other Genotoxic Effects		No relevant data found.
Cancer review		¨ No IARC evaluation.
Reproductive Toxicity, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity		No relevant data found.
Teratogenicity		No relevant data found.
Other Toxicity Studies		No relevant data found.
Toxicokinetics		No relevant data found.
Ecotoxicity Data
Algae		No relevant data found.
Crustacean		No relevant data found. Gammarus lacustris (data for Mg) LC50(96h)=64.7 mg/l [13]
Fish		No relevant data found
Bacteria		No relevant data found
Environmental Fate
BCF		Essential element, not relevant
Aerobic biodegradation		Not relevant for inorganic compounds
Anaerobic biodegradation		Not relevant for inorganic compounds
Metabolic pathway		Essential element.
Mobility		No relevant data found
Conclusion
Health		Only few data are reported on the substance (acute oral toxicity in rat and mouse 8,500 mg/kg). Magnesium is used in pharmaceuticals and food, and short term human exposure to the substance in small quantities is assumed not to affect human health adversely. Repeated or prolonged human exposure to larger quantities of the substance may imply impact on human health, such as malaise and general irritation of skin and respiratory tract. Effects on the central nerve system (CNS) associated with long term exposure and large doses) can not be excluded.
Environment		Very few data was found on the compound Mg(OH)2. The compound may dissociate in the environment. Magnesium is an essential element in many organisms. One LC50 was identified: 64.7 mg/l, which indicates that magnesium is harmful to crustaceans.
References
1	Chemfinder: http://www.chemfinder.com/cgi-win/cfserver.exe/
2	HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. CD-rom. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
3	SAX'S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Eighth Edition on CD-rom. Revised by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1994.
4	Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2648. UPDATE CODE: 199905. SRP REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997. Online search December 1999.
5	RTECS. Online search December 1999.
6	IUCLID CD rom, European Commission, C 1996.
7	Toxline. Online search December 1999.
8	Environmental Fate Database - CHEMFATE (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA). Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
9	Environmental Fate Database - BIODEG (SRC/Procter and Gamble/EPA) Accessed through the web at: http://esc_plaza.syrres.com/efdb.htm
10	Casarett and Doull: TOXICOLOGY - The Basic Science of Poisons, fourth edition, Pergamon Press, New York, 1991.
11	Supplier MSDS: http://www.sealers.com/msds/thio.htm
12	Supplier MSDS http://www.jbaker.com/msds/m0160.htm
13	ECOTOX AQUIRE. ECOTOX database system. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Online search December 1999: http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecotox_home.htm

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