Environmental Assessment of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Denmark, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Assessment of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Denmark

Table F2. Fate of medical compounds in the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Process	Fate	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Veterinary threatment
Avermectin B1a	Antiparacetic agent	Biodegradation	T½ = 14-28 days	Conc. 0.1-1ppm, different soils in lab. test. (Lufkin fine sandy loam and Huston clay)	Bull et al. (1984)
			T½ = 28-56 days	Conc. 50 ppm, different soils in lab.test as above.
		Leaching	No leaching potential
		Plant uptake	Minor uptake of residues
		Mobility	Koc = 4.76*103	Immobile in different soils	Gruber et al. (1990)
Bacitracin	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	T½ = 22.5 days (20° C)	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)
			T½ = 12 days (30° C)
Bambermycin	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	Persistance < 25 days (over 20° C)	Feces (5%) /soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)
Carbadox	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	No informations		Goll van (1993) excist.
Ceftiofur sodium	Antibiotic	Biodegradation	T½ = 22.2 days (pH = 5)	Aerobic degradation in soils; clay loam, sand and silty clay loam.	Gilbertson et al. (1990)
			T½ = 49 days (pH = 7)
			T½ = 41.1 days (pH = 9)
		Photodegradation	Minimal	Water	Gilbertson et al. (1990)
		Hydrolyse	T½ = 100.3 days (pH = 5)
			T½ = 8.0 days (pH = 7)
			T½ = 4.2 days (pH = 9)
Chloramphenicol	Antibiotic	Primary degradation		In liquid manure the main metabolite chloramphenicol glucoronide is craked by bacterial to chloramphenicol. Thus reactivating the parent drug.	Berger et al. (1986)
Chlortetracycline	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	After 30 days at 30° C 44% of added com pound remaind. At 20° C and 4° C, 88% and 100% were per sistent after 30 days.	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)

Table F2 (continued). Fate of medical compounds in the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Process	Fate	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Veterinary threatment
Efromycin	Antibiotic - growth	Sorption	Koc = 580-11000	Different soils	Yeager and Halley (1990)
		Desorption	Only 50% of sorbed dose was desorped even with organic solvents.
Enrofloxacin	Antibiotic	Excretion from 10 % unmetabolised animals			Vancutsum et al. (1990)
Erytromycin	Antibiotic - growth promoter	Biodegradation	T½ = 11.5 days (20° C). At 4° C, 97% of the activity remained during 30 days	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)
Florfenicol	Antibiotic - feed additive in fishfarms	Biodegradation	T½ = 4-5 days	Degrades to persistent amine metabolite at all sediment dephts	Lunestad et al. (1992a, 1992b)
Flumequine	Antibiotic - feed additive	Biodegradation	T½ = 150 days	Surface sediment	Lunestad et al. (1992a, 1992b)

Furazolidone	Antibiotic	Biodegradation	T½ = 50 hrs to 2 months		Roij de and Vries de (1982)
	Antibiotic - feed additive in fish farms	Biodegradation	Readily degraded to inactive metabolite	Surface sediment	Ervik (1993)
Ivermectin	Antiparasitic agent	Biodegradation	Persistence in dung < 6 days	End of spring, field conditions (spain)	Lumaret et al. (1993)
		Biodegradation	T½ = 93 - 240 days	Laboratory, dark, 22° C in soil / feces mix	Halley et al. (1989)
		Biodegradation	T½ = 1 - 2 weeks	Outdoor, summer soil / feces mixture	Halley et al. (1989)
		Photodegradation	T½ = 3 hours	Outdoor, thin dry film on glass, sunlight	Halley et al. (1989)
Monensin	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	Persistent under an- aerobic conditions. (after 10 weeks 60-70% unchanged). More degradable under aerobic conditions.	Lab. experiments with feces	Donoho (1984)
		Biodegradation	Primary degradation within 33 days with or without manure.	Field experiments, soils	Donoho (1984)
Neomycin	Antibiotic	Excretion	Efter oral intake 97% will be excreated via lifestock feces.
Oxolinic acid	Antibiotic - feed additive in fish farms	Biodegradation	T½ = 150 to 1000 days	Supeficial sediment at various sediment deepts (up to 7 cm)	Ilektone et al. (1993) Samuelsen et al. (1992b)
Oxytetracycline	Antibiotic - feed additive in fish farms	Binding to sediment	T½ = 30 to 142 days	Surface sediment at different conditions	Samuelsen (1989) Poliquen et al. (1992;1993) Ervik (1993)
		Biodegradation	T½ = 9 days and 419 days	At two different locations with anoxic cond	Björklund et al. (1990)

Table F2 (continued). Fate of medical compounds in the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Process	Fate	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Veterinary threatment
		Wash-out from sediment	At a sediment conc. of 285 mg / g sediment, the maximum water conc. was predicted to 0.11 mg/l. was predicted to 0.11 mg/l. At sediment conc. of 10.9 m g/g sediment a similar water conc. of 0.016 mg/l was estimated	Sediment	Smith and Samuelsen (1996)
Penicillin	Antibiotic	Biodegradation	Inactivation due to c ombination of micro- bial induced enzyma- tic and chemical hydrolyse	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)
Streptomycin	Antibiotic	Biodegradation	Complete adsorption to clay fraction of the soil.	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)
Sulphadimidine	Antibiotic	Primary degradation		In liquid manure the main metabolite N-4-acetylated sulphadimidine is craked by bacterial to sulphadimidine. Thus reactivating the parent drug	Berger et al. (1986)
Sulphatrimetroprim Antibiotic	Biodegradation	Within one year 75 % undegrated		Surface water	Goll van (1993)
Tetracycline	Antibiotic Fish pond	Photodecomposition		Seven tetracycline metabolites were found under conditions similar conditions as fish pond cultures	Oka et al. (1989)
Tylosin	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Biodegradation	At 4° C, 40% of the compound remained unchanged after 30 days of incubation. At 20° C and 30° C degradation occured rapidly	Feces (5%) / soil matrix	Gavalchin and Katz (1994)