Environmental Assessment of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Denmark, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Assessment of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Denmark

Table G. Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Veteranry treatment
Ampicillin	Antibiotic	Sediment bacteria Vibrio harveyi	Antibiotic resistance > 100 mg/l	growth rate	Sandaa et al. (1992) Thomulka et al. (1993)
Amitriptylin	Psycopharmaca	Daphnia magna	EC50= 5.0 mg/l		Lilius et al. (1995)
Amprolium	Antiprotozoal	Nitrifying bacteria	No effect at 204mg / g manure of amprolium		Warman (1980)
Aureomycin	Antibiotic	Nitrifying bacteria	No effect at 22.5 mg / g manure of auromycin		Warman (1980)
Avermectin B1	Antiparasetic agent	Musca vetustissima (Bushfly)	No bush flies survived from egg to adult following cattle injectioon of 200mg/kg		Ridsdill-Smith (1988)
		Onthophagus binodis (dung beetle)	Not affected in dung of cattle treated with avermectin B1		Ridsdill-Smith (1988)
Avilamycin	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Anaerobic digestion	No overall effects on gas production		Sutton et al. (1989)
Bacitracin	Antibiotic – growth promotor	Daphnia magna	LC50 (24 hours) = 126 mg/l		Brambilla et al. (1994)
			LC50 (48 hours) = 30 mg/l		Migliore et al. (1997)
		Artemia salina	LC50 (24 hours) = 34 mg/l
			LC50 (48 hours) = 21.8 mg/l
		Daphnia Magna	LOEC = 5 mg/l		Di Delupis et al. (1992)
			EC50 (24 hours) = 126 mg/l
			EC50 (48 hours) = 30 mg/l
		Plants		Effects on plants mean root weight and mean stalk Leaves weight dramatically reduced.	Brambilla et al. (1994)
Bromocyclen	Antiparacitic agent	Algae	EC10 > 100 mg/l		Kopf (1995)
			EC50 > 100 mg/l
		Daphina magna	LC10 = 0.4 mg/l	Acute test
			LC 50 = 0.7 mg/l
			NOEC = 0.1 mg/l	Reproduction test
			LC10 = 0.064 mg/l
			LC 50 = 0.353 mg/l
Carbadox	Antibiotic – growth promoter	Mutagensity test	No effect on overall manure composition		Cihak et al. (1983) Kreuzer (1994)
Chloramphenicol	Antibiotic	Vibrio harveyi	EC50 = 0.16 mg/l	Biolumicens test	Thomulka et al. (1993)

Table G. (continued)Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Chlortetracycline	Antibiotic	Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto bean plants)	At conc. up to 160 ppm in solution top dry weight were reduced 71-87% and root dry weight were reduc- ed 66-94 %. All plants died at 160 ppm treatment level.	liquid lab. testsolution	Batchelder (1981)
		Raphanus sativus L. (Edible radish)	At sub. conc. up to 160 ppm stimulation of growth and		Batchelder (1982)
		Triticum aestivum L. (wheat)	N uptake was observed in a sand loam soil.
		Zea mays L. (corn)
		Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto bean plants)	At sub. conc. up to 160 ppm decrease of plant hights, top and root dry weight was observed
		Soil biological activity	no effect	soil ammended with antibiotic contaning poultry manure	Warman and Thomas (1981)
		Methane production	18 mg/l antibiotic inhibited mesophilic anaerobic dig- estion of swine manure		Fedler and Day (1985)
Flumequine	Antibiotic	Artemia salina	LC50 (24 hours) = 477 mg/l		Brambilla et al. (1994)
			LC50 (48 hours) = 308 mg/l		Migliore et al. (1997)
			LC50 (72 hours) = 96 mg/l
		Aeromonas salmonicida Bacteria	MIC (24 hours) = 4m g/ml	MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration	Pursell et al. (1995)
			(Tryptone soya broth)
			MIC (24 hours) = 128 m g/ml
			(Tryptone plus sea water ion)
			MIC (72 hours) = 16 m g/ml
			(Tryptone soya broth)
			MIC (72 hours) = 256 mg/ml
			(Tryptone plus sea water ion)
			MBC (24 hours) = 16 mg/ml	MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration
			(Tryptone soya broth)
			MIC (24 hours) = 2048 mg/ml
			(Tryptone plus sea water ion)
			MIC (72 hours) = 32 mg/ml
			(Tryptone soya broth)
			MIC (72 hours) = 256 mg/ml
			(Tryptone plus sea water ion)

Table G. (continued)Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
		Plants		Effects on plants mean root weight and mean stalk Leaves weight dramatically reduced.	Brambilla et al. (1994)
Furazolidone	Antibiotic feed-additive fish farm	Sediment bacteria	Antibiotic resistance		Nygaard et al. (1992)
		Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae)	EC50= 1.3 mg/l	Algal toxicity test	Canton and Van Esch (1976)
		Dapnia magna	LC50 = > 30 mg/l
		Salmo gairdneri	LC50 = > 30 mg/l
		Lebistes reticulatus (guppy)	LC50 = 25 mg/l
Ivermectin residues	Antiparasitic agent	Neomyia cornicina (dung-dwelling Diptera)	No larvel development at 0.16 mg / kg dung after injection with 200 mg / kg body weight (steers)		Lumaret et al. (1993)
		Euroniticellus fulvus (dung beetle)	Slight delayed development at 0.06 mg / kg dung after injection with 200 mg / kg body weight (steers)
Ivermectin H2B1a	Antiparasitic agent	Daphnia magna	LC50 (48 hours) = 0.025 ppb		Halley et al. (1989)
			NOEC (48 hours) = 0.01 ppb
Ivermectin monosaccharide	Antiparasitic agent	Daphnia magna	LC50 (48 hours) = 0.4 ppb
			NOEC (48 hours) = 0.1 ppb
Ivermectin H2B1a - aglycone	Antiparasitic agent	Daphnia magna	LC50 (48 hours) > 17 ppb
			NOEC (48 hours) > 9 ppb
Ivermectin	Antiparasitic agent	Daphnia magna	Toxic to some extent		Nessel et al. (1989)
		Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout)	LC50 (96 hours) = 3.0 mg/l		Halley et al. (1989)
			NOEC (96 hours) = 0.9 mg/l
		Lepomis macrochines (Bluegill sunfish)	LC50 (96 hours) = 4.8 mg/l
		Eisemia foetid (Earthworm)	LC50 (28 days) = 18-100 mg/kg soil		Halley et al. (1989)
		Chlorella pyrenoidosa (green algae)	NEL > 9.1 mg /l
Ivermectin residue	Antiparasitic agent	Musca vetustissima (Bush fly)	Inhibited larvel development for 7 to 14 days after animal treatment		Wardhaug et al. (1996)
		Musca domestica (house fly)	Inhibited larvel development for 7 to 14 days after animal treatment.

Table G. (continued)Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Ivermectin	Antiparasitic agent	Haematobia irratans	56 days 63 days 42 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Miller et al. (1981) Fincher (1992) Schmidt (1983)
		Musca autumnalis	14 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Mayer et al. (1980)
		Neomyia cornicina	32 days 17 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Wardhauge et al. (1988) Lumaret et al. (1993)
		Stomoxys calcitrans	14 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Schmidt (1983)
		Cyclorrapha	> 30 days 42 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Madsen et al. (1990) Sommer et al. (1992b)
		Nematocera	20 days 0 days	Sensitivity of dipteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Madsen et al. (1990) Sommer et al. (1992b)
		Ontophagus gazella	17 days 21 days	Sensitivity of coleopteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Sommer and Nielsen (1992c) Fincher (1992)
		Aphodius spp.	10 days 13-14 days 14 days	Sensitivity of coleopteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Madsen et al. (1990) Sommer et al. (1992b) Strong and Wall (1994)
		Copris hispanus	16 days	Sensitivity of coleopteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Wardhaugh et al. (1988)
		Euoniticellus fulvus	10 days	Sensitivity of coleopteran larvae, indicated by days post-treatment until adult emergence from dung equalled that of control	Lumaret et al. (1988)
Kanamycin	Antibiotic	Sediment bacteria	Antibiotic resistance		Sandaa et al. (1992)

Table G. (continued)Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Moxidectin residues	Antiparasitic agent	Musca vetustissima (Bush fly)	No effect on larvea survival, but delayed development was observed.		Wardhaug et al. (1996)
		Musca domestica (House fly)	No effect on larvea survival, but delayed development was observed.
Nitrofurazone		S. capricornutum (algae)	EC50 = 1.45 mg/l	algal toxicity test	Macri and Sbardella (1984)
		Daphia magna	LC50 = 28.67 mg/l
Novobicin	Antibiotic	Sediment bacteria Vibrio harveyi	Antibiotic resistance LC50 = 0.08 mg/l	Biolumisens test	Sandaa et al. (1992) Thomulka et al. (1993)
Oxolinic acid	Antibiotic feed additives, fish farm	Sediment bacteria	Antibiotic resistance		Nygaard et al. (1992)
Oxytetracycline	Antibiotic	Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto bean plants)	At conc. up to 160 ppm in solution top dry weight were reduced 71-87% and root dry weight were reduced 66-94 %. All plants died at 160 ppm treatment level	liquid lab. testsolution	Batchelder (1981)
		Raphanus sativus L. (Edible radish) Triticum aestivum L. (wheat)	At sub. conc. up to 160 ppm stimulation of growth and N uptake was observed in a sand loam soil.		Batchelder (1982)
		Zea mays L. (corn)
		Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto bean plants)	At sub. conc. up to 160 ppm decrease of plant hights, top and root dry weight was observed
		Sediment bacteria	Antibiotic resistance		Husev�g et al. (1991) Sandaa et al. (1992) Samuelsen (1992a) Nygaard et al. (1992) Kerry (1995a) Kerry et al. (1995b)
Streptomycin	Antibiotic	Vibrio harveyi Blue green algae	LC50 = 19 mg/l growth prevented at 0.09 to 0.86 mg/l	Biolumicens test	Thomulka et al. (1993) Harrass et al. (1985)
		Chlorella vulgaris Scenedesmus obliquus	growth prevented at 21 mg/l
		Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	growth prevented at 0.66 mg/l

Table G. (continued)Toxic effects of medical compounds on the environment.

Medical compound or residue	Therapeutic use	Test organisms	Toxicity	Sphere / conditions	Reference
Sulphadimethoxine	Antibiotic	Artemia salina	LC50 (24 hours) = 1.8 g/l LC50 (48 hours) = 0.9 g/l LC50 (72 hours) = 0.5 g/l LC50 (96 hours) = 19 mg/l		Brambilla et al. (1994)
		Plants	Effects on plants mean root weight and mean stalk . Leaves weight dramatically reduced.		Brambilla et al. (1994)