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Whole-Systems Framework for Sustainable Consumption and Production

7 Endnotes

  1. United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August– 4 September 2002 (New York: United Nations, 2002), page 3.
       
  2. C. Ryan, Global Status 2002: Sustainable Consumption (Paris: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Production and Consumption Branch, 2002), p. 5.
       
  3. P. Modak, et. al., Global Status 2002: Cleaner Production (Paris: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Production and Consumption Branch, 2002), p. 121.
      
  4. Ibid.
       
  5. Ryan, 2002, p. 8.
       
  6. P. Hawken, A.B. Lovins, and L.H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston, New York, and London: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), p. 4.
       
  7. Ibid.
       
  8. Ibid.
       
  9. Ibid., p. 19.
       
  10. J.W. Forrester, "System Dynamics: the Foundation Under Systems Thinking," delivered at the Sloane School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, June 8, 1999.
       
  11. P. Senge, The Fifth Discipline (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1990), pp. 68–70.
       
  12. D.H. Meadows, "Places To Intervene in a System," Whole Earth Magazine, Winter 1997.
       
  13. Meadows adds a final place to intervene: transcending mindsets altogether.
        
  14. Lovins, et. al., Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resources (London: Earthscan Publications Limited, 1997), p 15–17.
       
  15. R. Norris, et. al., Concepts in Integrated Pest Management (NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003).
        
  16. R.B. Gagosian, "Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried?" Whitepaper presented to the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland January 27, 2003.
       
  17. J.W. Forrester, "System Dynamics and the Lessons of 35 Years," in The Systemic Basis of Policy Making in the 1990, ed. K. De Greene, p19
      
  18. P. Capros, et. al., "European Union: the GEM-E3 General Equilibrium Model, Economic & Financial Modelling 4: 51-160 (1997).
       
  19. O. Bahn, "GEM-E3 Switzerland: Databases Update and Further Insights," PSI Scientific Reports, Volume V, General Energy (2000).
       
  20. C. Hendrickson, A. Horvath, S. Joshi, and L.B. Lave, "Economic Input-Output Models for Environmental Life Cycle Analysis" (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon Green Design Initiative, 1998).
        
  21. Available from Pré Consultants bv, Plotterweg 12, 3821 BB Amersfoort, the Netherlands
       
  22. Global Reporting Initiative website: www.globalreporting.org/
        
  23. Integrated Product Policy website:
    http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/home.htm
        
  24. BIO Intelligence and O2 France, "Life-Cycle of Products and Services." Study began in December 2001.
        
  25. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/eex_ta.pdf
        
  26. BIO Intelligence Service SA, "Information Database on Environmental Aspects of Products And Services." The initial phase is due to finish in Spring 2003. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/gpp_ta.pdf
        
  27. M. Auffhammer and R.T. Carson, "Forecasting China's Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A View Across Provinces," University of California San Diego white paper. October 7 2002. http://econ.ucsd.edu/seminars/china.pdf
        
  28. See, for example, the Washington Post argument that China underreported its carbon emissions: .J. Pomfret,"Research Casts Doubt on China's Pollution Claims,"Washington Post, 15 August, 2001, p. A16.
       
  29. Two external possibilities are the Best Practices Database (www.bestpractices.org) and the Global Sustainable Solutions Database at MIT (http://gssd.mit.edu/GSSD/gssden.nsf).
        
  30. E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: The Free Press, 1995), pp. 15–16. The full list of criteria for diffusion of innovations is: relative advantage over existing technologies; compatibility with existing ways of doing things; observability; a low level of complexity; and trialability.
       
  31. J. Romm, U.S. Department of Energy and W. Browning, Increasing Productivity Through Energy-Efficient Design, Greening the Building and The Bottom Line (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 1994).
        
  32. Hawken, et. al., 2000, p.89.
       
  33. Hawken, et. al., 2000, p. 120
       
  34. A.B. Lovins and L.H. Lovins, "A Bright and Simple Idea,"Whole Earth, Fall 2002, p.12.
       
  35. UNEP-IETC and International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction, Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries, A discussion document (New York: UN, 2002). www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Focus/Agenda%2021%20BOOK.pdf.
       
  36. Ibid.
        
  37. A.B. Lovins and A. Gadgil, "Negawatt Revolution: Electric Efficiency and Asian Development" (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 1991), p. 2.
       
  38. A.B. Lovins, et. al., Small Is Profitable (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 2002).
       
  39. See, for example, training in Curitiba, Brazil, Natural Capitalism, p. 302.
       
  40. See, for example, the Renewable Energy Mitigation Plan (REMP) in Pitkin County, Colorado. Houses that exceed an allotment for total energy consumption are taxed by the regional governing body. Money from the taxes is pooled into a fund that supports microloans to residential energy efficiency and alternative energy projects. http://www.newrules.org/environment/climateaspen.html
        
  41. For additional information on hydrogen economies, see A.B. Lovins and B. Williams, "A Strategy for the Hydrogen Transition," 10th annual U.S. Hydrogen Meeting, National Hydrogen Association, Vienna, Virginia, 7–9 April, 1999. Available at http://www.rmi.org/images/other/HC-StrategyHCTrans.pdf.
       
  42. S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 6.
       
  43. www.sidsnet.org
       
  44. S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 6.
       
  45. Iceland plans on becoming the first carbon-free economy within the next two decades, beginning by conversion of its buses, cars and even its fishing fleet to hydrogen fuel cells. See Finnur Sveinsson Nomik, "A Transition to the Hydrogen Economy: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in Iceland by April 2000" (WWF International paper). In January 2002, the University of Hawaii opened a fuel-cell test facility in Honolulu in partnership with private corporations and the Department of Defense, supported by over $2 million of federal funding. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has set a target for the number of fuel-cell vehicles in use in 2010 at 50,000 and 5 million by 2020; in Tokyo, hydrogen refueling stations are being set up to supply a fleet of fuel-cell cars.
       
  46. S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 5.
       
  47. This is already occurring in Iceland. Shell Hydrogen, DaimlerChrysler, and Norsk Hydro have entered into a joint venture with Icelandic consortium Vistorka to create the Icelandic New Energy Co. Ltd. (See WWF International paper, "A Transition to the Hydrogen Economy: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in Iceland by Finnur Sveinsson Nomik April 2000, p.4). BP and DaimlerChrysler have committed to supplying hydrogen fueling stations and hydrogen cars to Singapore by as early as 2004. ("BP to build Singapore stations for hydrogen cars," Reuters News Service, 23 October 2001.)
       
  48. "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review September–October 1995, reprint 95507.
       
  49. The WTO acknowledges the following on its site, "One area where the Trade and Environment Committee needs further discussion is how to handle—under the rules of the WTO agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade—labeling used to describe whether the way a product is produced (as distinct from the product itself) is environmentally-friendly. "Beyond the Agreements: The environment — a new high profile," Trading into the Future: The Introduction to the WTO website. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey4_e.htm (accessed 25 January 2003).
       
  50. Feebates include financial disincentives that may take the form of a levy on equipment that is performing below a given standard that ideally equates to best in class. Feebates also include financial incentives to purchase equipment performing above the standard. These come in the form of a rebate.
       
  51. World Resources Institute, "Urban Air Pollution Risks to Children: A Global Environmental Health Indicator" (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1999) p. 5.
       
  52. United States Energy Information Administration, "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply," Country Energy Profile: China webpage, October 1997, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china/part2.html, p. 2.
       
  53. "Second Analysis Confirms Greenhouse Gas Reductions in China", National Resources Defense Council, October 2001, p.1. National Resources Defense Council, "Second Analysis Confirms Greenhouse Gas Reductions in China," October 2001, p.1. www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/achinagg.asp#note6
        
  54. "Shifts in Rice Farming Practices in China Reduce Greenhouse Gas Methane," Goddard Space Flight Center Media webpage, 19 December 2002. www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2002/1204paddies.html.
      
  55. http://www.wri.org/china/climate.htm
        
  56. For example, 60 percent of rail transport in China is devoted to transporting coal long distances from source to user. "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply", For example, 60 percent of rail transport in China is devoted to transporting coal long distances from source to user. "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply," www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china/part2.html p.1
        
  57. See, for example, "Field performance measurements of Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Modules in Kenya"in Conference Proceedings, American Solar Energy Society (ASES), Madison, WI, June 16-21, 2000. See also, "Evaluation of Energy-Saving Options for Refugees," UNHCR (United Nations High Commission on Refugees), 2001. www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis.
       
  58. M. Baghai, S. Coley, D. White, C. Conn, and R. McLean, "Staircases to Growth", McKinsey Quarterly 4:39–61 (1996).
1 United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August– 4 September 2002 (New York: United Nations, 2002), page 3.
 
2 C. Ryan, Global Status 2002: Sustainable Consumption (Paris: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Production and Consumption Branch, 2002), p. 5.
 
3 P. Modak, et. al., Global Status 2002: Cleaner Production (Paris: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Production and Consumption Branch, 2002), p. 121.
 
4 Ibid.
 
5 Ryan, 2002, p. 8.
 
6 P. Hawken, A.B. Lovins, and L.H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston, New York, and London: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), p. 4.
 
7 Ibid.
 
8 Ibid.
 
9 Ibid., p. 19.
 
10 J.W. Forrester, "System Dynamics: the Foundation Under Systems Thinking," delivered at the Sloane School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, June 8, 1999.
 
11 P. Senge, The Fifth Discipline (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1990), pp. 68–70.
 
12 D.H. Meadows, "Places To Intervene in a System," Whole Earth Magazine, Winter 1997.
 
13 Meadows adds a final place to intervene: transcending mindsets altogether.
 
14 Lovins, et. al., Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resources (London: Earthscan Publications Limited, 1997), p 15–17.
 
15 R. Norris, et. al., Concepts in Integrated Pest Management (NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003).
 
16 R.B. Gagosian, "Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried?" Whitepaper presented to the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland January 27, 2003.
 
17 J.W. Forrester, "System Dynamics and the Lessons of 35 Years," in The Systemic Basis of Policy Making in the 1990, ed. K. De Greene, p19
 
18 P. Capros, et. al., "European Union: the GEM-E3 General Equilibrium Model, Economic & Financial Modelling 4: 51-160 (1997).
 
19 O. Bahn, "GEM-E3 Switzerland: Databases Update and Further Insights," PSI Scientific Reports, Volume V, General Energy (2000).
 
20 C. Hendrickson, A. Horvath, S. Joshi, and L.B. Lave, "Economic Input-Output Models for Environmental Life Cycle Analysis" (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon Green Design Initiative, 1998).
 
21 Available from Pré Consultants bv, Plotterweg 12, 3821 BB Amersfoort, the Netherlands
 
22 Global Reporting Initiative website: www.globalreporting.org/
 
23 Integrated Product Policy website: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/home.htm
 
24 BIO Intelligence and O2 France, "Life-Cycle of Products and Services." Study began in December 2001. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/eex_ta.pdf
 
25 BIO Intelligence Service SA, "Information Database on Environmental Aspects of Products And Services." The initial phase is due to finish in Spring 2003. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/gpp_ta.pdf
 
26 M. Auffhammer and R.T. Carson, "Forecasting China's Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A View Across Provinces," University of California San Diego white paper. October 7 2002. http://econ.ucsd.edu/seminars/china.pdf
 
27 See, for example, the Washington Post argument that China underreported its carbon emissions: .J. Pomfret,"Research Casts Doubt on China's Pollution Claims,"Washington Post, 15 August, 2001, p. A16.
 
28 Two external possibilities are the Best Practices Database (www.bestpractices.org) and the Global Sustainable Solutions Database at MIT (http://gssd.mit.edu/GSSD/gssden.nsf).
 
29 E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: The Free Press, 1995), pp. 15–16. The full list of criteria for diffusion of innovations is: relative advantage over existing technologies; compatibility with existing ways of doing things; observability; a low level of complexity; and trialability.
 
30 J. Romm, U.S. Department of Energy and W. Browning, Increasing Productivity Through Energy-Efficient Design, Greening the Building and The Bottom Line (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 1994).
 
31 Hawken, et. al., 2000, p.89.
 
32 Hawken, et. al., 2000, p. 120
 
33 A.B. Lovins and L.H. Lovins, "A Bright and Simple Idea,"Whole Earth, Fall 2002, p.12.
 
34 UNEP-IETC and International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction, Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries, A discussion document (New York: UN, 2002). www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Focus/Agenda%2021%20BOOK.pdf.
 
35 Ibid.
 
36 A.B. Lovins and A. Gadgil, "Negawatt Revolution: Electric Efficiency and Asian Development" (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 1991), p. 2.
 
37 A.B. Lovins, et. al., Small Is Profitable (Snowmass, CO: RMI, 2002).
 
38 See, for example, training in Curitiba, Brazil, Natural Capitalism, p. 302.
 
39 See, for example, the Renewable Energy Mitigation Plan (REMP) in Pitkin County, Colorado. Houses that exceed an allotment for total energy consumption are taxed by the regional governing body. Money from the taxes is pooled into a fund that supports microloans to residential energy efficiency and alternative energy projects. http://www.newrules.org/environment/climateaspen.html
 
40 For additional information on hydrogen economies, see A.B. Lovins and B. Williams, "A Strategy for the Hydrogen Transition," 10th annual U.S. Hydrogen Meeting, National Hydrogen Association, Vienna, Virginia, 7–9 April, 1999. Available at http://www.rmi.org/images/other/HC-StrategyHCTrans.pdf.
 
41 S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 6.
 
42 www.sidsnet.org
 
43 S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 6.
 
44 Iceland plans on becoming the first carbon-free economy within the next two decades, beginning by conversion of its buses, cars and even its fishing fleet to hydrogen fuel cells. See Finnur Sveinsson Nomik, "A Transition to the Hydrogen Economy: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in Iceland by April 2000" (WWF International paper). In January 2002, the University of Hawaii opened a fuel-cell test facility in Honolulu in partnership with private corporations and the Department of Defense, supported by over $2 million of federal funding. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has set a target for the number of fuel-cell vehicles in use in 2010 at 50,000 and 5 million by 2020; in Tokyo, hydrogen refueling stations are being set up to supply a fleet of fuel-cell cars.
 
45 S. Dunn, "Hydrogen Futures: Towards a Sustainable Energy System," Worldwatch Paper #157, August 2001, p. 5.
 
46 This is already occurring in Iceland. Shell Hydrogen, DaimlerChrysler, and Norsk Hydro have entered into a joint venture with Icelandic consortium Vistorka to create the Icelandic New Energy Co. Ltd. (See WWF International paper, "A Transition to the Hydrogen Economy: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in Iceland by Finnur Sveinsson Nomik April 2000, p.4). BP and DaimlerChrysler have committed to supplying hydrogen fueling stations and hydrogen cars to Singapore by as early as 2004. ("BP to build Singapore stations for hydrogen cars," Reuters News Service, 23 October 2001.)
 
47 "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review September–October 1995, reprint 95507.
 
48 The WTO acknowledges the following on its site, "One area where the Trade and Environment Committee needs further discussion is how to handle—under the rules of the WTO agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade—labeling used to describe whether the way a product is produced (as distinct from the product itself) is environmentally-friendly. "Beyond the Agreements: The environment — a new high profile," Trading into the Future: The Introduction to the WTO website. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey4_e.htm (accessed 25 January 2003).
 
49 Feebates include financial disincentives that may take the form of a levy on equipment that is performing below a given standard that ideally equates to best in class. Feebates also include financial incentives to purchase equipment performing above the standard. These come in the form of a rebate.
 
50 World Resources Institute, "Urban Air Pollution Risks to Children: A Global Environmental Health Indicator" (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1999) p. 5.
 
51 United States Energy Information Administration, "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply," Country Energy Profile: China webpage, October 1997, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china/part2.html, p. 2.
 
52 "Second Analysis Confirms Greenhouse Gas Reductions in China", National Resources Defense Council, October 2001, p.1. National Resources Defense Council, "Second Analysis Confirms Greenhouse Gas Reductions in China," October 2001, p.1. www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/achinagg.asp#note6
 
53 "Shifts in Rice Farming Practices in China Reduce Greenhouse Gas Methane," Goddard Space Flight Center Media webpage, 19 December 2002. www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2002/1204paddies.html.
 
54 http://www.wri.org/china/climate.htm
 
55 For example, 60 percent of rail transport in China is devoted to transporting coal long distances from source to user. "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply", For example, 60 percent of rail transport in China is devoted to transporting coal long distances from source to user. "China's Energy Demand Now Exceeds Domestic Supply," www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china/part2.html p.1
 
56 See, for example, "Field performance measurements of Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Modules in Kenya"in Conference Proceedings, American Solar Energy Society (ASES), Madison, WI, June 16-21, 2000. See also, "Evaluation of Energy-Saving Options for Refugees," UNHCR (United Nations High Commission on Refugees), 2001. www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis.
 
57 M. Baghai, S. Coley, D. White, C. Conn, and R. McLean, "Staircases to Growth", McKinsey Quarterly 4:39–61 (1996).

 

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