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Market information in life cycle assessment
Table of Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 The relation between application areas and methodology
1.2 Discussion of attributional versus consequential LCA
1.3 Product substitution
1.4 Defining the functional unit
1.5 Market-based system delimitation
1.6 Handling co-production
1.7 Forecasting processes
2 Product substitution
2.1 Product properties and market segments
2.2 Product availability and constraints in supply
2.3 Realising substitution
2.4 Supply elasticity as a measure of actual substitution
2.5 Availability of market data
3 Market-based definition of the functional unit
4 Market-based system delimitation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scale and time horizon of the studied change
4.3 Market delimitation
4.4 Market trends
4.5 Production constraints
4.6 Suppliers/technologie s most sensitive to change
4.7 Environmental product declarations
4.8 Examples of the identification of affected processes
5 Method for handling co-products
5.1 Why system expansion is the preferred option for handling co-products
5.2 Theoretical model for system expansion
5.3 A procedure for handling co-products
5.4 Identifying a product as determining for the volume of the co-producing process
5.5 Treating intermediate processes
5.6 Waste or co-product?
5.7 Recycling
5.8 Services as co-products
5.9 Complex situations
5.10 Traditional co-product allocation as a special case of the presented procedure
5.11 Relation to the procedure of ISO 14041
6 Forecasting future processes
6.1 Procedure
6.1.1 Step 5: Consistency check
6.2 Determining the parts of the product systems for which forecasting is relevant
6.2.1 Time horizon of study
6.2.2 Position in the life cycle
6.3 Determining the necessary detail of forecasting
6.4 Choosing the relevant forecasting method
6.5 Forecasting by extrapolation
6.6 Forecasting by modelling
6.7 Participatory forecasting
6.8 Exploratory and normative forecasting
6.9 Scenario forecasting
6.10 Consistency check
6.11 Combining different forecasting methods
References
Annex A. Avoiding co-product allocation in a simplified hypothetical refinery
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