|
| Front page | | Contents | | Previous | | Next |
Release of chemical substances from tents and tunnels for children
3 Emission testing
This chapter brings the results of the analyses of degassing, which was carried out with the six selected products.
The selected tests and methods of analysis are described below. The methods have been selected based upon the future toy standards.
3.1 Methods of analysis
3.1.1 Headspace analyses
The release at elevated temperature has been determined by static headspace analysis.
The sample was received in a Rilsan bag. A weighed sample (1 - 2 g) was transferred to headspace glass (22 ml).
The sample was heated to 100oC for 1 hour. A gas sample (0.5 ml) was taken with a gas squirt and analysed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
The components were identified by comparing the actual mass spectres with spectres from the NIST 98 Library. The fraction of each component of the total VOC content is given as area percentage,
assuming that all detected components have the same response for the same amount.
Detection limit: 0.2 - 1 ng/l. Standard deviation is assumed to be 10 - 20%
3.1.2 Climate chamber analyses
The release at room temperature was been carried out in a climate chamber with controlled atmosphere and air change. The general principle of emission measurements in climate chambers is that the
sample, from which the emission is to be analysed, is placed in a climate chamber at standard test conditions. Gasses and vapours released from the sample are mixed with the chamber air. Air samples are
taken at fixed times and analysed by means of chemical analysis techniques.
On a warm summer's day with temperatures above room temperature the emission will often be larger. On the other hand the tents will often be used outdoor resulting in a larger air change. It is thus difficult
to say anything more concrete about the importance for the concentration of the compounds identified.
Air samples have been taken on Tenax tubes (VOC) and dinitrophenylhydrazine tubes (aldehydes).
The selected tents are placed in complete, unfolded but not pitched condition with all poles in the climate chamber. Samples are taken after 1½ hours, 3 hours and 3 days. Then the samples are folded and
kept in original packaging until the 9th day after start. Samples are then taken after 10 days. Then the samples are folded and kept in original packaging until the 27th day. Samples are taken after 28 days. In
this way one can partly simulate the immediate impact on a child, and partly find out how the emission changes with time.
Usually accepted standard conditions for emission testing have been applied (prEN 717-1, 2002):
| Climate chamber: |
225 l polished stainless steel |
| Temperature: |
23±0.5°C |
| Relative humidity: |
45±3% RH |
| Air change in climate chamber: |
1±0.05 h-1 |
| Air velocity: |
0.15±0.05 m/s. |
3.1.2.1 VOC
The Tenax filters (Tenax TA - approx. 200 mg) were analysed by thermal desorption at 300oC followed by analysis on GC-MS-SCAN (29-450 amu screening analysis) according to ISO/DIS 16000-6.2.
The components were identified by comparing the actual mass spectres with spectres from the NIST 98 Library. The amount of each component was determined towards external standards of
corresponding components (chemical composition and boiling point).
Detection limit: 2 - 5 ng per component, corresponding to 0.3 - 1 mg/m³.
Standard deviation is assumed to be 10 - 15%.
3.1.2.2 Aldehydes
DNHP-filters (Supelco LP DNPH S10) were extracted with acetonitrile and the extract was analysed with HPLC-UV.
The aldehydes were identified and quantified towards external standards.
Detection limit: 0.03 µg per component, corresponding to 1 µg/m³. Standard deviation is assumed to be 10 - 15%.
Blind values for the empty chamber were analysed before testing, and unexposed tubes have been analysed together with test tubes.
3.1.3 Testing of formaldehyde release inside tent
As it showed that some of the tents (product B, C and D) released larger amounts of formaldehyde than others during the tests in the climate chamber, it was decided to test product B and C again. The tents
were pitched in a room with known atmosphere, and the formaldehyde concentration was measured inside the tent during a period of 3 days by means of an automatic formaldehyde analyser (Skalar
Monitor 9000). The concentration in the reference air was measured during the same period. Through this one can simulate the impact on a child during a longer period of stay in a tent pitched for 3 days.
3.2 Results of headspace analyses
Results of analyses for products A - F are shown in table 3.1 to 3.6.
3.2.1 Product A
Table 3.1 Results of analyses for product A
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
3.3 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
1.5 |
| Decane |
124-18-5 |
15 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
2.7 |
| 1-Octanol |
111-87-5 |
1.0 |
| Dodecane |
112-40-3 |
55 |
| Tetradecane |
629-59-4 |
18 |
| Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
128-37-0 |
3.3 |
3.2.2 Product B
Table 3.2 Results of analyses for product B
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
8.9 |
| Ethylbenzene |
100-41-4 |
2.2 |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
8.9 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
5.6 |
| Alkane + non-identified terpene (C10H16) |
- |
3.3 |
| Decane |
124-18-5 |
11 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
7.8 |
| 2-Ethyl-l-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
2.2 |
C10 - C14 Aliphatic hydrocarbons and
C9 - H12 aromatic hydrocarbons |
- |
50 |
3.2.3 Product C
Table 3.3 Results of analyses for product C
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| Ethyl acetate |
141-78-6 |
11 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
16 |
| Styrene |
100-42-5 |
14 |
| Undecane + Nonanal |
1120-21-4
124-19-6 |
6.8 |
| Dodecane |
112-40-3 |
14 |
| Tridecane |
629-50-5 |
6.8 |
| Tetradecane |
629-59-4 |
23 |
| Pentadecane |
629-62-9 |
9.1 |
3.2.4 Product D
Table 3.4 Results of analyses for product D
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
7.0 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
| 2-Butanone |
78-93-3 |
14 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
6.1 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
2.6 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-decanol |
21078-65-9 |
1.7 |
| Hydrocarbons C10-C18 |
|
69 |
3.2.5 Product E
Table 3.5 Results of analyses for product E
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| E.g. alcohol |
|
6.0 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
44 |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
20 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
8.0 |
| Tetradecane |
629-59-4 |
4.0 |
| Hexadecane |
544-76-3 |
10 |
| Heptadecane |
629-78-7 |
4.0 |
| Oktadecane |
593-45-3 |
4.0 |
3.2.6 Product F
Table 3.6 Results of analyses for product F
| Substance |
CAS no. |
Area % |
| Ethanol |
64-17-5 |
37 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
11 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
|
| 1-Butanol |
71-36-3 |
26 |
| E.g. 2.4-Dimethylhexane |
E.g. 589-43-5 |
1.9 |
| E.g. 2-Methylheptane |
E.g. 592-27-8 |
3.8 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
6.7 |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
5.7 |
| C9H12-aromat |
- |
6.7 |
| -Pinene |
80-56-8 |
1.0 |
3.3 Results from climate chamber study
3.3.1 Product A
Table 3.7 Results of analyses for product A in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; -: below detection limit; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
23 |
11 |
n.a |
5 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
8 |
1 |
n.a |
1 |
| Propanal |
123-38-6 |
n.a |
<1 |
2 |
n.a |
<1 |
| Butanal |
123-72-8 |
n.a |
6 |
<1 |
n.a |
<1 |
| Benzaldehyde |
100-52-7 |
n.a |
3 |
- |
n.a |
<1 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
4 |
3 |
n.a |
3 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
16 |
10 |
5 |
8 |
3 |
| 2-Methyl-1-propanol |
78-83-1 |
4 |
12 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
| 2-Butoxyethanol (butylglycol) |
111-76-2 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
14 |
13 |
- |
- |
5 |
| Butylacetate |
123-86-4 |
7 |
4 |
- |
- |
2 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
345 |
380 |
100 |
133 |
176 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
19 |
19 |
21 |
27 |
19 |
| Xylenes/Ethylbenzene |
|
10 |
8 |
10 |
15 |
14 |
| BHT |
128-37-0 |
28 |
50 |
48 |
42 |
30 |
| Styrene |
100-52-7 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
- |
| -Pinene |
80-56-8 |
23 |
16 |
5 |
6 |
10 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
28 |
23 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
| C10H22 |
E.g. 124-18-5 |
86 |
92 |
23 |
20 |
40 |
| C11 – C13 * |
|
123 |
161 |
99 |
104 |
102 |
3.3.2 Product B
Table 3.8 Results of analyses for product B in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; -: below detection limit; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
140 |
47 |
n.a |
73 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
<1 |
2 |
n.a |
<1 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
1 |
<1 |
n.a |
2 |
| Octanal |
124-13-0 |
2 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
n.a |
10 |
30 |
n.a |
12 |
| 2-Butanon |
79-93-3 |
n.a |
1 |
1 |
n.a |
2 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| 2-Butoxyethanol (butylglycol) |
111-76-2 |
5 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
<1 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
18 |
17 |
2 |
1 |
<1 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
4 |
4 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| Xylenes/Ethylbenzene |
|
8 |
9 |
6 |
3 |
35 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
12 |
13 |
17 |
10 |
5 |
| Tetrachlorethylene |
127-18-4 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
11 |
17 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
<1 |
1 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
12 |
11 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
| C11 – C16 * |
|
272 |
337 |
141 |
208 |
17 |
3.3.3 Product C
Table 3.9 Results of analyses for product C in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; -: below detection limit; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
163 |
80 |
n.a |
109 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
12 |
2 |
n.a |
3 |
| Propanal |
123-38-6 |
n.a |
<1 |
4 |
n.a |
8 |
| Butanal |
123-72-8 |
n.a |
16 |
3 |
n.a |
2 |
| Pentanal |
110-62-3 |
n.a |
2 |
- |
n.a |
<1 |
| Benzaldehyde |
100-52-7 |
n.a |
3 |
- |
n.a |
6 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
7 |
3 |
n.a |
4 |
| Nonanal |
124-19-6 |
17 |
22 |
7 |
6 |
9 |
| Decanal |
112-31-2 |
7 |
12 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
n.a |
12 |
51 |
n.a |
n.a. |
| 2-Butanone |
78-93-3 |
n.a |
3 |
3 |
n.a |
n.a. |
| Ethylacetate |
141-78-6 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
3 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
<1 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
4 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| Xylenes/Ethylbenzene |
|
7 |
7 |
5 |
11 |
7 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
16 |
16 |
16 |
19 |
12 |
| Tetrachlorethylene |
127-18-4 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
3 |
| Styrene |
100-42-5 |
14 |
18 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
7 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
| C12 – C16 * |
|
375 |
392 |
244 |
224 |
259 |
3.3.4 Product D
Table 3.10 Results of analyses for product D in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
110 |
59 |
n.a |
92 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
3 |
1 |
n.a |
<1 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
6 |
<1 |
n.a |
5 |
| Heptanal |
111-71-7 |
20 |
37 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
| Octanal |
124-13-0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
<1 |
<1 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
n.a |
12 |
23 |
n.a |
11 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| 2-Butoxyethanol (butylglycol) |
111-76-2 |
160 |
153 |
10 |
8 |
11 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
27 |
27 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
| Phenol |
108-95-2 |
16 |
18 |
15 |
7 |
5 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
25 |
24 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
| Xylenes/Ethylbenzene |
|
4 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
28 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
10 |
10 |
13 |
8 |
5 |
| Tetrachlorethylene |
127-18-4 |
3 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| Alkane e.g. 2,2,7,7-Tetramethyloctane |
1071-31-4 |
73 |
68 |
9 |
5 |
<1 |
| C10 – C16 * |
|
475 |
527 |
369 |
306 |
38 |
3.3.5 Product E
Table 3.11 Results of analyses for product E in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
20 |
5 |
n.a |
15 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
2 |
<1 |
n.a |
1 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
2 |
<1 |
n.a |
2 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
n.a |
24 |
21 |
n.a |
17 |
| 2-Butanone |
79-93-3 |
n.a |
1 |
<1 |
n.a |
2 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
2 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| 2-Butoxyethanol (butylglycol) |
111-76-2 |
46 |
7 |
<1 |
<1 |
7 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
140 |
151 |
12 |
13 |
20 |
| 1-Butoxy-2-propanol |
5131-66-8 |
31 |
27 |
<1 |
<1 |
2 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
22 |
21 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
| Xylenes/ethylbenzene |
|
5 |
6 |
7 |
3 |
40 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
15 |
13 |
17 |
10 |
5 |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
81 |
87 |
28 |
30 |
10 |
| Trimethylcyclohexen-1-on (isophoron) |
78-59-1 |
22 |
24 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
3 |
7 |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| C11 – C13 * |
|
25 |
44 |
25 |
22 |
7 |
3.3.6 Product F
Table 3.12 Results of analyses for product F in µg/m³
n.a: not analysed; *: aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Substance |
CAS-no. |
1½ hours |
3 hours |
3 days |
10 days |
28 days |
| Formaldehyde |
50-00-0 |
n.a |
15 |
11 |
n.a |
10 |
| Acetaldehyde |
75-07-0 |
n.a |
<1 |
4 |
n.a |
3 |
| Propanal |
123-38-6 |
n.a |
<1 |
2 |
n.a |
4 |
| Hexanal |
66-25-1 |
n.a |
3 |
2 |
n.a |
<1 |
| Acetone |
67-64-1 |
n.a |
7 |
27 |
n.a |
66 |
| 2-Butanone |
79-93-3 |
n.a |
<1 |
2 |
n.a |
3 |
| Butanol |
71-36-3 |
11 |
8 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
| 1-Methoxy-2-propanol |
107-98-2 |
9 |
8 |
1 |
<1 |
<1 |
| 2-Butoxyethanol (butylglycol) |
111-76-2 |
11 |
8 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol |
104-76-7 |
21 |
21 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
| 1,2-Ethandiol (Ethylenglycol) |
107-21-1 |
6 |
10 |
9 |
3 |
3 |
| 2-Ethoxyethanol |
110-80-5 |
26 |
23 |
6 |
<1 |
2 |
| 1,2-Propandiol |
4254-15-3 |
48 |
57 |
40 |
30 |
19 |
| 4-Methyl-1-pentanol |
626-89-1 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
| Dimethylformamide |
68-12-2 |
5 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
| Xylenes/Ethylbenzene |
|
4 |
6 |
6 |
2 |
33 |
| Toluene |
108-88-3 |
15 |
14 |
16 |
9 |
6 |
| Cyclohexanone |
108-94-1 |
58 |
47 |
3 |
<1 |
1 |
| α-Pinene |
80-56-8 |
11 |
12 |
3 |
1 |
<1 |
| 3-Carene |
13466-78-9 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
<1 |
<1 |
| C10 – C16* |
|
275 |
300 |
218 |
131 |
15 |
For most of the substances the concentration decreases with time, such as would be expected. For some of the products a higher concentration has been measured for certain substances after 28 days than
after 10 days. This is the case for formaldehyde (product B, C, D and E), dimethylformamide (product A), xylenes (product B, D, E and F) and acetone (product F).
Regarding formaldehyde the concentration is higher after 28 days than after 10 days for sample B, C, D and E, where the content is already relatively high. The reason for this could be that during the period
between analyses the tents are packed, and during this period formaldehyde can be released ready for degassing, which is then measured after 28 days.
For the other substances there is no immediate explanation.
The results are further subject to comments in chapters 4 and 5.
3.4 Results from the study of release of formaldehyde inside tent
Two tents were studied in the way described in chapter 3.1.3, i.e. product B and product C. The concentration of formaldehyde was measured from the time the tents were pitched and during 3 days. As the
concentration was neither decreasing nor increasing systematically, the table only shows the interval in which the concentrations were found.
Table 3.13 Results of formaldehyde release inside tent µg/m³
| Product |
Concentration over 3 days |
| B |
21 - 37 |
| C |
24 - 36 |
| Reference (surrounding room) |
23 - 29 |
The measurements show that the concentration inside the tents at no point of time is significantly higher than in the surrounding room (reference).
The limit for indoor climate for formaldehyde is 0.15 mg/m³ (or 150 µg/m³).
The results are subject to further comment in chapters 4 and 5.
| Front page | | Contents | | Previous | | Next | | Top |
Version 1.0 August 2005, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency
|