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Environmental Review, 1/2006 5 Individual waste sources and status in relation to targets for 2008
5.1 Waste from householdsWaste from households covers the waste types domestic waste, bulky waste, and garden waste, which in turn are divided into individual fractions, e.g. paper and cardboard, bottles and glass, and food waste/other organic waste. Table 20 shows waste arisings by mixed and separately collected fractions to the extent it has been possible to register these individually. This means, for example, that the amount of paper and cardboard stated does not show the complete potential in household waste arisings but only the amount which has been separated and collected for recycling. The rest of the paper is part of the fraction various combustible. Waste arisings in households in 2004 amounted to around 3,164,000 tonnes, which constitutes a 5 per cent increase from 2003. The increase in the total amount of household waste can be tracked for the major part to food waste/other organic waste separated for recycling and other waste. These two fractions went up by 39 per cent and 69 per cent. The fraction various combustible, however, still makes up the largest part of total household waste arisings, namely around 62 per cent. Source: ISAG reports. (2) For the year 1996, ferrous metal are included under "Other waste". Table 20 shows several shifts between the different household waste fractions, so that various combustible, glass, food waste/other organic waste, hazardous waste, and other waste have increased by 4 per cent, 14 per cent, 39 per cent, 10 per cent, and 69 per cent respectively, compared to 2003. Various non-combustible, paper and cardboard, hazardous waste and ferrous metal, on the other hand, have dropped by 1 per cent, 0.1 per cent, 4 per cent, and 2 per cent respectively, compared to 2003. 5.1.1 Household waste per capita and per householdIn Table 21, household waste arisings are stated per capita and per household. Furthermore, the Table shows total arisings analysed between selected waste types and separately collected waste fractions. Total household waste generation per capita amounted to 586 kg in 2004, which is 27 kg more than in 2003. Household waste per household was 1,275 kg in 2004. Of these, domestic waste per capita and per household was 313 kg and 682 kg respectively in 2004. Compared to 2003, this means a slight increased of 1 kg per capita, while the amount per household grew by 2 kg. Source: ISAG reports. Statistics Denmark's statement of population growth and number of households has been used. Note that Tables 20 and 21 are not readily comparable, as Table 20 concerns waste generation stated by fraction while Table 21 also includes waste types. 5.1.2 Domestic wasteDomestic waste from households covers ordinary waste from private household consumption. This includes paper, bottles, glass, organic food waste and other waste. Usually, domestic waste is collected from households at regular intervals, once a week or once every other week. As mentioned in Chapter 1, domestic waste amounted to 1,692,000 tonnes in 2004, which is 15,000 tonnes more than in 2003. Since 1994, the amount of domestic waste has varied slightly from year to year, however, without showing any clear trend. The amount has increased by 2 per cent over the entire period, cf. Table 3. In 2004, 17 per cent of domestic waste was recycled, whereas 83 per cent was incinerated and about 1 per cent landfilled. The breakdown by treatment option therefore shows slight changes from 2003 when 16 per cent was recycled and 1 per cent landfilled. The same percentage share was incinerated in 2003. For the early years, packaging waste is included as part of the waste type domestic waste. To make comparison with these early years possible, packaging waste from households in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 of 107,000, 117,000, 85,000 tonnes, and 84,000 tonnes respectively has been included in Figure 7.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Figure 7 shows that the relative distribution in the period 1994 to 2004 among treatment options has varied only little. Seen over the whole period, the trend since 1994 is that around 80 per cent of domestic waste is incinerated, but this figure is increasing. The general trends for recycling and landfilling are around 16 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively. The landfilling rate, however, is falling. This means that we are still incinerating and landfilling too much domestic waste in relation to the targets in Waste Strategy 2005-2008; conversely, the amount of waste which is recycled is too small. It should be noted that domestic waste is considered suitable for incineration and it is therefore not to be landfilled. If not recycled, domestic waste is to be incinerated. However, islands that are not connected by land to an incineration plant are exempt from this obligation.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. 5.1.3 Bulky wasteBulky waste generated by Danish households amounted to 687,000 tonnes in 2004. This is 53,000 tonnes more than in 2003. In other words, there has been an increase of 8 per cent. During the period from 1994 to 2004 bulky waste increased by 13 per cent. The increase in bulky waste amounts is due to a real increase but also very much to the implementation of pick-up and bring schemes for this waste type. Figure 8 shows bulky waste analysed between three treatment options: landfilling, incineration, and recycling for the period 1994 to 2004. The general trend for the period is that a larger proportion of bulky waste is being incinerated, whereas decreasing amounts are being landfilled. For recycling the percentage rate is stable but showing a slight downward trend in 2004.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. In 2004, 54 per cent of bulky waste was incinerated, the rate for landfilling fell to 19 per cent, and the rate for recycling fell to 14 per cent. The remaining 13 per cent, however, was led to temporary storage; i.e. temporary landfilling of waste suitable for incineration. This means that the waste will be stored until it may be incinerated in order to sell the energy/heat generated [19]. This means that the real incineration rate for bulky waste is higher than 54 per cent. At the same time, the figures show that the amount of waste led to landfills has gone down considerably since 1994. The target of a maximum landfilling rate of 25 per cent has thus been met. However, too much bulky waste is still being incinerated and not enough is being recycled. If targets for treatment in 2008 are to be met, considerable efforts are required to separate and collect more of the different waste fractions in bulky waste. A number of initiatives covering e.g. cardboard, waste electrical and electronic equipment, impregnated wood and PVC-containing waste have been, or are in the process of being, implemented.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Storage means that the waste in question has been assigned to temporary storage by local authorities (the local council), cf. section 37(3) of the Statutory Order on Waste. Denmark has excess incineration capacity, but storage can be due to e.g. repairs or shut down of operations at plants. 5.1.4 Garden wasteThe amount of garden waste collected from households in 2004 came to 500,000 tonnes. This is the same amount as in 2003. Throughout the 1990s the amount of garden waste increased steadily. From 1994 to 2004 there has thus been a 75 per cent increase This increase does not reflect a real increase in garden waste. It is rather the result of increasing opportunities for householders to dispose of garden waste at municipal waste treatment plants at the expense of home-composting. This means larger waste volumes to be treated in the municipal waste treatment system. Treatment of garden waste is presented in Figure 9. In 2004, 99 per cent of garden waste was recycled, and 1 per cent was landfilled.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. So, the targets for recycling and incineration of garden waste from households have been met by a good margin. Estimates indicate that it is impossible to increase the recycling rate any further. Future efforts with respect to garden waste will therefore concentrate on retaining the present high recycling rate and reducing the volumes treated in the municipal waste treatment system. Garden waste may be home-composted without permission from the local council, providing the regulation is complied with. Waste incineration is only allowed in plants that have been approved for the purpose. 5.2 Waste from the service sectorWaste from the service sector amounted to 1,833,000 tonnes in 2004, which is 178,000 tonnes, or 11 per cent, more than in 2003 [20]. As mentioned in Chapter 1, there is however uncertainty as to the increase and it should therefore be regarded with some caution.
Source: ISAG reports 2004. The key is listed clockwise beginning at "12 o'clock". Waste from the service sector is analysed by mixed and separated fractions in Figure 10. There is no great change in the percentage distribution of fractions from 2003 to 2004. Changes are between 0 and 3 per cent where "other waste" has gone up 3 per cent. Waste suitable for incineration, paper and cardboard, and other waste are the three largest waste fractions from the service sector with 47 per cent, 17 per cent, and 25 per cent respectively.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Storage means that the waste in question has been assigned to temporary storage by local authorities (the local council), cf. section 37(3) of the Statutory Order on Waste. Denmark has excess incineration capacity, but storage can be due to e.g. repairs or shut down of operations at installations. Table 26 shows the development in waste generation from the service sector in the period 2003 to 2004, analysed by fractions. It can be seen, that the overall amount of waste has gone up by 11 per cent. This increase primarily stems from the fractions "various combustible" and "other waste". On the other hand, the fraction "food waste/other organic waste" has gone down by 46 per cent.
Source: ISAG reports 1994-2004. Of the 1,833,000 tonnes of waste the service sector generated in 2004, 44 per cent was recycled, 47 per cent was incinerated, while 8 per cent was landfilled and 1 per cent put in temporary storage, cf. Figure 11. Thus, in 2004 the same percentage proportions were recycled and landfilled as in 2003, whereas the percentage led to incineration was greater than in 2003. The waste put in temporary storage will be incinerated when incineration capacity becomes available [21]. In other words, the incineration rate is actually higher than the 47 per cent. Figure 11 shows that a still greater proportion of waste from the service sector is being recycled. This means there has been a diversion of waste volumes from landfilling to recycling.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. As stressed in Chapter 1, the increase in waste arisings from the service sector from 2001 should be regarded with some caution. In relation to the targets for treatment in 2008 set out in Waste Strategy 2005-2008, still too little waste from the service sector was recycled and too much incinerated and landfilled in 2004. If the 2008 targets are to be met, separation and collection of waste must be improved so that a larger proportion of recyclable materials can be recycled, and so that environmentally harmful waste types can be separated and treated separately. 5.3 Waste from industryWaste generation from industry amounted to 1,855,000 tonnes in 2004, which is 14,000 tonnes or 1 per cent more than in 2003. As mentioned in Chapter 1, there is however uncertainty as to this figure and it should therefore be regarded with some caution.
Source: ISAG reports 2004. The key is listed clockwise beginning at "12 o'clock". Figure 12 shows a breakdown of waste from industry by mixed and separated fractions. As can be seen, ferrous metal is by far the largest single fraction, followed by hazardous waste, the mixed fraction waste suitable for incineration, and other waste. The individual fractions' percentage shares of total industrial waste are more or less unchanged from 2003. The greatest change is in ferrous metal which dropped from 28 per cent in 2003 to 25 per cent in 2004, whereas the amount of beet soil went up by 3 per cent. The remaining fractions show changes within 0-1 percentage points. Table 27 shows the development in waste generation by industry in the period 2003 to 2004, analysed by fractions. It can be seen that the amount of beet soil has increased by 42 per cent, and that the fraction "various non-combustible" has gone up by 17 per cent. However, another large fraction has gone down, namely ferrous metal, which has fallen by 12 per cent.
Source: ISAG reports 2003 and 2004. From 2002 to 2003, industry experienced a fall in waste arisings of 20 per cent; while the service sector saw a rise in waste generation of 22 per cent. This shift between the two sectors may be due to faulty reporting as the source "manufacturing etc." was discontinued from 2001 following the amendment of the Statutory Order on Waste [22]. This means that waste from industry must be reported as originating from one of the following 11 subgroups: food, beverages and tobacco; textiles, clothing and leather goods; wood-working and furniture; paper and graphical production; chemicals etc.; rubber and plastic; stone-working, pottery and glass; ferrous metal; other manufacturing; utilities; agriculture, forestry, fishery etc. It is likely that some carriers find it easier to report industrial waste as service-sector waste. Parties reporting to the ISAG are therefore encouraged to be aware of this possible source of incorrect reporting. Structural changes, i.e. the fact that society is changing from an industrial to a knowledge society, may be another reason for this shift between the two sectors. The shift could be supported e.g. by the fact that from the early 1990s to early 2001, the number of new enterprises in traditional industry went down, while the number of new enterprises in the knowledge services industry increased considerably [23]. However, it is interesting how the shift between the two sectors seems to be evening out. This could be interpreted as reflective of a better registration practice, bearing in mind the structural changes mentioned above, and the fact that waste arisings might be settling at a natural level. Future statistics will tell if this is the case. Treatment of waste from industry is shown in Figure 13. In 2003, 60 per cent of the waste from this sector was recycled. This corresponds to 1,111,000 tonnes in absolute figures. In recent years, the recycling rate has been around 62 per cent.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. As stressed in Chapter 1, the fall in waste arisings from industry from 2001 should be regarded with some caution.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Storage means that the waste in question has been assigned to temporary storage by local authorities (the local council), cf. section 37(3) of the Statutory Order on Waste. Denmark has excess incineration capacity, but storage can be due to e.g. repairs or shut down of operations at installations. The proportion of industrial waste led to incineration in 2004 was 15 per cent. The landfilling rate has gone up by 3 per cent ending at 24 per cent. This means that the 2008 target of landfilling a maximum of 15 per cent of industrial waste has not been met. Denmark still landfills far too much industrial waste. Even if the rates of recycling and landfilling have taken a positive direction since 1994, there is still some way to go before the 2008 targets for these two treatment options have been met, cf. Figure 13. The volumes and composition of waste from industry depend on the sector generating the waste, as well as size and number of enterprises. Possibilities of waste prevention or recycling will therefore differ from one waste fraction and sector to another. In order to meet the targets in the Waste Strategy 2005-2008, the Danish EPA has selected a number of waste types from industry to come into focus. These waste types include waste from foundries and shredder waste, which are to be diverted from landfilling to recycling whenever environmentally and economically efficient. With the latest amendment to the Statutory Order on Waste the Danish EPA has implemented a number of changes to the ISAG system, so that since 2001 it has been possible to analyse waste from industry between eleven different sectors. In future a number of enterprises must in addition keep a register in a specific format with various information on their waste generation [24]. This will enhance the possibility of conducting sector-specific analyses and initiatives in industry. Source: ISAG reports 2004. The Table does not cover beet soil and ferrous metal reported by large scrap dealers. Waste generation in industry stated by sector and treatment option can be seen in Table 29. As apparent from the table, food, beverages, and tobacco; the ferrous metal industry; other manufacturing; the paper and graphical production industry; and utilities contributed 80 per cent of waste from industry in 2004. The amount of waste from manufacturing etc. was 26,945 tonnes. In 2002, waste generation from this source amounted to 238,815 tonnes, which means that reporting enterprises have improved their reporting on the new commercial sources (cf. as the commercial source manufacturing industries etc. was discontinued in 2001). 5.4 Waste from building and construction activitiesGeneration of waste in the building and construction sector was significantly greater in 2004 than in 2003. Thus, construction and demolition waste reached 4,496,000 tonnes, which is 711,000 tonnes, or 19 per cent, more than in 2003. As is apparent from Table 30, which shows the development in waste arisings in the building and construction sector, the greatest increase in total arisings stems from the fraction soil and stone, which increased by 528,000 tonnes or 63 per cent. Also in the fraction other construction/demolition waste, the increase is substantial, at 33 per cent. A drop in arisings is evident only in the fraction other recyclable, as this fraction fell by 37 per cent. The explanation for the general increase is increased activity in the building and construction sector. By far the major part, or 94 per cent, of waste generated by the building and construction sector is recycled.
Source: ISAG reports 2003 and 2004. Figure 14 shows that the rate of waste which is recycled has gone up by 1 per cent, while the rate for landfilling and inceneration remained the same as in 2003, namely 2 per cent and 4 per cent respectively.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. As the figure also shows the recycling rate for construction and demolition waste increased by 10 per cent in the period 1994 to 2004. At the same time the landfilling rate went down by 11 per cent. The figure also shows that the distribution of waste between the different treatment options has been in line with targets for 2008 since 2000.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Storage means that the waste in question has been assigned to temporary storage by local authorities (the local council), cf. section 37(3) of the Statutory Order on Waste. The high recycling rate for construction and demolition waste is due partly to the fact that recycled waste, unlike landfilled or incinerated waste, is exempt from taxation, and partly due to the departmental circular on municipal regulation issued in 1995 concerning the separation of construction and demolition waste intended for recycling [25]. In addition, the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy (now Ministry of the Environment) and the Danish Contractors' Association entered an agreement on selective demolition of buildings so that waste is sorted at an early stage. Figure 15 shows construction and demolition waste analysed by mixed and separated fractions for 2004. It can be seen that the bulk of building waste consists of concrete, asphalt, and soil and stone. Relative to 2003, the share of soil and stone has gone up, from 22 per cent in 2003 to 31 per cent in 2004. This is due to greater activity in the building and construction sector, resulting in more soil being sent to to some of the treatment plants. Otherwise, there have not been great changes in the spread between fractions from 2003 to 2004. Changes are between 0 and 3 per cent.
Source: ISAG reports 2004. The key is listed clockwise beginning at "12 o'clock". A large part of the waste from the building and construction sector is reprocessed at mobile crushing plants which are used for different assignments at different locations throughout Denmark. The owner of the mobile crushing plant is responsible for the ISAG reports to the Danish EPA, but sometimes the entrepreneur also reports the waste. The Danish EPA is very much aware of this possible source of double reporting, and great efforts are being made, in co-operation with the providers of the reports, to ensure quality control and avoid double reporting. 5.5 Residues from coal-fired power plantsThe generation of residues at coal-fired power plants varies from one year to the next due to variations in Danish imports/exports of electricity to and from Sweden and Norway. Imports/exports of electricity to and from Sweden and Norway depend largely on precipitation in these countries - if there is much precipitation, much electricity is generated from hydropower in Sweden and Norway, and Danish exports will be correspondingly lower. For example, in 1996 exports of power were particularly high, which is reflected in amounts of residues in this year, cf. Figure 16. In 2000, there was high precipitation in Sweden, which resulted in so much cheap hydroelectricity on the market that power stations in both Denmark and Norway had to cease operation temporarily. Amounts of residues have decreased steadily since 1996, but show an increase from 2002 to 2003. The decrease is mainly explained by the last 10 years' strategy to phase out coal, so that in the long term coal will be replaced by natural gas and renewable energy sources, including bio-fuels. Energy statistics reflect that an increasingly smaller share of electricity generation is based on coal [26]. Also in future, the strategy to phase out coal will result in a decrease in residues from coal-based energy generation, whereas there will be an increase in fly ash and bottom ash from bio-fuels. Residues from coal-fired power plants amounted to around 1,180,000 tonnes in 2004, which is a fall of 20 per cent from 2003. As Figure 16 shows, 96 per cent of residues was recycled and 4 per cent was landfilled. This fall is due to falling exports to for example Sweden, Norway, and Germany. Thus, net exports fell by 66 per cent during 2004 [27].
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. The recovery of residues in 2004 is stated in more detail in Table 33. More than 90 per cent of residues is used as raw materials in industrial manufacture of, for example, cement, concrete and plasterboard, whereas the remaining part is primarily used as backfilling, either in accordance with the provisions of Statutory Order no. 655 of 27 June 2001 from the Ministry of the Environment, or as backfilling with special approval under the Danish Environmental Protection Act. Source: Reports from Elsam and Energi E2. 5.6 Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plantsThe statement for 2004 from municipal wastewater treatment plants of amounts of sludge applied to farmland and incineration of sludge at sludge incineration plants is not yet available due to a reorganisation of the electronic reporting system. 2002 figures from the Danish EPA's sludge statistics have therefore been used for recycling and incineration [28]. As mentioned in Chapter 1, it was decided to state amounts of sludge for mineralisation with a dry matter content of 20 per cent, so that sludge for mineralisation would be stated with the same dry matter content as other sludge. In the treatment in sludge mineralisation plants (long-term storage) sludge is reported with around 0.5 - 1 per cent dry matter content, whereas alternatives typically contain 20 per cent. If stated in wet weight, sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants would have amounted to about 1,370,000 tonnes in 2004, which is about 672,000 tonnes less than in 2001, corresponding to a fall of 33 per cent. Treatment of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants is shown in Figure 17. According to the Figure, 55 per cent of sludge is recycled, 43 per cent is incinerated, and 2 per cent is landfilled. The figures for recycling include 45,600 tonnes of sludge with a dry matter content of 20 per cent, corresponding to 607,922 tonnes sludge in wet weight, which are being treated in long-term storage with the objective of further mineralisation. This amount has been included in the amounts for recycling because the sludge will be recycled after a number of years in storage.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. The figure shown for 2003 is based on 2002 figures. The method of calculation of sludge for mineralisation has been changed with effect from 2001. The figures for recycling include 45,600 tonnes of sludge with a dry matter content of 20 per cent, corresponding to 607,922 tonnes when stated in wet weight. Long-term storage and incineration amounts include 221,730 tonnes for other uses (Carbogrit and production of concrete).
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. The figures for 2003 and 2004 are based on 2002 figures. Sewage sludge is mainly recovered as fertiliser on farmland. In recent years, the requirements regarding contents of certain organic and chemical substances in sludge applied to farmland have been made stricter. In the short term, the rate of recycling is therefore expected to decrease. In the long term, it is expected the general phase-out policy for xenobiotic substances will improve the quality of sludge further. Finally, it appears that alternative methods of sludge recovery are being discovered to an ever greater extent. After sludge incineration, the inorganic residue is recovered in the production of e.g. sand blasting agents, or cement. Sludge recovered by such alternative methods in 2002 amounted to about 220,000 tonnes [29]. In Figure 17, this amount has been included under incineration as the methods applied are recovery, not recycling. 5.7 Residues from waste incineration plantsFigure 18 shows amounts of residues (slag, fly ash, and flue-gas cleaning products) from waste incineration plants 1994 to 2004 in tonnes, including treatment option. Residues from waste incineration plants have not been included in calculations of total waste generation, since the waste would then be counted twice in the statistics. However, residues are a large waste fraction and to secure adequate capacity for their treatment, a calculation of amounts is required. By far the major part of residues is recycled. The recycling rate was 98 per cent in 2004 which is 1 percentage point more than in 2003. Residues, however, are not recyclable when containing large quantities of heavy metals, which may leach into the environment and the groundwater. In such cases landfilling is required.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Note that Figure 18 is not comparable with Table 33 and Figure 19, because Figure 18 is exclusive of exported residues.
Source: same as Tables 1 and 2. Note that arisings in 2008 have been set to correspond to arisings in 2004. The figures are not projections of developments in waste arisings. Contaminated fractions such as PVC, impregnated wood, and electric and electronic products, are not to be incinerated. This means that contents of heavy metals in slag will be reduced significantly. However, requirements for recycling of slag were tightened in 2000 to take account of the groundwater. The 2008 target of 85 per cent recycling has already been met. Table 36 shows the uses of residues from waste incineration. Naturally, amounts of residues depend on the amount of waste incinerated. Slag and flue-gas cleaning products typically comprise around 20 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively, of the waste amount led to incineration. Due to temporary storage at incineration plants amounts can, however, shift from one year to the next. Source: Calculations are based on ISAG reports and registrations under the EU regulation on shipments of waste. Note that Table 36 and Figure 18 are not comparable. This is because Figure 18 does not include exports. Table 33 shows that residues from waste incineration amounted to around 653,000 tonnes in 2004. This is 86,000 tonnes less than in 2003. Out of the 653,000 tonnes of residues removed from waste incineration plants, around 192,000 tonnes were landfilled, while around 554,000 tonnes were recycled. This means that, in reality, the stored amounts of fly ash and flue-gas cleaning products have been reduced by about 93,000 tonnes.
Source. ISAG reports and registrations under the EU regulation on shipments of waste. As is evident in Figure 19, the amount of residues exported for landfilling abroad has been increasing since 1996. The amount of residues exported for landfilling went up from 21,000 tonnes in 1996 to 181,000 tonnes in 2004. Relative to 2003, there has been a drop in the amount that was landfilled of 45,000 tonnes. The main part of this amount was excavated from landfills in Denmark. This can be seen in Table 36. From 1996 to 2004, amounts of landfilled residues have fallen by about 1 per cent and recycling has increased by 46 per cent Footnotes[19] Exemption clause in Section 37(3), Danish Statutory Order on Waste (Statutory Order No. 619 of 27 June 2000). [20] The service sector covers the source: institutions, trade and offices. [21] Exemption clause in Section 37(3), Danish Statutory Order on Waste (Statutory Order No. 619 of 27 June 2000). [22] Statutory Order no. 619 of 27 June 2000 on waste [23] Statistical Ten-Year Review 2003 and 2004, Statistics Denmark. [24] Enterprises subject to approval according to the Statutory Order on approval of listed activities and other enterprises covered by the Statutory Order on user payment for approval and supervision under the Danish Nature Protection Act (bekendtgørelse om brugerbetaling for godkendelse og tilsyn efter miljøbeskyttelsesloven,only available in Danish). [25] Circular No. 94 of 21 June 1995. [26] The latest Energy Statistics are found on www.ens.dk, the Danish Energy Authority's website. [27] Danish Energy Authority Monthly Electricity Statistics. Available at www.ens.dk. [28] See Annex 4.4 of "Sewage sludge from municipal and private wastewater treatment plants in 2002". Environmental Review No. 5, 2004, Danish EPA. Landfilling figures are from ISAG, figures for 2004. [29] The statement for 2004 is not yet available. The figure is from "other, etc." from Annex 4.4 of the "Sewage sludge from municipal and private wastewater treatment plants in 2002". Environmental Review No. 5, 2004, Danish EPA.
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