ID |
Source |
Substance |
Methods |
Emission factor |
Remarks |
Projection assumptions |
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OF SUBSTITUTES FOR
OZONE-DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES (ODS
SUBSTITUTES) |
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Refrigerant |
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K1 |
Household fridges and
freezers |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 top-down approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK. information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK, accounting for no less than an
estimated 95% of the market.
Tier 2 bottom-up approach:
- information on imports and
exports of refrigerants in products
based on the average quantity
contained per unit and Danish
statistics. |
- release on filling = 2% (IPCC
default)
1 % release from stock per year
(IPCC default)
Lifetime = 15 years (IPCC default)
0% release upon disposal (DK
default). Up to and including 2000,
the quantity remaining upon disposal
was included as emissions (IPCC
default). Legislation in Denmark
ensures drawing-off of refrigerant,
and consequently, the IPCC default
is misleading in the Danish context. |
Stock determined in 1998 for the
period 1990-1998 based on
information on consumption from
Danish producers and estimates
based on import/export statistics
and average quantity of HFC
contained in refrigerant and foam
per unit (source: /2/).
For the updating of stock,
import/export data from 1998 is
used, as well as information on
annual HFC consumption by
Danish producers. 1998
import/export data is = net exports
of 141 tonnes HFC-134a
refrigerant + net exports of 1.6
tonnes HFC-134a in foam (note:
DK's largest exporter does not use
HFC for foam moulding, therefore
the export of HFC in foam is less
than the export of refrigerants). |
From 2001, net exports of refrigerants
in household fridges are assumed to
account for 50 per cent of
consumption.
The consumption in the projection is
not influenced by new phasing-out
regulations.
The effect of charges on HFCs is
expected to give an annual reduction in
consumption of 5 per cent in the
period 2001-2005. |
K2 |
Commercial stationary
refrigerators in retail stores,
industry, etc., and stationary
A/C systems in buildings
etc. |
HFC-134a,
HFC-404a,
HFC-401a,
HFC-402a,
HFC-407c,
HFC-507a, other
HFCs, PFCs (C3F8) |
Tier 2 top-down approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption was provided by
importers/suppliers of refrigerants
for commercial refrigerators in
DK.
- information on distribution of
refrigerant consumption at different
sites is estimated using information
from user enterprises, the KMO
and estimates from suppliers. |
1.5% on refilling (DK default)
10% release from operation and
accidents (DK default).
0% release from destruction (DK
default)
In the case of re-use it is assumed
release occurs during the cleaning
process equivalent to 2%. It is good
practice not to account for any
re-use since the original is
accounted for in sales and imports. |
In 2001/2002 an assessment was
made of the national Danish leakage
rate from commercial plants. This
assessment was carried out by
COWI for the Danish EPA. This
result has led to a decrease in the
leakage rates for filling, operation
and disposal in compliance with
IPCC guidelines /16/. |
From 2007, the consumption of
refrigerants merely represents the
amount used for refilling existing
systems (stock). It is assumed that the
consumption of refrigerants for refilling
stock will be reduced by 15 per cent in
2007 and will then diminish by 5 per
cent per year until 2014. From 2015, it
is assumed that consumption will only
represent 10 per cent per year
compared to current levels. |
K3 |
Refrigerated vans and
lorries |
HFC-134a,
HFC-404a |
Tier 2 top-down approach
- information on refrigerant
consumption in refrigerated vans
and lorries is based on
consumption information from
refrigerated transport companies
as well as data from the KMO. |
0.5% on refilling (DK default)
17% from operation annually (DK
default, same as IPCC)
2% in reuse (DK default)
Lifetime = 6-8 years
0% upon destruction; all refrigerants
are drawn off and are either
recycled or destroyed at the
Kommune Kemi plant |
In 2001/2002 an assessment was
made of the national Danish leakage
rate from refrigerated vans and
lorries. This assessment was carried
out by COWI for the Danish EPA.
This result has led to a decrease in
the leakage rates for filling and
disposal in compliance with IPCC
guidelines. The leakage rate for
operation is still 17% in compliance
with IPCC guidelines /16/. |
The tax effect has not been included,
since refrigerated vans and lorries are
exempt from taxes.
Stock is defined as 7.7 tonnes
(HFC-134a) and 23.2 tonnes
HFC-404a in 2000 /16/.
Consumption has been projected as
steady state compared to 2001. |
K4 |
Mobile A/C systems |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 bottom-up and top-down
approach. Bottom-up approach
for definition of Danish emission
factor and estimate for stock and
imports. Top-down approach used
for gathering of consumption data
from importers for refilling of
mobile A/C systems. |
0.5% on refilling (DK default)
33% annual release during
operation (complete refilling every 3
years - DK default).
Lifetime for mobile A/C systems
that are serviced is 6 years,
equivalent to two refillings. Systems
do not undergo maintenance after 6
years (DK default).
0% loss at destruction. Gas is
collected and re-used/cleaned, or
treated at Kommune Kemi (DK
default).
Emissions are calculated as 1/3 of
stock from the previous year (n-1).
This means the stock is the central
calculation parameter. The stock is
calculated using DAF annual
statistics in relation to a number of
conditions defined in /16/.
Consumption per annum gives the
quantity used in refilling systems
which undergo servicing (max. 50%
of existing systems). |
In 2001/2002 an assessment was
made of the national Danish leakage
rate from mobile A/C systems. This
assessment was carried out by
COWI for the Danish EPA. This
result has led to a small increase in
the leakage rate for operation and a
decrease for filling and disposal in
relation to IPCC guidelines /16/.
The stock figures are updated using
statistics on vehicles in Denmark
from DAF. The average expected
filling for cars and vans is 750 g,
1.2 kg for lorries under 6 tonnes,
1.5 kg for lorries over 6 tonnes,
and 9 kg for buses. Further
calculation assumptions appear
from /16/. |
The projection is based on a steady
state stock (203 tons). |
|
Foam production |
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S1 |
Foam in household fridges
and freezers (closed cell) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 top-down + bottom-up
approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK. information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK, accounting for no less than an
estimated 95% of the market. |
10% release in foam production
(IPCC default)
4.5% release from stock per year
(IPCC default)
Lifetime = 15 years (DK default)
22.5% remaining upon disposal
which is destroyed in incineration
and thereby is not released as
emissions (DK default). |
Stock of HFC in foam determined
in 1998 for the period 1990-1998
based on information from Danish
producers and estimates based on
import/export statistics and average
quantity of HFC contained in
refrigerant and foam per unit /2/.
For the updating of stock,
import/export data from 1998 is
used, as well as information on
annual HFC consumption by
Danish producers. 1998
import/export data is = net exports
of 141 tonnes HFC-134a
refrigerant + net exports of 1.6
tonnes HFC-134a in foam (note:
DK's largest exporter does not use
HFC for foam moulding, therefore
the export of HFC in foam is less
than the export of refrigerants). |
|
S2 |
Soft foam (open cell) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
Other HFCs
(HFC-365) |
Tier 2
- information on foam blowing
agents for soft foam is derived
from reports provided by the main
producer in Denmark, which still
employs HFC in foaming
processes. This producer is
thought to represent approx. 80%
of the Danish soft foam
consumption. |
Emissions = 100% of the HFCs
sold in the current year (IPCC
default) |
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S3 |
Joint filler (open cell) |
HFC-134a HFC-152a
|
Tier 2 top-down approach.
- There are no longer any Danish
producers of joint filler employing
HFC as a foaming agent.
Emissions are due to previous
estimates by producers of
imported joint filler products. |
Emissions = 100% of imported
quantity contained in joint filler in the
current year (IPCC default). |
The estimated imports in 1998 by a
joint filler producer were 10 tonnes
HFC-134a and 1 tonne
HFC-152a.
This estimate was based on the
assumption that there is an average
of 100 g HFC-134a and 25 g
HFC-152a per tin of joint filler
imported. |
|
S4 |
Foaming of polyether (for
shoe soles) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a |
Tier 2 top-down approach
Information regarding consumption
is identical to the consumption
reported by producer in 1999 + an
estimate of imports/exports of
HFC in shoe soles, 1998.
Tier 2 bottom-up approach:
Imports of HFCs contained in
shoes are based on the average
amount per shoe and on Danish
statistics. |
Emission (Danish default):
- Production = 15 %
- Use = 4.5 %
- Lifetime = 3 years
- Disposal = 71.5%,
destroyed in
incineration and thereby not
released as emissions. |
The calculation of the HFC stock in
shoe soles is based on the following
assumptions: it is assumed that 5%
of all shoes with plastic, rubber and
leather soles contain polyether
containing 8 g of HFC-134a per
shoe.
Net export with the same
consumption in Danish production
is 0.3 tonnes HFC-134a. |
|
S5 |
System foam (for panels,
insulation, etc.) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
Other HFCs
(HFC-365) |
Bottom-up Tier 2 approach on the
basis of information from
enterprises |
Emissions = 0. HFC is used as a
component in semi-manufactured
goods and emissions first occur
when the goods are put into use. |
All system foam produced in
Denmark is exported, therefore
emissions can only occur in the
country where the goods are put
into use. |
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Aerosols |
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Aerosol sprays (industrial
products) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2.
- information on propellant
consumption is derived from
reports on consumption from the
only major producers of
HFC-containing aerosol sprays in
Denmark. The importers are
estimated to account for 100% of
Danish consumption. |
Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold
to this area of application in the
current year and 50% of the
consumption in the second year
(IPCC default for top-down data) |
Top-down data.
Estimates of imports/exports are
based on the producer's assessment
of imports equivalent to 20% of
Danish production in the current
year. Exports are quantified by the
producer. |
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MDI (metered dose
inhalers) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 bottom-up approach
- consumption was studied in 1999
and was evaluated as minimal. |
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Due to minimal emissions, this class of
products is no longer included in
Denmark's national inventory. |
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Solvents |
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R1 |
Liquid cleaners |
PFC (C3F8
Perfluorpropane) |
Tier 2.
- information on consumption of
PFC in liquid cleaners is derived
from two importers' sales reports.
This is thought to represent 100%
of the Danish consumption of
PFCs in liquid cleaners. |
Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold
to this area of application in the
current year and 50% of the
consumption in the second year
(IPCC good practice for top-down
data) |
|
Top-down data
Phasing-out cf. Statutory Order 1/9
2002. It is assumed that the
consumption is equally distributed over
all months. |
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EMISSIONS OF SF6
FROM ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT AND
OTHER SOURCES |
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Insulation gas in double
glazing |
SF6 |
Tier 2
- information on consumption of
SF6 in double glazing is derived
from importers' sales reports to the
application area. The importers
account for 100% of the Danish
sales of SF6 for double glazing. In
addition, the largest producer of
windows in Denmark has provided
consumption data, with which
import information is compared. |
Emission (DK-default):
- 15% during production of double
glazing.
- 1 % per year during the lifetime of
the window
- Lifetime = 20 years
- Disposal - 66% of the filled
content of double glazing in the
production year.
- Net exports = 50% of the
consumption in the current year |
|
Emissions data and lifetimes are based
on information from the window
producers and industry experts in
Denmark /2/.
The stock is determined on the basis of
consumption information provided by
importers back to 1990. The first
Danish consumption was registered in
1991.
In the projection of emissions, it is
assumed that the consumption of SF6
in Danish window production was
phased out in 2003, after which
emissions only arise from stock. |
|
Insulation gas in
high-voltage power switches |
SF6 |
Tier 3c country-level mass-balance
approach
- information on consumption of
SF6 in high-voltage power
switches is derived from importers'
sales reports (gas or
gas-containing products). The
importers account for 100% of the
Danish sales of SF6.
The electricity sector also provides
information on the installation of
new plant and thus whether the
stock is increasing. |
Emission (Danish default):
- release on filling = 5%
- loss / release in operation = 0.5 %
per year
- release in reuse/drawing off = 5%.
- release upon disposal = 0% |
|
There is one supplier (Siemens) that
imports its own gas for filling in
Denmark.
Suppliers (AAB, Siemens, Alstom)
report on new installations.
The stock in 2000 was 57.6 tonnes of
SF6, which covers power switches of
all sizes in production and transmission
plants. The stock has been evaluated
on the basis of a questionnaire survey
in 1999 which encompassed the entire
Danish electricity sector /11/. |
|
Shock-absorbing gas in
Nike Air training footwear |
SF6 |
Tier 2 - top-down approach
Importer has estimated imports to
Denmark of SF6 in training
footwear. |
Lifetime training footwear = 5 years |
|
Importer/wholesaler reports that
imports for the period 1990-1998
amounted to approx. 1 tonne,
equivalent to emissions of 0.11 tonnes
per year in the period 1995-2003. For
the period 1999-2005, the importer
estimated imports to represent approx.
1/3, corresponding to 0.037 tonnes
per year in the period 2004-2010. |