Brominated Flame Retardants

6. Fire Safety Standards in Denmark, Germany and UK 

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Denmark
6.2.1 Electronic Products
6.2.2 Electrical Appliances
6.2.3 Lighting
6.2.4 Wiring
6.2.5 Textiles and Carpets
6.2.6 Building Insulation Materials
6.2.7 Other Building materials
6.2.8 Transportation
6.3 Germany
6.4 UK
6.5 Summary

6.1    Introduction

General requirements for fire protection from governments through relevant legislation are the basis for standards and 'codes of practise', which are again based on recognised technical principles. In this legislation the requirements are normally kept in quite general terms. Proof of their fulfilment requires determination of verifiable criteria.

This is where the different standardisation organisations come into the equation. These Organisations master the knowledge and experience in their field. The members are representatives from governments, test institutes, industrial societies and insurance companies.

Depending on area of application the standards are national or international.

Most building standards are national since every country has specific sets of rules that have developed through the ages. Efforts to harmonise building codes are being made and have already occurred in the Nordic countries, where fire testing of building materials is almost identical.

EU

In the EU the harmonisation of requirements are the responsibility of the EU Commission. The technical requirements to which the products must comply are defined by European Standards. These European Standards are issued by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standards (CENELEC). These standards also assists in eliminating technical barriers to trade between Member States as well as between these and other European states.

IEC

In the same way in the electrical field International Standards are being developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in order to remove trade barriers.       

ISO

All other technical fields are covered by the International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO). The aim of ISO is to promote the worldwide development of Standards in order to break down trade barriers and to encourage cooperation in intellectual, scientific and economic activities. The members of the ISO Committees are the national standards organisations.

Nordic countries

In the Nordic countries we have got Nordtest (NT) and Internordic Standards (INSTA), and of course the national standards covered by Dansk Standard (DS), Svensk Standard (SS), etc.

Germany and the UK

The Standardisation Organisations in Germany are Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) and Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE), and in the UK British Standard (BSI).

Approving Institutions

The Official Approving Institutions are e.g., in Denmark ETA-Danmark A/S and Søfartsstyrelsen, in Germany Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik, See-Berufsgenossenschaft and Germanischer Lloyd, and in the UK Lloyds Register and the local building authorities.

Brominated flame retardants

The use of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) is not directly regulated by standards. Normally a fire requirement in a standard causes the use of BFRs due to the fact, that the plastic needed for the product is difficult to replace with another plastic, which can fulfil the fire requirements without the use of BFRs.

Standards covered

In the following, when a standard is mentioned it is where it may lead to the use of BFRs. Since the area of fire protection standards are vast, not all standards are covered by this chapter, so if the reader is interested in a special field it is advisable to seek more information from e.g. Dansk Standard.

6.2    Denmark   

6.2.1 Electronic Products

UL 94   

Consumer electronics as TV-sets, amplifiers, CD-players, tape recorders, etc. are regulated by the European/International standard EN/IEC 60065 (in Danish Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen section 101). This standard describes a series of different test methods which evolves from the American Standard UL94. The classifications for UL94 listed in order from the more to the less rigorous (form V-0 to HB) are:

UL94(V-0)

V-0 is a standard with the following principles: The test specimen is hanged vertically above a piece of cotton fabric, a gas flame is applied to the bottom edge, after 10 seconds immediately withdraw the burner and record the afterflame time (t1) in seconds, repeat the procedure (t2). The test is repeated five times, if the afterflame time (t1 or t2) for any specimen is less than 10 seconds and the sum of afterflame times for the ten applications are less than 50 seconds and the second afterflame time (t2) plus the afterglow time (t3) for the second repetition is less than 30 seconds for any specimen, the material can be classified V-0. There must not be any afterflame or afterglow up to the holding clamp, and the cotton fabric must not be ignited by flaming particles or drops.

UL94(V-1)

V-1 which is the same procedure as UL94 (V-0) except that t1 and t2 for any specimen must be * 30 seconds. And the sum of afterflame times for the ten applications * 250 seconds. And t2 + t3 for any specimen must be * 60 seconds.

UL94(V-2)

V-2 is the same method as V-1 but glowing or burning drops are allowed to ignite the underlying surface.

If only one specimen from a set of five specimens does not comply with the requirements, another set of five specimens is to be tested. In the case of the total number of seconds of flaming, an additional set of five specimens is to be tested if the totals are in the range of 51 - 55 seconds for V-0 and 251 - 255 seconds for V-1 and V-2. All specimens from this second shall comply with the appropriate requirements, in order for the material, in that thickness, to be classified V-0, V-1 or V-2.

UL94(V-5A) and (V-5B)

V-5A

A rod shaped specimen is placed vertically and an attempt is made to ignite the specimen five times 5 seconds. It must not continue to burn or glow for more and 60 seconds after the Bunsen burner has been removed. And the material must not drip.

V-5B

Sheets of the same thickness are tested in a horizontal position. The flame is applied to the centre of the specimen. Classification in V-5B if the specimen exhibits burn through hole, other criteria as for UL94 V-5A.

Materials classified 5-VA or 5-VB shall also comply with the requirements for materials classified V-0, V-1 and V-2.

UL94(HB)

HB. A test where three specimens of the cabinet material is placed in an angle of 45* and ignited ( if possible) with a Bunsen burner. In order to be classified HB

1. The burning rate must not exceed 40 mm/min over a 75 mm span for specimens having a thickness of 3.0 - 13 mm.
2. The burning rate must not exceed 75 mm/min over a 75 mm span for specimens having a thickness less than 3 mm.
3. The specimen must cease to burn before the 100 mm reference mark.

If only one specimen from a set of three specimens does not comply with the requirements, another set of three specimens is to be tested. All specimens from this second set shall comply with the requirements in order for the material in that thickness to be classified HB.

UL94(HF-2) and (HF-1)

HF-2 and HF-1 for foamed products. In this method two sets of five specimens stored under different conditions are tested, an attempt is made to ignite the test specimen with a fishtail burner. The flame is kept under the specimen for 60 seconds. The following conditions must be met:

1. Only one specimen must burn for longer than 2 seconds.
2. No specimen must burn for more than 10 seconds.
3. No specimen must glow for more than 30 seconds.
4. No specimen must burn or glow at a distance of 60 mm from the ignition point
5. For HF-1 no drops must ignite the underlying surface.
6. For HF-2 the underlying surface is allowed to be ignited.

If a set of five specimens does not comply with the requirements because of one of the following situations, another set of five specimens subjected to the same conditioning shall be tested:

1. A single specimen flames more than 10 seconds, or
2. Two specimens flame for more than 2 seconds but less than 10 seconds, or
3. One specimen flames more than 2 seconds but less than 10 seconds, and a second specimen flames more than 10 seconds, or
4. One specimen does not comply with the additional criteria.

All specimens from this second set shall comply with the requirements in order for the foamed plastic material in that thickness and density to be classified HF-1 or HF-2.

Single components, transformers, connection cables and switches

EN/IEC 60065 also describes a variation of the same simple flame test for single components, transformers, connection cables and switches. An attempt is made to ignite the sample with a gas flame which is on for a period of time, after the flame has been removed the sample has to self extinguish within 10 - 30 seconds, this test is repeated.

Printed circuit boards in TV-sets

Printed circuit boards in TV-sets have to comply with the test method UL94(V-0), unless they are in a metal casing or a casing made of a material which comply with the test mentioned above.                 

If the material does not pass this test it has to be tested according to the Needle Flame Test (EN/IEC 60695-2-2). Five specimens representative of the production of printed circuit boards used in the appliance are tested. A burner with a bore of 0.5 ± 0.1 mm and a flame 12 ± 2 mm long is placed for 30 seconds in an angel of 45º to the specimen, after the flame has been removed the time the specimen is burning must not exceed 15 seconds, while the mean burning time for the five specimens must not exceed 10 seconds.

TV cabinets

In TV-sets (except black & white TV-sets with a picture tube with a diagonal measurement of less than 38 cm) the back plates and the parts of the cabinet which have got ventilation holes meant to discharge heated air have according to the standard EN/IEC 60065 to comply with a test similar to UL94 (HB).

Computers, printers, telephone systems

Electronic products such as computers, printers, telephone systems, photocopiers and other office machines are regulated by the Eurpean/International standard EN/IEC 60950 (in Danish Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen section 137), this standard refers to several different test methods and classifications for the different parts of which the appliances are made.

Most materials

Most materials in electronic products have to comply with UL94 (V-2) or better (V-0, V-1).

Encapsulations for movable appliances

Encapsulations for movable appliances with a weight of up to 18 kg have to comply with UL94 (V-1). Or it has to comply with the Needle Flame Test just with the difference that the test is repeated, on the same place, after 60 seconds. The afterflame time must not exceed 1 minute.

For movable appliances with a weight above 18 kg or for stationary appliances the encapsulation has to comply with UL94 (V-5).

Foamed materials

Foamed materials has to comply with UL94 (HF-2) or better (HF-1). The foamed material can also be tested according to the Needle Flame Test.

6.2.2    Electrical Appliances

Electric household appliances are regulated by the European/International standard EN/ IEC 60335 (in Danish Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen section 134 -1). This standard has got 58 sub-standards depending on the type of appliance, washing machine, hairdryer, hoovers, etc. EN/IEC 60335 refers to the test method EN/IEC 60695-2-1 (Glow Wire Test) or the Needle Flame Test. The Glow wire Test is specified as a test using non-flame ignition source. The glow-wire is a specified loop of resistance wire, which is electrically heated to a specified temperature, this temperature is dependant on the component which is tested, the details are given in IEC 60695-2-1/1:1994. The glow-wire tip is then brought into contact with the specimen for 30 seconds ± 1 second. The test is passed if, after removal of the tip:

1. There is no flame or glowing.                    
2. The flame or glowing extinguish within 30 seconds, and the surrounding parts and the layer below have not burned away completely.

6.2.3    Lighting

Lighting

Lighting are regulated by the European/International standard EN/IEC 60 598-1 (in Danish Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen section 138-1). This standard states that insulation materials which keeps power supplying parts in place have to pass the Needle Flame Test. And that insulation materials which do not keep power supplying parts in place, but are protecting against electric shock, have to pass the Glow-Wire Test at 650°C.

Covers, shades and similar parts

Covers, shades and similar parts which are not used as insulation, and which do not pass the Glow-Wire Test at 650°C, have to be placed at a distance of at least 30 mm from any heated part of the fittings. Unless the material is protected by a cover at least 3 mm from the hot parts, this cover must have passed the Needle Flame Test.

Fittings

In fittings meant for installation in entrance ways such as stairways, and escape routes in public buildings and residential housing, the encapsulation of the fittings has to pass the Needle Flame Test or the Glow-Wire Test at 750°C. Other parts have to comply with either the Needle Flame Test or the Glow-Wire Test at 650°C.

6.2.4    Wiring

Sockets and switches

The standard for sockets and switches is the European/International standard EN/IEC 884-1 (in Denmark named Stærkstrømsreglementet, section 107-1.). This standard states that the parts of the insulation material which may be exposed to thermal action, which can reduce the safety of the material, has to comply with the Glow-Wire Test. The test is carried out at three different temperatures

The test standard for single insulated wire or cables is the European/International standard EN/IEC 332-1. The test is as follows: A test sample of one piece of finished wire or cable is mounted vertically, supported two places. The flame from a gas burner is applied at an angle of 45º to the cable for a time corresponding to the diameter of the cable (see IEC 332-1). The cable is then inspected and the distance from the lower edge of the top support to the onset of charring is measured.

Single small vertical insulated copper wire

The test standard for a single small vertical insulated copper wire or cable is the European/International Standard EN/IEC 332-2. This standard specifies a method of testing a small insulated wire under fire conditions when the method specified in EN/IEC 332-1 is not suitable because some small conductors may melt during the application of the flame. The range of application recommended is for solid copper conductors from 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm diameter and for stranded conductors from 0.1 mm2 to 0.5 mm2 cross-section. The method of the test is as follows: A test sample of one piece of finished wire or cable is mounted vertically. The flame from a gas burner is applied to the cable for 20 ± 1 second. The cable is then inspected and the charred portion shall not have reached within 50 mm of the lower edge of the top clamp.

Bunched wires and cables

For bunched wires and cables the standard is the European/ International EN/IEC 332-3 where a number of 3.5 m test cables are mounted in a test rig and ignited by one or two ribbon type gas burners. When the burning has ceased the maximum extent of the damage is measured.

Electrical and optical fibre cables

Electrical and optical fibre cables used in spaces transporting environmental air have to comply with UL 910. The test chamber for this test is made like a duct, a cable tray with the cable specimens (7.32 m long) in a single layer is installed in the duct, the gas burner is ignited and the test is carried on for 20 minutes. The maximum flame-propagation distance is measured.

6.2.5    Textiles and Carpets

There are no fire requirements for clothing textiles except for protective clothing, which are regulated by four different Danish/European standards:

Protective clothing for industrial workers exposed to heat

DS/EN 531 which concerns protective clothing for industrial workers exposed to heat, this standard refers to the test method DS/EN 532 The test method for limited flame spread: This test uses six test specimens of 200x160 ± 1mm, three with the longer dimension in the width direction of the material and three in the length direction. The specimens are mounted vertically in a special holder. The igniting flame is applied for 10 seconds. When tested according to DS/EN 531 the material has to meet the following requirements:

1. No specimen shall give flaming to the top or either side edge.
2. No specimen shall give hole formation.
3. No specimen shall give flaming or molten debris.
4. The mean value of afterflame time shall be * 2 s.
5. The mean value of afterglow time shall be * 2 s.

Protection against heat and flame

DS/EN 533 which concerns protective clothing - protection against heat and flame. Performance is expressed in terms of limited flame spread index based on the results of testing by DS/EN 532. Three levels of performance are specified:

1. Index 1 materials do not spread flame, but may form a hole on contact with a flame.
2. Index 2 materials and material assemblies do not spread flame and do not form a hole on contact with a flame.
3. Index 3 materials and material assemblies spread flame and do not form a hole in contact with a flame. They give only limited afterflame.

Welding and Allied Processes

DS/EN 470-1 which concerns protective clothing for use in welding and allied processes, this is also tested according to DS/EN 532 and has to comply with the same requirements as DS/EN 531.

Firefighters

DS/EN 469 which concerns protective clothing for firefighters. This is also tested according to DS/EN 532 and has to meet the same requirements as in DS/EN 531 & 470-1 except for part 2 which is changed to:

No specimen shall give hole formation in any layer, except for the outer layer of a multilayer assembly.

Upholstered furniture, mattresses and curtains

There are no fire requirements for upholstered furniture, mattresses and curtains.

Carpets

Fire requirements for carpets are given in the Danish Standard DS 1063.2, Fire classifications - Floorings. The carpets are tested according to the Danish Standard/Inter Nordic Standard DS/INSTA 414. The principles of the test are: A specimen is mounted at an angle of 30* to the horizontal plane with a forced air flow passing over the exposed surface. A burning wooden crib is placed on the surface of the specimen. Damage inflicted to the specimen and light absorbed by the smoke are observed.

A carpet can be classified as a class G flooring according to DS 1063.2 if four specimens, two cut in one direction and two cut perpendicular to the first two, meet the following requirements:

1. That the mean damage of the carpet is less than 550 mm from the centre of the burning crib.
2. That the mean damage of the underlay is less than 550 mm from the centre of the burning crib.
3. That the length of the damage of both the carpet and the underlay for each test is less than 800 mm from the centre of the burning crib.
4. That the mean of the four maximum smoke densities measured within the first 5 minutes is less than 30%.
5. That the mean of the four maximum smoke densities measured within the first 10 minutes is less than 10%.

It is not likely that BFRs are used to meet the requirements, since there are more cost efficient flame retardants available for these kinds of products.

6.2.6    Building Insulation Materials

Insulation materials

According to the Danish building regulation BR95 part 6.7.5. insulation materials have to be non-combustible. This requirement excludes the use of plastic based insulation materials in general. There are however some exceptions mentioned in the building regulation. If combustible insulation materials are used there are no fire requirements which necessitates the use of BFRs.

Insulation materials which are combustible can be used in the following places:

1. In hollow walls, in floor constructions on BS-horizontal division 60, in floors, crawl spaces and roof constructions where the underlying construction is at least BD-30.
2. For insulation in external walls in residential properties or similar. The Insulation material has to be covered with at least class 1 covering without cavities behind.
3. Other constructions which contains combustible insulation materials have to be approved by the ministry of housing.

Insulation materials in single family dwellings

BR-S 98 part 4.3.8. states that insulation materials in single family dwellings have to be at least Class A materials (DS 1065-1). Constructions which contains insulation materials which is not at least Class A materials can be used if they are approved by the ministry of housing.

The following constructions which contains insulation materials which is not at least Class A material can be used without approval:

1. In hollow walls, in terrain floors, crawl spaces and in floor constructions on BS-horizontal division 60.
2. In roof constructions where the insulation material, which is not at least Class A material, is used as additional insulation on top of insulation materials which are at least a Class A material.
3. On external walls insulated on the outside or inside with an insulation material which is not at least Class A material, covered with at least Class 1 covering.

6.2.7    Other Building materials

Walls and ceilings

Products used for walls and ceilings are regulated by DS 1065-1, Fire Classification - Building materials - Class A and Class B materials which divides the materials in two different classes:

Class A materials which are

    - slightly ignitable

    - releasing a slight amount of heat and

    - generating a slight amount of smoke

Class B materials which are

    - normally ignitable

    - releasing a normal amount of heat and

    - generating a normal amount of smoke

according to the criteria stated below.

A material is classified as slightly ignitable, if tested by ISO 5657, the mean time, before continuous ignition, of five specimens tested at 40 kW/m² is less than 1 minute and at 30 kW/m² is less than 3 minutes. It is classified normally ignitable if the mean time at 30 kW/m² is less than 1 minute and less than 3 minutes at 20 kW/m².

Ignitability test

The principles of ISO 5657, also called the Ignitability Test, are as follows. Specimens of the product are mounted horizontally and exposed to thermal radiation on their upper surface at the selected radiation levels. A pilot flame is applied at regular intervals to a position 10 mm above the centre of the specimen to ignite any volatile gases given off.

A material is classified as releasing a slight amount of heat if tested by DS/INSTA 412 three tests all over a period of 10 minutes shows that the temperature curve for the smoke, as an average for the three tests, does not lie above the limiting Curve A (see DS 1065-1) for more than 30 seconds, and that the area thus enclosed between the mean temperature curve and the limiting curve is not greater than 15 minutes x °C. A material is classified as releasing a normal amount of heat if the same applies to three tests but over a test period of 5 minutes per test and with the limiting Curve B (see DS 1065-1).

A material is classified as generating a slight amount of smoke if in three tests in accordance with DS/INSTA 412, over a test period of 10 minutes, it is shown that the area below the mean density curve for the smoke is not greater than 50 minutes x density %. A material is classified as generating a normal amount of smoke if the three tests over 5 minutes shows that the area below the density curve is not greater than 150 minutes x density %.

The Swedish Box method 

DS/INSTA 412, the Swedish Box method, specifies a procedure to determine the tendency of exposed surface of a building product to release heat and generate smoke. The principles are that four specimens are mounted in an enclosure, the fire chamber, so that they cover three walls and the ceiling. The fire chamber is force ventilated and the specimens are exposed to constant heat from a propane burner with its flame impinging on the rear wall and the part of the ceiling. The combustion gases leave the fire chamber through a chimney. The temperature and the light transmission of the combustion gases in the chimney are continuously recorded during the test. The condition of the specimens after the test is noted. This includes melting, foaming, charring, expansion, shrinkage, delamination or any other behaviour.

Only a very few plastic based materials can obtain the highest level (Class A) and the use of BFRs are therefore limited to a very few products e.g. High Pressure Laminates (HPL) which can be used in a number of places. As only a very small amount of plastic products are classified as Class B materials the use of BFRs can be singled down.

Roof coverings

Products used as roof coverings are regulated by DS 1063.1 Fire classification - Roof Coverings which states that a roof covering can be class T if the specimens after six DS/INSTA 413 tests, at two different air flows, meet the following requirements:

1. That the mean damage of the roof covering is less than 550 mm from the centre of the burning crib.
2. That the mean damage of the underlay is less than 550 mm from the centre of the burning crib.
3. That the length of the damage of both the roof covering and the underlay for each test are less than 800 mm from the centre of the burning crib.

The principle of the DS/INSTA 413 is the same as for the flooring test DS/INSTA 414.

Other floor coverings

Fire requirements for other floor coverings than carpets are given in the same standard as used for carpets namely DS 1063.2, Fire classifications - Floorings. The floor coverings are tested according to DS/INSTA 414.

Wall coverings

Wall coverings have to comply with DS 1065-2, if a wall/ceiling module is delivered from the manufacturer with a thin layer of e.g. paint or wallpaper. But if the thin layer of paint or wallpaper is being added at a later date, by e.g. the new owner of the house, the authorities have chosen to disregard the compliance with the standards.

DS 1065-2, Fire classification coverings. In this connection a covering means the outer layer on a wall, floor or roof construction. The classification has only relation to testing in accordance with DS/INSTA 411 and classification in accordance with DS 1065-1. The coverings are classified into two classes as follows:

    – Class 1 coverings

    – Class 2 coverings

Where a covering is classified as Class 1, if it

     – gives protection of material behind it and against fire in any cavities for at least 10 minutes

and in addition either

    – solely consists of class A materials

or

    – is a composite or layered covering, in which the surface on the front side has reaction to fire properties as a class A material, i.e. that the covering when tested (in accordance with DS/INSTA 412 and ISO 5657) from its front side meets all the classification requirements for a class A material.

And a covering is classified as Class 2, if it   

    – gives protection of material behind it and against fire in any cavities for at least 10 minutes

and in addition either

    – solely consists of class B materials

or

    – is a composite or layered covering, in which the surface on the front side has reaction to fire properties as a class B material, i.e. that the covering when tested (in accordance with DS/INSTA 412 and ISO 5657) from its front side meets all the classification requirements for a class B material.

The principles of the test method DS/INSTA 411, Coverings: fire protection ability, are as follows: The covering is attached to the lower side of a horizontally oriented combustible base and is exposed from below in a furnace, to standard heating and pressure conditions, during a specified time stipulated in advance. The temperature on the lower side of the combustible base is recorded. The covering is observed and the time when damage is inflicted on it is noted. After the test the damage to both the covering and the combustible base is noted.

6.2.8    Transportation

Automobiles and busses

Products for use in the interior of automobiles and busses are regulated by the international standard ISO 3795 which does not contain any explicit requirements. These are laid down in legal provisions or conditions of supply.

Mini busses and busses

In Denmark the Detailed regulations for vehicles 1998 state that the interior of mini busses and busses has to be made of materials which comply with ISO 3795 with a flame spread of no more than 250 mm/minute or have to comply with the American standard FMVSS 302 which states that the flame spread must not be more than 101.6 mm/min.

Materials with a faster flame spread can be used:

– as floor coverings, seat coverings and seat upholstery if the total area of the material is less than 300 cm2 and the total volume is less than 100 cm3.

– in other parts of the interior if the total area is less than 300 cm2 measured in any area of a maximum of 625 cm2 and the total volume is less than 100 cm3.

The principle of ISO 3795 is that a sample is held horizontally in a U-shaped holder and is exposed to the action of a defined low-energy flame for 15 seconds in a combustion chamber, the flame acting on the free end of the sample. The test determines if and when the flame extinguishes, or the time in which the flame passes a measured distance.

Plastic fuel tanks

Plastic fuel tanks have to comply with the tests in ECE Regulation No. 34 which is applied to by all European countries with a significant automotive industry. The tests and requirements are as follows:

A fuel tank is filled with fuel to 50% of its nominal capacity and installed in a test rig or in a vehicle assembly which should include any parts which may affect the course of the fire in any way. The filler pipe is closed and the venting system should be operative. Flame is applied to the fuel tank in four phases from an open trough filled with petrol:

1. Preheating: The fuel in the fire through is ignited and burns for 60 s.
2. Direct flame exposure: The fuel tank is subjected to the flame of the fully developed fuel fire for 60 s.
3. Indirect flame exposure: Immediately after completing phase b, a defined screen is placed between the fire through and the tank. The latter is subjected to this reduced fire exposure for a further 60 s.
4. End of test: The fire through covered by the screen is brought to the initial position. The tank and fire through are extinguished.

The requirements of the test are met if, at the end of the test, the tank is still in its mount and does not leak.

Cables   

There are no other requirements for cables than they have to be fixed properly and be protected when running through the body work.

Trains

Products used in trains are normally regulated by UIC 564-2, a standard developed by the European Railway Companies. This standard describes a whole series of tests, of these tests seven are about reaction to fire. The use of BFRs could come into consideration in order to be able to pass these tests.

1. Anlage 4: This method is used to determine the reaction of fire of rigid materials such as plywood, fibre panels, decorative laminates, etc. It cannot be applied to thermoplastics. The principle of the test is as follows. The lower surface of a specimen, held at an angle of 45* to the horizontal, is exposed to an alcohol flame. A note is made of the afterburn, the fall of particles or burning drips and the extent of damage to the specimen.
2. Anlage 5: This method is used to determine the reaction to fire of the textiles used in the interior lining, curtains, seats, etc. The specimen held in a frame in a vertical position is exposed to a gas flame applied at an angle of 45* for 30 seconds. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips.
3. Anlage 6: This method is used to determine the reaction to fire of rubber profiles used for sealing purposes in doors and windows. The vertically suspended specimen is exposed to a gas flame applied to the lower end at an angle of 45* for 30 seconds. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips.
4. Anlage 8: (ISO 3582) This method is used to determine the reaction to fire of cellular plastic and cellular rubber materials. The specimen held horizontally in a frame is ignited by a gas flame the gas flame is kept on for 60 seconds. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips.
5. Anlage 9: This method is used to determine the reaction to fire of electric cables. The specimen is held vertically in front of a metal frame, a gas flame is applied in an angle of 45* 300 mm from the bottom of the specimen. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips and the length of the carbonised zone.
6. Anlage 10: This method is used to determine the reaction to fire of the pneumatically-sprung rubber connections for intercommunication gangways. It covers two methods, A & B, at the choice of the railway. Version A: The end of a specimen lying in a vertical plane and inclined at 70* to the horizontal is exposed to a given gas flame for a given period. The test is carried out on six specimens all with a different time periods ranging from 5 to 30 seconds with steps of 5 seconds. The afterburn is noted after the gas burner has been extinguished. Version B: The specimen, secured in a frame in the vertical position, is exposed to a gas flame applied to the edge of the specimen at an angle of 45* for 30 seconds. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips.
7. Anlage 11: The object of this method is to determine the reaction to fire of the rigid thermoplastic materials. The specimen, secured in a frame in a vertical position is exposed to a gas flame inclined at angle of 45*. The flame is applied for 3 minutes. A note is made of the afterburn or points still alight after the burner has been extinguished, the fall of particles or burning drips.

Ships

In ships the restrictions on the use of combustible materials underlie the regulations in chapter II-2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974), which again relates to the International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures, FTP Code (resolution MSC.61(67)), which provides requirements for the following tests with relation to BFRs:

    - test procedure for surface flammability

    - test procedure for primary deck coverings

    - test procedure for vertically supported textiles and films

    - test procedure for upholstered furniture

    - test procedure for bedding components

Surface flammability and primary deck coverings

The test procedure for surface flammability of bulkhead, ceiling and deck finish materials (Resolution A.653(16)) provides methods for evaluating flammability characteristics of 155 mm x 800 mm specimens in vertical orientation. The specimens are exposed to a graded radiant flux field supplied by a gas-fired radiant panel. Means are provided for observing the times to ignition, spread and extinguishment of flame along the length of the specimen, as well as for measuring the compensated millivolt signal of the stack gas thermocouples as the burning progresses. Experimental results are reported in terms of : heat for ignition, heat for sustained burning, critical flux at extinguishment and heat release of specimen during burning. The classification specifications are as follows:

where    CFE    = Critical flux at extinguishment

    Qsb = Heat for sustained burning

    Qt    = Total heat release

    qp    = Peak heat release rate

Primary deck coverings must fulfil the above mentioned requirements for floor coverings and must not produce burning droplets.

Vertically supported textiles and films

The test for determining resistance to flame of vertically supported textiles and films begins with determining the mode of flame application. This is done on a test specimen of 220 mm x 170 mm pinned in a sample holder. Firstly a gas flame is applied for 5 s. on the face of the specimen then if sustained ignition is not achieved the flame is applied to a new specimen for 15 s. If the ignition is not achieved the procedure is repeated on a new specimen but at the bottom edge of the specimens. The ignition condition to be used for testing the specimens should be that at which sustained ignition is first achieved when the order of test listed above is allowed. In absence of sustained ignition the specimens should be tested under conditions showing the greatest char length. Using the burner position and flame application time found to be appropriate for the specimens under test, a further five samples should be tested as described and the after flame times noted. Any evidence of surface flash should be noted. if afterglow is observed to occur the specimen should remain in the holder until glowing has ceased. The extent of the char is measured.

To investigate if burning drops of thermoplastic materials are capable of igniting combustible materials, cotton wool should be laid immediately below the specimen holder. Note should be made of any ignition or glowing of the cotton wool.

Upholstered furniture

The test procedure for upholstered furniture in ships (A.652(16)) prescribes methods for assessing the ignitability of material combinations, e.g. covers and filling used in upholstered seating, when subjected to either a smouldering cigarette or a lighted match as might be applied accidentally in the use of upholstered seats. It does not cover ignition caused by deliberate acts of vandalism. The principle is to subject an assembly of upholstered materials arranged to represent, in stylised form, the join between the seat and back (or seat and armrest) surfaces of a chair to the two ignition sources. The burning match being represented by a gas flame approximating to the calorific output of a burning match. The test specimen fails the cigarette test if progressive smouldering or flaming is observed at any time within a period of 1 hour. The flame test is failed if after 120 s after removal of the test flame, flaming or progressive smouldering is observed.

Bedding components

The test for ignitability of bedding components in ships (A.687(16)) is carried out with the specimen placed in a horizontal position on a test rig. The ignition source is placed on top of the specimen. The determination of the ignitability is carried out using smouldering and flaming ignition sources. A smoulderable insulation of cotton wool pad on a smouldering cigarette is used as a smouldering ignition source, which is intended to simulate possible smoulderable materials used in bedding. The flaming ignition source is a small gas flame. The ignition of the specimen in progressive smouldering or flaming is observed. If a mattress specimen is to be tested it is placed directly on the test rig. If the specimen is a blanket, pillow, quilt or thin light mattress it is placed on mineral wool which is laid on the test rig. The ignition source is placed on top of the specimen. The time is measured from the moment the ignition source is placed on the specimen. The test duration is one hour from this moment. If the bedding is sold as flame retardant they should be cleansed thrice according to manufacturers instruction. For classification criteria see FTP Code.

Aircraft

Materials used in the interior of aircraft have to comply with JAR(Joint Aviation Regulation )/FAR (Federal Aviation Regulation) Part 25. Requirements for materials and parts used in crew and passenger compartments are given in JAR/FAR § 25.853. They also apply to other aircraft where appropriate.

Vertical test method

In compliance with JAR/FAR 25853(a) and (b), where JAR/FAR 25853(a) covers ceiling panes, wall panels, galley structures, etc. and (b) covers floor covering, textiles, seat cushions, padding and other fabrics, the test method is as follows. A minimum of 3 specimens are tested hung in vertical position and exposed to a Bunsen burner flame at the lower end of the specimen (a) materials for 60 s. and (b) materials for 12 s. The specifications are as follows:

Horizontal test method

In compliance with JAR/FAR 25853 (b-2) and (b-3), where JAR/FAR 25853 (b-2) covers acrylic windows, parts constructed of elastomeric materials, seat belt containers, etc. and (b-3) covers other parts which are not mentioned in other paragraphs. This test method corresponds to ISO 3795. The specifications for the horizontal test are as follows:

45° Test Method

In compliance with JAR/FAR 25855 (a-1) which covers thermal and acoustic insulation and liners used in cargo and baggage compartments. A minimum of three specimens are supported at an angle of 45* to horizontal and a Bunsen burner flame is applied for 30 s and then removed. The classification requirements are as follows:

   – no penetration of specimen

   – afterflame time £15 s

    – glow time  £10 s

60° Test Method

In compliance with JAR/FAR 25. 1359(d) which covers insulation, electric conductors and cables. A minimum of three specimens of the cable must be tested. The specimen is placed at an angle of 60* to horizontal and stretched. A Bunsen burner flame is applied for 30 s approx. 20 cm from the bottom end. The classification requirements are as follows:

   – burn length  £76 mm

   – afterflame time £30 s

   – flaming time of drippings £3 s

6.3    Germany

Within the context of brominated flame retardants fire safety requirements in Germany differ significantly from the requirements in Denmark as regards building insulation materials, textiles and carpets.

Electronic and Electric Products

Electronic and electric products are regulated by the same standards as in Denmark.

Like in Denmark electric household appliances are regulated by EN/IEC 60335, the test method is VDE 0471, part 2-1 which is the German equivalent to the Glow Wire Test.

Lighting

As in Denmark lighting is regulated by EN/IEC 60 598-1.

Wiring

Sockets and switches have to comply with the same standards as in Denmark yet again the Glow-Wire Test is the German equivalent VDE 0471, part 2-1.

The standards for wires, cables and optical fibres are the same as in Denmark.

Textiles and Carpets

In Germany in contrary to Denmark they have regulations for some textiles.

Curtains, draperies and large tents are regulated by ISO 6941 or EN 1101. ISO 6941 is an International Standard which specifies a method for the measurement of flame spread properties of vertically oriented textile fabrics intended for apparel, curtains and draperies in the form of single- or multi-component fabrics. The principle of the method is that a defined ignition flame from a specified burner is applied for a defined period of time to textile specimens which are vertically oriented. The flame spread time is the time in seconds for a flame to travel between marker threads located at defined distances. Other properties relating to flame spread may also be observed, measured and recorded. EN 1101 is a European Standard which refers to The international ISO 6940 as the test method. The principle of ISO 6940 is that a defined ignition flame from a specified burner is applied to textile specimens which are vertically oriented. The time necessary to achieve ignition is determined as the mean of the measured time for ignition of the fabric.

Upholstered furniture is regulated by the European standards EN 1021-1 and EN1021-2. EN 1021-1 (smouldering cigarette) the principle of this test method to subject an assembly of upholstery materials to a smouldering cigarette ignition source. The assembly is arranged to represent in stylised form a junction between a seat and back (or seat and armrest) such as it might occur in a typical chair. The ignitability of an assembly is determined by applying smoker’s materials such as a cigarette. The test method measures the ignitability of the overall composite of materials, i.e. cover(s), interliner, infill material, etc., as constructed on the test rig. The result shall not be stated as being applicable to the general behaviour of any individual component.

The principle of EN 1021-2 is the same as for EN 1021-1 except that the ignition source is a small gas flame.

Mattresses are regulated by the European Standard EN 597-1 and EN 597-2.

The standard EN 597-1 lays down a test method to assess the ignitability of mattresses, upholstered bed bases or mattress pads when subjected to a smouldering cigarette. Air mattresses and water beds are excluded from this standard. The principle of the test is to subject a full upper surface or upper surface characteristic features of the mattress, the bed base or the mattress pad to the contact of smouldering cigarettes so that all the zones having different characteristics are tested.

The standard EN 597-2 lays down a test method to assess the ignitability of mattresses, upholstered bed bases or mattress pads when subjected to a gas flame equivalent to a match flame. Air mattresses and water beds are excluded from this standard. The principle of the test is to subject a full upper surface or upper surface characteristic features of the mattress, the mattress pad or of the bed base to the contact of a gas flame which is equivalent to a match flame by disposing the gas flame so that all the zones having different characteristics are tested.

Protective clothing is regulated by EN 531, EN 533, EN 470-1 and EN 469 as in Denmark.

Floor coverings are regulated by DIN 4102 part 14 a test method which describes a procedure for measuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mounted floor covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source in a graded radiant heat energy environment, in a test chamber. The basic elements of the test chamber are: An air-gas fuelled radiant heat energy panel inclined 30º to and directed at a horizontally mounted floor covering specimen. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy flux distribution ranging, along 100 cm length of the test specimen from nominal maximum of 1.1 W/cm2 to a minimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open-flame ignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-out is converted to W/cm2 from a flux profile graph.

Building insulation materials

In Germany the regulations and standards are different from those in Denmark; here the insulation foams are tested according to DIN 4102 part 1 class B1 where the test is carried out in the "Brandschacht" a chimney-like chamber with the inner dimensions 800 mm x 800 mm. In this chamber is a square burner 200 mm x 200 mm with small gas flames along the edge. During the test the "Brandschacht" is fed a constant airflow. Four test specimens (190 mm x 1000 mm) are then mounted around the burner. The specimens are exposed to flame from the burner for 10 minutes. The exposure to flame may be terminated prematurely if it is clear that the response of the specimens to fire has ended. If there is after smouldering of the specimens, they are to be left in the "Brandschacht" after the end of exposure to air with the air supply maintained until the response to fire has clearly ended.

It is known that if EPS (expanded polystyrene) and XPS (extruded polystyrene foam) are to be classified as B1 (Schwerentflambar) BFRs are often used.

Other building materials are also tested according to DIN 4102 part 1.

Transportation

Products for use in the interior of automobiles & busses are regulated by ISO 3795 as in Denmark, but with a maximum flame spread of 110 mm/min, and by ISO 6941.

Products used in trains are generally regulated by DIN 5510 and in certain cases by UIC 564-2.

The German Standard DIN 5510 refers to a series of test methods:

1. DIN 53 438 which is used for small parts used in walls and ceilings. The principle of this test is that a small gas flame "kleinbrenner" is applied to a vertical specimen at an angle of 45* either on the edge or on the face of the specimen. The flame is held in position for 15 seconds. A note is made of the rate of flame spread and whether or not anupper limit is reached.
2. DIN 54 837 which is used for other products used in walls and ceilings. The principle of the test is the same as for DIN 53 438 except that the specimen and burner are placed in the "Brandschacht" chamber and the flame is applied for three minutes. A note is made of the afterburn, the maximum height of flame, the fall of particles or burning drips, smoke generation and the extent of damage to the specimen.
3. DIN 4102 part 1 which is for non combustible materials, this is not relevant for plastics.
4. DIN 4102 part 14 which is used for floor coverings.
5. DIN 54 341 which is used for seats. The principle of the test is that a paper pillow is placed on the mock up seat and ignited, the seat is placed in a chamber according to DIN 50050 part 2. A note is made of the time it takes for the flames to reach the upper edge of the back rest, the maximum flame height, extent of damage, time of afterflame and afterglow, smoke generation, the temperature in the chamber and the fall of particles and burning drips.

Since the standards for ships are international, the standards and test methods are the same as in Denmark.

Aircraft standards are also international, so the standards are the same as in Denmark.

6.4    UK

Within the context of brominated flame retardants fire safety requirements in the UK differ significantly from the requirements in Denmark as regards building insulation materials, textiles and carpets.

Electronic and electric products

Electronic and electric products are regulated by the same standards as in Denmark and Germany.

Electric household appliances are regulated by EN/IEC 60335, which refers to the Glow-Wire Test just as in Denmark and Germany.

Lighting

Lighting is regulated by EN/IEC 60 598-1as in Denmark and Germany.

Wiring

Like in Denmark & Germany sockets and switches have to comply with UL94 (V-0) or IEC 695-2-1 (Glow Wire Test).

Single insulated wires or cables have to comply with the British Standard BS 4066:Part 1 which is mostly equal to EN/IEC 332-1 the only exception is the calculation of the time the flame has to be applied to the specimen. The flame shall be applied for a time derived from a formula which contains the weight of a cable sample with a length of 600 mm.

Single small insulated wires or cables have to comply with the British Standards BS 4066:Part 2 which is identical to EN/IEC 332-2.

Bunched wires or cables are regulated by the British Standard BS 4066 : Part 3 which is identical to EN/IEC 332-3.

Optical fibre cables have to comply with UL 910.

Textiles and Carpets

The UK has got the most rigorous requirements for textiles, The Upholstered Furniture (Safety) Regulations which was introduced in 1980.

These regulations state that furniture of any description which is ordinarily intended for use in a dwelling, this includes caravans, has to comply with certain standards and has to be labelled accordingly.

According to the regulations upholstered furniture including baby cots, prams and loose pillows has to comply with the British Standard BS 5852: Part 1:1979 and BS 5852: Part 2: 1982. These two standards are by 1990 collected in BS 5852:1990 which is equal to, but not superseding the two previous standards, because the law has not been adjusted accordingly.

The general principle of BS 5852:1990 is that the test specimen is subjected to smouldering and then to flaming ignition; the smouldering source being a cigarette and the flaming sources being selected from a series of three butane gas flames and four burning wooden cribs. The series are designed to represent a range of actual intensities that might be accidentally encountered in various end-use environments.

Mattresses and bed bases are regulated by the British Standard BS 6807:1990. The principle of this standard is that the test specimen is subjected to smouldering and flaming ignition sources placed on top of and/or below the test specimen. The test can be made with or without covers, like bed covers.

Curtains are regulated by the British Standard BS 5867 part 2 which again refers to BS 5438. This standard contains three different tests:

1. A wide vertical strip of fabric or assembly is taken, and a specified small butane flame is applied to the face of the strip for prescribed times. The minimum flame application time is found that causes ignition of the specimen.
2. A wide vertical strip of fabric or assembly is taken, and a specified small butane flame is applied to the face of the strip for a prescribed time. The extent of vertical and horizontal spread of flame is observed. Flaming debris behaviour may be described and the duration of flaming and afterglow and extent of hole formation may be measured.
3. A wide vertical strip of the fabric or assembly is taken and a specified small butane flame is applied to the face of the strip for a prescribed time. The rates of vertical and horizontal spread of flame are measured. Flaming debris behaviour may be described and the duration of flaming and of afterglow may be measured.

Protective clothing is regulated by the European Standards EN 531, EN 533, EN 470-1 and EN 469 just as in Germany and Denmark.

Building insulation materials

Insulation foams are tested according to BS 476 part 6 and part 7.

The British Standard BS 476 part 6 specifies a test method where the test specimen is mounted in a holder in a combustion chamber which also contains a horizontally mounted gas burner and two electrical heating elements. The result is being expressed as a fire propagation index, that provides a comparative measure of the contribution to the growth of fire made by an essentially flat material, composite or assembly. It is primarily intended for the assessment of the performance of internal wall & ceiling lining.

BS 476 part 7 specifies a test method for measuring the lateral flame spread along the surface of a specimen orientated in the vertical position, and a classification system based on the rate and extent of flame spread.

Wall coverings are regulated by BS 476 part 7.

Other building materials are also mainly tested according to BS 476 part 6 and part 7.

Transportation

Products for use in the interior of automobiles & busses are regulated by the International Standard ISO 3795 (which is identical to the British Standard BS AU 169) as in Denmark & Germany, and by ISO 6941as in Germany.

Trains

Products for use in the interior of trains are regulated by the British Standard BS 6853 which is a code of practice that gives guidance on the design and construction of trains in respect of fire, including the choice and testing of materials. Materials are tested according to the following methods:

Panelling, flooring and rigid cellular rubber/plastics according to BS 476 part 6 & 7.

Seating according to BS 5852.

Textiles according to BS 5438 for vertical use.

Solid or flexible cellular rubber/plastics according to BS 2782:Part 1: Method 140A to 140D.

Where Method 140 A is equivalent to ISO 1210 which is an International Standard which specifies a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for comparing the relative burning behaviour of vertically or horizontally oriented plastic specimens exposed to a small-flame ignition source. This method of test determines the afterflame/afterglow times and damaged length of specimens. This method is not applicable to materials that shrink away from the applied flame without igniting. The principle of the test is that a test specimen bar is supported horizontally or vertically by one end and the free end is exposed to a specified gas flame. The burning behaviour of the bar is assessed by measuring the linear burning rate or the afterflame/afterglow time.

Method 140 B is equivalent to ISO 9773 which is an International Standard comparing the relative burning behaviour of vertically oriented thin and relatively flexible plastic specimens exposed to a low-energy-level flame ignition source. These specimens cannot be tested using ISO 1210 since they distort or shrink away from the applied flame source without igniting. The principle of the test is as follows: A test specimen having a nearly cylindrical form is supported vertically by one end and the free end is exposed to two successive applications of a specified gas flame. The burning behaviour of the specimen is assessed by measuring the afterflame and/or afterglow time.

Method 140C is equivalent to ISO 10351 which is an International Standard comparing the relative burning behaviour of small specimens of plastics and also their resistance to burn-through when exposed to an ignition source of medium energy level (500 W flame). This method requires the use of two specimen configurations to characterise material performance. Bars are used to assess burning behaviour, while plates are used to assess the resistance of the material to burn-through.

Method 140 D describes a procedure for determining the degree of flammability of a test piece (550 mm x 35 mm) of thin flexible polyvinyl chloride sheeting, for production control purposes. The principle of the test is that a strip of material is stretched in the form of a semicircle over a suitable frame. One end of the strip is subjected to the flame from a small specified volume of burning alcohol. The test result is reported as the distance over which the strip has burned or charred under these conditions.

Cables are tested according to BS 4066.

Ships and aircraft

Since the standards for ships are international the standards and test methods are the same as in Denmark and Germany.

Aircraft standards are also international so the standards are the same as in Denmark and Germany.

6.5    Summary

General requirements for fire protection from government through relevant legislation are the basis for fire safety standards. The use of brominated flame retardants is not directly regulated by the standards which only state requirements to the flammability of the products or materials. For some polymers these requirements may at present only be fulfilled by the use of BFRs.

In the chapter the fire safety requirements in Denmark are compared to the requirements in Germany and the UK, in the aim of identifying areas where the use of flame retardants in Denmark may differ from the use in neighbouring countries. Within these areas the use of brominated flame retardants in products purchased in Denmark may not be determined by the actual requirements in Denmark but rather be a spin off of the requirements in the larger neighbouring countries.

Electronic and electric equipment

In Denmark fire safety of electronic and electric equipment is regulated by the statuary order 'Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen'. The statuary order refer to international standards and the requirements regarding electric and electronic are basically the same in Denmark and neighbouring countries.

In general all parts of electronic and electric equipment which keep power supplying parts in place have to comply with different flammability tests. For some electronic appliances, for instance TV sets and moveable appliances the standards also state requirements regarding the encapsulation (housing) of the products. The requirements are graduated with the most rigorous requirements for parts in direct contact with power supplying parts of appliances, lighting, wiring, etc.

UL 94    Many of the methods evolves from the American Standard UL94 and the UL94 classification is often used for technical information on flame retarded materials. The classification is as follows with the more rigorous requirements to the left:

Non-foamed material: UL94 V-0 > V-1 > V-2 > V-5A > V-5B >HB

Foamed material: HF1 > HF2

Building insulation materials

The fire safety of building materials is in Denmark regulated by the Danish building regulation BR 95. This requirement excludes the use of plastic based insulation materials in general. There are however some exceptions mentioned in the building regulation. If combustible insulation materials are used there are no fire requirements which necessitates the use of flame retardants. In Germany the regulations and standards are different from those in Denmark; here plastic insulation foams can be used if they comply with a test according to DIN 4102 part 1 class B1. If EPS and XPS are to be classified as B1 BFRs are most often used.

Clothing

There are no fire safety requirements for clothing in Denmark except for protective clothing. Four different standards cover protective clothing for workers exposed to heat, workers exposed to heat and flame, for use in welding and allied processes and clothing for fire-fighters. The requirements are the same in the UK and Germany.

Furniture

here are no requirements for upholstered furniture, mattresses and curtains in Denmark. The UK has the most rigorous requirements for furniture, and BFRs are widely used in the UK to comply with the requirements.

Transportation

There is a wide range of standards regulating the fire safety of means of transport. In general there are rigorous requirements and most materials have to comply with different flame tests. The requirements for vehicles, ships and aircraft are broadly similar in the three countries.

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