| Preface |
| |
| 1 |
Introduction |
| |
| 2 |
The sub-committee’s mandate and
composition |
| 2.1 |
The sub-committee’s mandate and
scenarios for phasing out pesticides |
| 2.2 |
Composition of the sub-committee
|
| |
| 3 |
Definition of the work |
| |
| 4 |
Occurrence of pesticides in the environment
|
| 4.1 |
Pesticides in groundwater |
| 4.1.2 |
Conclusions |
| 4.2 |
Occurrence of pesticides in watercourses |
| 4.2.1 |
Conclusions |
| 4.3 |
Pesticides in lakes and ponds |
| 4.3.1 |
Conclusions |
| 4.4 |
Pesticides in drain and soil water |
| 4.4.1 |
Conclusions |
| 4.5 |
Pesticides in rainwater |
| 4.5.1 |
Conclusions |
| 4.6 |
Exposure pathways |
| 4.6.1 |
Surface run-off |
| 4.6.2 |
Conclusions |
| 4.6.3 |
Spray drift |
| 4.6.4 |
Conclusions |
| 4.6.5 |
Volatilisation |
| 4.6.6 |
Conclusions |
| 4.6.7 |
Degradation and leaching of pesticides |
| 4.6.8 |
Conclusions |
| 4.6.9 |
Pollution from filling and washing sites |
| 4.6.10 |
Conclusions |
| 4.7 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations |
| |
| 5 |
Environmental impacts |
| 5.1 |
Impact of pesticides on the fauna in
cultivated and uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems |
| 5.1.1 |
Conclusions |
| 5.2 |
Effect on the flora in cultivated and
uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems |
| 5.2.1 |
Conclusions |
| 5.3 |
Impacts on flora and fauna in watercourses,
lakes and coastal waters |
| 5.3.1 |
Conclusions |
| 5.4 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning environmental impacts |
| |
| 6 |
Exposure of humans and health effects |
| 6.1 |
Exposure of, and effects on, agricultural
workers |
| 6.1.1 |
Introduction |
| 6.1.2 |
Accidents and injuries |
| 6.1.3 |
Work-related factors with pesticides and
mechanical methods |
| 6.1.4 |
Risk of cancer |
| 6.1.5 |
Other effects |
| 6.1.6 |
Conclusions |
| 6.2 |
Exposure and effects on the population |
| 6.2.1 |
Use and risk groups |
| 6.2.2 |
Risk population and individual vulnerability |
| 6.2.3 |
Exposure of the population |
| 6.2.4 |
Calculations of the population’s intake
of pesticides |
| 6.2.5 |
Determination of the effects of pesticides
on the population |
| 6.2.6 |
Long-term effects of low-dose exposure |
| 6.2.7 |
Conclusions |
| 6.3 |
Poisoning caused by pesticides |
| 6.3.1 |
Conclusions |
| 6.4 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations |
| 6.4.1 |
The sub-committee’s recommendations |
| |
| 7 |
Coformulants and other chemical substances,
including substances occurring naturally in agriculture |
| 7.1 |
Coformulants in pesticides |
| 7.2 |
Proportionality: the chemical impact in
agriculture |
| 7.2.1 |
Chemical substances in agriculture |
| 7.2.2 |
Chemical substances in food products |
| 7.3 |
Natural substances |
| 7.4 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations |
|
|
| 8 |
Identification of environmentally harmful and
dangerous pesticides, and operationalisation of the precautionary principle |
| 8.1 |
Ranking of environmentally harmful and
dangerous pesticides |
| 8.1.1 |
Risk of groundwater pollution |
| 8.1.2 |
Impacts on the environment |
| 8.1.3 |
Effects inhealth |
| 8.1.4 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations |
| 8.2 |
Precautionary principle and risk |
| 8.2.1 |
Approaches to the precautionary principle |
| 8.2.2 |
Groundwater and drinking water as a case |
| 8.2.3 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations |
| |
| 9 |
Environmental and health assessment of
alternative or new methods of weed control and control of pests |
| 9.1 |
Introduction |
| 9.2 |
Weed control |
| 9.3 |
Prevention and control of diseases |
| 9.4 |
Prevention and control of pests |
| 9.5 |
Use of genetically modified crops in
agriculture |
| 9.6 |
Use of spraying techniques to reduce spray
drift |
| 9.7 |
Reduced pollution during cleaning and
filling of spray equipment |
| 9.8 |
Interaction between pesticides, including
growth regulators, and production of toxins |
| 9.8.1 |
Conclusions |
| 9.9 |
Mineralisation in the soil and other
environmental impacts from increased soil treatment in the event of a phase-out of
pesticides |
| 9.10 |
Changes in energy consumption and
emissions of greenhouse gases |
| 9.10.1 |
Conclusion |
| 9.11 |
New pesticides |
| 9.12 |
Conclusions |
| |
| 10 |
Model calculations of the consequences of the
environment and health scenarios for phasing out pesticides |
| 10.1 |
Description of the scenarios |
| 10.2 |
Pollution and exposure of different
compartments |
| 10.2.1 |
Pesticides in groundwater |
| 10.2.2 |
Pesticides in soil, surface water and the
atmosphere |
| 10.3 |
Environmental impacts |
| 10.3.1 |
The fauna in cultivated and uncultivated
terrestrial ecosystems |
| 10.3.2 |
The flora in cultivated and uncultivated
terrestrial ecosystems |
| 10.3.3 |
The aquatic environment |
| 10.4 |
Exposure of humans |
| 10.4.1 |
Exposure of, and effects on, the sprayer
operator |
| 10.4.2 |
Scenarios for the population's intake of
pesticides |
| |
| 11 |
The sub-committee’s summary with
conclusions and recommendations |
| 11.1 |
Introduction and mandate |
| 11.2 |
Occurrence of pesticides in the
environment |
| 11.3 |
Impacts of pesticides in the environment |
| 11.4 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning health and safety |
| 11.5 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning public health |
| 11.6 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning the precautionary principle |
| 11.7 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning ranking |
| 11.8 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions
concerning energy consumption, emissions of greenhouse gases and nutrient leaching |
| 11.9 |
The sub-committee’s conclusions and
recommendations concerning proportionality |
| |
| 12 |
References |
| |
| Annex 1.235 |
| |
| Annex 2 239 |
| |