Survey of azo-colorants in Denmark

Contents

Preface

Executive Summary

Dansk Sammendrag

2 Methodology
2.1 Mass flow analysis
2.1.1 The mass flow analysis paradigm
2.1.2 The parameters of the mass balance analysis
2.1.3 Evaluation of the method
2.2 Technical aspects of azo colorants
2.3 Human toxicity assessment
2.4 Environmental assessment

3 Technical Aspects of Azo Colorants
3.1 General chemistry
3.2 Technical properties of azo dyes
3.3 Technical properties of azo pigments

4 Mass Balance of Azo Colorants
4.1 Industrial uses - general aspects
4.1.1 World production and trade
4.1.2 Danish production and trade
4.1.3 The Product Register
4.2 Plastics
4.2.1 Production and trade
4.2.2 Mass flow analysis
4.3 Leather and leather products
4.3.1 Production and trade
4.3.2 Mass flow analysis
4.4 Textiles
4.4.1 Industrial uses in Denmark
4.4.2 Mass flow analysis
4.5 Paper
4.5.1 Supply and use in Denmark
4.5.2 Mass flow analysis
4.6 Printing
4.6.1 Colorants for printing
4.6.2 Mass flow analysis
4.7 Paints and lacquers
4.7.1 Technical uses
4.7.2 Mass flow analysis
4.8 Mass balance

5 Toxicity and Fate of Azo Dyes
5.1 Physico-chemical properties
5.2 Toxicity
5.2.1 Acute toxicity
5.2.2 Sensitisation
5.2.3 Toxicokinetic
5.2.4 Mutagenicity
5.2.5 Carcinogenicity
5.2.6 Molecular mechanism of carcinogenicity
5.2.7 Aromatic amines - structure activity relationship
5.2.8 Problems of impurities
5.2.9 Exposure
5.3 Environmental fate and exposure
5.3.1 Releases into the environment
5.3.2 Degradation
5.3.3 Distribution
5.3.4 Adsorption
5.3.5 Bioaccumulation
5.3.6 Aquatic compartment
5.3.7 Atmosphere
5.3.8 Terrestrial compartment
5.4 Ecotoxicity
5.4.1 Aquatic compartment
5.4.2 Atmosphere
5.4.3 Terrestrial compartment
5.4.4 Risk characterisation

6 Toxicity and Fate of Azo Pigments
6.1 Physico-chemical properties
6.2 Toxicity
6.2.1 Acute toxicity
6.2.2 Sensitisation
6.2.3 Toxicokinetic
6.2.4 Mutagenicity
6.2.5 Carcinogenicity
6.2.6 Problems of impurities
6.2.7 Exposure
6.3 Environmental fate and exposure
6.3.1 Releases to the environment
6.3.2 Degradation
6.3.3 Distribution
6.3.4 Bioaccumulation
6.3.5 Aquatic compartment
6.3.6 Atmosphere
6.3.7 Terrestrial compartment
6.4 Ecotoxicity
6.4.1 Aquatic compartment
6.4.2 Atmosphere
6.4.3 Terrestrial compartment
6.4.4 Risk characterisation

7 Conclusion and Recommendation
7.1 Conclusions on the individual elements of the survey
7.2 Recommended areas for future investigations