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Degradation of Estrogens in Sewage Treatment Processes

Contents

List of Abbreviations

Summary and conclusions

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Background
• 1.2 Objectives
• 1.3 Organisation

2 Sewage treatment in Denmark

• 2.1 Overview of STPs in Denmark
• 2.2 Types of treatment technologies
• 2.3 The STP selected for this study

3 Estrogens in sewage and sewage treatment processes

• 3.1 Estrogenic substances and their excretion
• 3.2 Levels of estrogens in untreated and treated sewage
• 3.3 The fate of estrogens in sewage treatment plants

4 Experimental Programme

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Activated sludge characteristics
  • 4.2.1 Activated sludge used in the sorption experiments
  • 4.2.2 Activated sludge used in the degradation experiments
• 4.3 Sorption experiments
  • 4.3.1 Sorption kinetics
  • 4.3.2 Sorption isotherm
  • 4.3.3 Analysis
• 4.4 Study of abiotic degradation in water
  • 4.4.1 Experiments
  • 4.4.2 Experimental procedure
  • 4.4.3 Analysis
• 4.5 Study of degradation in activated sludge
  • 4.5.1 Experiments
  • 4.5.2 Experimental procedure
  • 4.5.3 Analysis
  • 4.5.4 Batch reactor characterisation
• 4.6 Chemical analysis
  • 4.6.1 Analytical procedures
  • 4.6.2 Quantification standards and control samples
  • 4.6.3 Instrumentation for quantification
  • 4.6.4 MS-MS parameters
• 4.7 Data treatment for stability experiments

5 Results and discussion

• 5.1 Sorption
  • 5.1.1 Sorption kinetics
  • 5.1.2 Isotherms
  • 5.1.3 K_d-values
  • 5.1.4 Prediction of sorbed fractions
• 5.2 Abiotic degradation in water without activated sludge
• 5.3 Degradation in aerobic activated sludge suspension
• 5.4 Degradation in denitrifying activated sludge suspension
• 5.5 Predictions of steroid estrogens stability
  • 5.5.1 Loss during treatment at STPs
  • 5.5.2 Loss during transport of samples
• 5.6 Batch reactor characterisation

6 General discussion and conclusions

7 References

Appendix 1: Instrumentation details

Appendix 2: Batch reactor characterisation

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Version 1.0 November 2004, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency