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Brominated Flame Retardants
Preface
English summary (Summary) Sammendrag (Sammenfattende artikel) 1 Introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants 1.1 Flame retardants 1.2 The Chemistry of Brominated Flame Retardants 1.2.1 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 1.2.2 Polybrominated Bipenyls 1.2.3 Tetrabromobisphenol A and Derivatives 1.2.4 Hexabromocyclododecane 1.2.5 Other Brominated Flame Retardants 1.3 European and Global Consumption of flame Retardants 1.4 Emission from Products in Service
2 Uses in Denmark 2.1 Chemicals and Semi-manufactures 2.1.1 Import, Export and Production as Chemicals 2.1.2 Consumption with Plastic Compounds and Masterbatches 2.1.3 Consumption with Plastic Semi-manufactures 2.1.4 Consumption with Electronic Semi-manufactures 2.1.5 Emission from Production Processes in Denmark 2.1.6 Summary 2.2 Use in Manufactured Goods 2.2.1 Printed Circuit Boards 2.2.2 Housing of Electric and Electronic Equipment 2.2.3 Other Components of Electric and Electronic Appliances and Machines 2.2.4 Lighting 2.2.5 Wiring and Power Distribution 2.2.6 Textiles 2.2.7 Building Materials 2.2.8 Paints and Fillers 2.2.9 Transportation 2.2.10 Other Uses 2.2.11 Summary 2.3 Unintended Uses as Contaminant
3 Turnover with Waste Products 3.1 Recycling of Brominated Flame Retardants 3.1.1 Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment 3.1.2 Other Recycling Processes 3.1.3 Export of Scrap 3.1.4 Limitations on Recycling of Plastics 3.2 Disposal with Solid Waste 3.2.1 Sources of Brominated Flame Retardants to Solid Waste 3.2.2 Fate of Brominated Flame Retardants by Incineration 3.2.3 Landfilling Activities 3.3 Turnover with Chemical Waste 3.4 Turnover with Waste Water 3.5 Summary
4 Summary and Discussion of the Substance Flow Analysis 4.1 Consumption in Denmark 4.2 Emission and Disposal to the Environment and Landfills 4.3 Substance Flow Balance for Brominated Flame Retardants
5 Regulations and Risk Reduction Measures with Respect to Brominated Flame Retardants
6 Fire Safety Standards in Denmark, Germany and UK 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Denmark 6.2.1 Electronic Products 6.2.2 Electrical Appliances 6.2.3 Lighting 6.2.4 Wiring 6.2.5 Textiles and Carpets 6.2.6 Building Insulation Materials 6.2.7 Other Building materials 6.2.8 Transportation 6.3 Germany 6.4 UK 6.5 Summary
7 Materials and Products with Alternative Flame Retardants 7.1 General Aspects 7.2 Electronic and Electrical Appliances 7.2.1 Printed Circuit Boards 7.2.2 Electronic Component Encapsulates 7.2.3 Housing of Electronic and Electric Appliances 7.2.4 Switches, Sockets, etc. 7.2.5 Other EE Equipment Parts 7.3 Lighting 7.4 Wiring 7.4.1 Wires and Cables 7.4.2 Wall Sockets and Mounting Boxes 7.4.3 Relays, Contactors, Starters, etc. 7.5 Textiles 7.5.1 Furniture 7.5.2 Carpets 7.5.3 Clothing 7.6 Building Materials 7.6.1 Expanded Polystyrene and Extruded Polystyrene Foam 7.6.2 Rigid Polyurethanes 7.6.3 Foils 7.7 Paint 7.8 Transportation 7.9 New Flame Retardant Concepts
8 Alternative Flame Retardants 8.1 Organophosphorus 8.1.1 Triphenyl Phosphate 8.1.2 Tricresyl Phosphate 8.1.3 Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) 8.1.4 Phosphonic acid, (2-((hydroxymethyl)carbamyl)ethyl)-, dimethyl ester 8.1.5 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Containing Thermosets 8.2 Inorganic 8.2.1 Aluminium Trihydroxide 8.2.2 Magnesium Hydroxide 8.2.3 Ammonium Polyphosphate 8.2.4 Red Phosphorus 8.2.5 Zinc Borate 8.3 Nitrogen Containing 8.3.1 Melamine
9 Summary of Alternatives
Literature
A. Appendix 1: List of Fire Safety Standards in Denmark, Germany and UK B. Appendix 2: Abbreviations Used in the Report C. Appendix 3: Physical-chemical Properties of Brominated Flame Retardants D. Appendix 4: Brominated Flame Retardants Registered in the Danish Product Register E. Appendix 5: List of Companies Contacted F. Appendix 6: Calculation of brominated flame retardants in housing of electronics and printed circuit boards G. Appendix 7: Import, Export and Production of Brominated Flame Retardants and other Bromine Compounds 1993-1997
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