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Substance Flow Analysis for dioxins in Denmark 

Contents

Preface

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

Summary and conclusions

1 Introduction
1.1 What are dioxins?
1.2 Formation of dioxins
1.3 Toxicity equivalency factors for dioxins
1.4 Properties and degradation of dioxins
1.5 Basic assumptions for this investigation

  

2. Formation and turnover by industrial activities
2.1 Chemicals
2.1.1 Pesticide manufacturing
2.1.2 Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals
2.1.3 Chemical products
2.2 Materials manufactured by high-temperature processes
2.2.1 Raw materials
2.2.2 Clay-based insulation materials
2.2.3 Tile and bricks based on clay
2.2.4 Cement
2.2.5 Lime
2.2.6 Other materials
2.3 Metal manufacturing
2.3.1 Metal casting
2.3.2 Hot-dip galvanising
2.3.3 Steel reclamation
2.3.4 Aluminium reclamation
2.4 Feedstuff
2.4.1 Fish oil and meal
2.4.2 Meat and bone meal
2.4.3 Green feed drying
2.4.4 Feedstuff products
2.5 Food products
2.6 Pentachlorophenol
2.6.1 PCP in wood
2.6.2 PCP in leather
2.6.3 PCP in textiles
2.7 Use of chlorine for bleaching and disinfecting
2.7.1 Use in Denmark
2.7.2 Bleached products (cork and paper)
2.8 Other industrial processes
2.9 Summary
  
3 Formation and turnover by energy production activities
3.1 Coal power plants
3.2 Other fossil fuels
3.3 Biomass
3.3.1 Wood stoves
3.3.2 Other plants
3.4 Summary
  
4 Formation and turnover by miscellaneous human and natural activities
4.1 Fires
4.1.1 Accidental fires in buildings, installations and transport equipment
4.1.2 Other fires
4.2 Traffic
4.3 Crematories
4.4 Other activities
4.5 Summary
  
5 Formation and turnover by waste treatment and disposal activities
5.1 Metal scrap
5.1.1 Reclamation of cable scrap
5.1.2 Shredder plants
5.2 Chemical waste
5.2.1 Chemical waste incineration
5.2.2 Incineration of waste oil
5.3 Municipal solid waste
5.3.1 Incineration
5.4 Healthcare risk waste
5.5 Municipal landfills
5.6 Biological waste treatment
5.7 Wastewater and sewage sludge
5.7.1 Wastewater treatment
5.7.2 Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge
5.8 Summary
 
6 Total picture for Denmark
6.1 Formation and consumption
6.2 Emissions to the environment
6.3 Substance flow balance for Denmark
  

References

Annex A: List of companies contacted

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