Appendix B: Reference tables, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Handbook on environmental assessment of products

Appendix B
Reference tables

Calculating resource consumption

Table B.1 comprises a number of specially selected, frequently used materials. For each material, the resources used to make it are listed. The resource consumption values are converted into mPR/kg. This means that account has been taken of the availability of the relevant resource worldwide, as well of the annual average consumption per person.

The column entitled "Comments" lists special discharged or emissions associated with production or reprocessing of the relevant resources. The remarks listed under "Comments" should not, however, be regarded as exhaustive.

Table B.1
Conversion of materials consumption into resource consumption

Raw materials	Resource consumption (kg/kg)	mPR/kg	Comments
Aluminium, Al - rolling alloy - casting alloy	Al: 1.00 Al: 0.88 Silicon: 0.12	1.5 1.3	Fluorides1,2
Lead, Pb	Pb: 1.00	Pb: 80.00	Heavy metals
Bronze	Sn: 0.10 Cu: 0.90	Sn: 90 Cu: 15
Cadmium, Cd	Cd: 1.00	Cd: 4,300	Heavy metals²
Calcium carbonate	CaCO3: 1.0	-
Glass	-	0	Plentiful resources
Gold, Au	Au: 1.00	Au: 90,000
Iron, Fe	Fe: 1.00	Fe: 0.08
Cobalt, Co	Co: 1.00	Co: 1,000
Copper, Cu	Cu: 1.00	Cu: 16.5	Heavy metals2
Quartz sand	-	0	Plentiful resources
Mercury, Hg	Hg: 1.00	Hg: 9,100
Manganese, Mn	Mn: 1.00	Mn: 10.00
Brass - rolling alloy - casting alloy	Zn: 0.37 Cu: 0.63 Zn: 0.33 Pb: 0.02 Cu: 0.65	Zn: 12.2 Cu: 10.4 Pb: 1.6 Cu: 10.7
Molybdenum, Mo	Mo: 1.00	Mo: 250
Sodium chloride, NaCl	-	0
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 100%	-	0	Plentiful resources
Natural gas	Natural gas: 1.0	Natural gas: 0.06
Natural rubber	-	0	Renewable resources
Nickel, Ni	Ni: 1.00	Ni: 106
Oil products, refined	Crude oil: 1.00	Crude oil: 0.04
Paper and cardboard	Wood: 1.00	0	Renewable resources
Plastic, ABS acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene	Crude oil: 0.50 Natural gas: 0.50	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02	Styrene¹
Plastic, EPS, Expanded polystyrene	Crude oil: 0.60 Natural gas: 0.40	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02	^Styrene²
Plastic, PA Polyamide	Crude oil: 0.50 Natural gas: 0.50	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PC Polycarbonate	Crude oil: 0.50 Natural gas: 0.50	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PE Polyethylene - HDPE - Linear LDPE - LDPE	Crude oil: 0.57 Natural gas: 0.43 Crude oil: 0.35 Natural gas: 0.65 Crude oil: 0.55 Natural gas: 0.45	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02 Crude oil: 0.01 Natural gas: 0.03 Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PET Polyethylene terephtalate	Crude oil: 0.80 Natural gas: 0.20	Crude oil: 0.03 Natural gas: 0.01
Plastic, POM Polyoximethylene	Crude oil: 0.50 Natural gas: 0.50	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PP Polypropylene	Crude oil: 0.80 Natural gas: 0.20	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PS Polystyrene	Crude oil: 0.50 Natural gas: 0.50	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02	^Styrene²
Plastic, PUR Polyurethane	Crude oil: 0.34 Natural gas: 0.32	Crude oil: 0.01 Natural gas: 0.02
Plastic, PVC Polyvinylchloride	Crude oil: 0.40 Natural gas: 0.20	Crude oil: 0.01 Natural gas: 0.01	Vinylchloride monomers²
Plastic, SAN styrene acrylonitrile	Crude oil: 0.52 Natural gas: 0.48	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02	^Styrene²
Plastic, PB Polybutadiene Synthetic rubber	Crude oil: 0.62 Natural gas: 0.41	Crude oil: 0.02 Natural gas: 0.02	^Styrene²
Platinum, Pt	Pt: 1.00	Pt: 125,000
Silicon, Si	Si: 1.00	0	^{Plentiful resources}
Steel - machine steel - casting iron - stainless steel	Fe: 0.99 Mn: 0.01 Fe: 0.99 Mn: 0.01 Fe: 0.73 Cr: 0.18 Ni: 0.09	Fe: 0.08 Mn: 0.05 Fe: 0.08 Mn: 0.05 Fe: 0.06 Cr: 2.3 Ni: 9.9	Heavy metals¹
Silver, Ag	Ag: 1.00	Ag: 19,000
Pewter, Sn	Sn: 1.00	Sn: 900	^{Renewable resource}
Wood	Wood: 1.00		^{Renewable resource}
Tap water, Danish	Water: 1.00		Heavy metals^1,2
Zinc, Zn	Zn: 1.00	Zn. 33


1	EDIP PC tool (the database)
2	EMEP/CORINAIR, 2000 Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (Second edition)
3	Climate Change, 1997

Calculating energy

Table B.2 illustrates the energy consumption involved in production of materials. The amounts of energy have been calculated as primary process energy and include the amount of energy used to manufacture and reprocess the material. Their energy contents, measured as the lowest calorific value, are also stated. Energy is measured in MJ per kg of the relevant material.

Table B.3 shows the energy consumed to reprocess selected materials.

Table B.4 provides information on the energy consumption associated with selected processes, while table B.5 includes information on the energy content of energy resources.

Table B.2
Energy consumption for production and energy contents for selected materials

Materials	Primary energy, production (MJ/kg)	Energy contents, calorific value (MJ/kg)
Aluminium, Alv	170	0
Ammonia, liquid²	60	25
Argon, Ar²	7	0
Pesticides²	80	20
Bitumen²	50	40
Calcium carbonate, CaCO31	0.14	0
Glass¹	10	0
Copper, Cu¹	90	0
Preservatives²	80	20
Carbon dioxide, liquid²	12	0
Quartz sand¹	0.4	0
Glue, solvent-based²	12	40
Magnesium, Mg3	150	0
Paint and varnish, water-based²	24	5
Paint and varnish, solvent-based²	14	30
Brass¹	80	0
Sodium chloride, NaCl¹	1.2	0
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 100%1	38	0
Natural gas¹	3.4	49
Nickel, Ni¹	190	0
Nitrogen, N₂1	7	0
Oil products, refined, liquid²	50	45
Oil products, refined, gaseous²	45	40
Solvents with oxygen (e.g. ethanol)²	80	25
Solvents, chlorinated²	60	3
Oxygen, O₂²	7	0
Paper/cardboard¹	40	20
Plastic, ABS, acrylonitrile-butidiene styrene¹	95	40
Plastic, EPS, expanded polystyrene¹	79	48
Plastic, PA, polyamide¹	140	30
^{Plastic, PC, polycarbonate¹}	115	30
^{Plastic, PE, polyethylene¹}	75	40
^{Plastic, PET, polyethylene¹ terephtalate}	80	30
^{Plastic, PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate¹}	110	40
^{Plastic, POM, polyoxymethylene (acetal plastic)¹}	84	45
^{Plastic, PP, polypropylene¹}	80	40
^{Plastic, PS, polystyrene¹}	90	40
^{Plastic, PUR, polyurethane¹}	110	30
^{Plastic, PVC, polyvinylchloride¹}	65	20
^{Plastic, SAN, styrene acrylo-nittrile¹}	90	40
^{Plastic, polybutadiene, Synthetic rubber¹}	35	46
^{Stainless steel¹}	46	0
^{Silicon, Si¹}	220	0
^{Cast iron¹}	30	0
^Steel¹	40	0
^Tensides²	60	30
^Wood¹	0.2	18
^{Tap water, Danish1}	0.001	0
^{Vegetable oil²}	80	40
^Wax2	70	45
^{Zinc, Zn¹}	70	0


1	EDIP PC tool (the database)
2	The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, environmental project no. 281, 1995
3	Institute for Product Development

Table B.3
Energy consumption associated with reprocessing of selected materials. The energy consumption values have been estimated on the basis of the EDIP database.

Material	Primary energy, reprocessing MJ/kg
Aluminium, melting	30
Glass, melting	7
Copper, melting	50
Cardboard/paper, reprocessing	10
Steel, melting	20
Stainless steel, melting	40
Plastic, separation and granulation	6¹

1 Simapro database

Table B.4
Energy consumption for processes

Unit process	Comment	Process energy	Unit
Bending metal sheet	Energy measured per meter of sheet bent at 90oC.	0.02-0.2	MJ/m
Lathing or milling of aluminium	Unit is kg of material removed	30	MJ/kg
Electrolytic surface treatment of metal	Great variations	10	MJ/m²
Cold extrusion, medium deformation.	Weak mordanting Cold flow, incl. cold work with metal, here steel or stainless steel.	30	MJ/kg
Sheet pressing Low deformation	Pressing of steel sheets	5-15	MJ/kg
Die casting of plastic	Small objects typically require greater energy consumption than large ones	4-60	MJ/kg
Punching, sheet	Energy per metre	1	MJ/m
Welding	Energy per welded meter in thin sheet (<2mm). Standard distance. Normal distance between weld spots 3-4 cm.	0.7	MJ/m
Pressure die casting	-	20-50	MJ/kg

Table B.5
Energy content of energy resources

Energi	kg	m³	MJ
Solid fuels Coal₂ Wood (hard), TS²	1 1	- -	29.5 18.3
Liquid fuels Gasoline1 Diesel oil1 Fuel gas oil1	1 1 1	0.0014 0.0011 0.0012	42.7 41.9 42.3
Gaseous fuels Butane¹ Bottled gas1 Natural gas² Propane1	0.39 0.46 1 0.51	1 1 0.833 1	118.5 100.5 48.5 90.7

1 Andersen, E. S., et. al., 1981
2 The Danish Environmental Protection life-cycle-assessment System, 1998
3 The density of natural gas is regarded as equal to the density of North Sea gas

Danger categories

Dangerous and hazardous substances are classified according to the threat they represent. This classification is based on the inherent properties of the substances and comprises three main groups:

Explosive and flammable

Harmful to health

Dangerous to the environment

If a substance is only classified as flammable or explosive, it will not be relevant to carry out an environmental assessment.

The symbols used for these substances are shown below. The commonly used indication of danger and the abbreviations are included.

Explosive [E]

Oxidizing [O]

Extremely flammable [Fx]
Highly flammable [F]

If a substance is classified as being harmful to health, it will be relevant to carry out a more detailed assessment. The symbols used for such substances are shown below.

Irritant [Xi]
Harmful [Xn]

Toxic [T]
Very toxic [Tx]

Corrosive [C]

If a substance is classified as dangerous for the environment, it will also be relevant to carry out a more detailed assessment. The symbol used for such substances looks like this:

Dangerous for the environment [N] 182

Definitions and more detailed information about each danger category is available in the Statutory Order on Classification, Packaging, Labelling, Sale and Storage of Chemical Substances and Products.

For each danger category, risk phrases (R phrases) and safety phrases (S phrases) are used.

R phrases specify the hazards of the relevant substance in relation to their classification.

S phrases provide directions on the safety precautions which must be taken for the relevant substance.

All R and S phrases are included in the Statutory Order.

The Statutory Order entitled "List of Dangerous Substances" includes a large number of classified substances. Here, each substance is listed with information on its CAS no., danger category, and R and S phrases.

Table B.7
List of substances which degrade ozone in the stratosphere

Ozone-depleting substances

Substance	Formula	Substance	Formula
CFCs (CFC-11) (CFC-12) (CFC-113) (CFC-114) (CFC-115) (CFC-13) (CFC-111) (CFC-112) (CFC-211) (CFC-212) (CFC-213) (CFC-214) (CFC-215) (CFC-216) (CFC-217)	CFCl₃ CF₂Cl₂ C₂F₃Cl₃ C₂F₄Cl₂ C₂F5Cl CF₃Cl C₂FCl5 C₂F₂Cl₄ C₃FCl7 C₃F₂Cl₆ C₃F₃Cl₅ C₃F₄Cl₄ C₃F₅Cl₃ C₃F₆Cl₂ C₃F7Cl	Halons (halon-1211) (halon-1301) (halon-2402)	CF₂BrCl CF₃Br C₂F₄Br₂
		Individual substances carbon tetrachloride 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) bromochloromethane methyl bromide	CCl₄ C₂H₃Cl₃ CH₂BrCl CH₃Br
HCFCs (HCFC-21) (HCFC-22) (HCFC-31) (HCFC-121) (HCFC-122) (HCFC-123) (HCFC-123) (HCFC-124) (HCFC-124) (HCFC-131) (HCFC-132) (HCFC-133) (HCFC-141) (HCFC-141b) (HCFC-142) (HCFC-142b) (HCFC-151) (HCFC-221) (HCFC-222) (HCFC-223) (HCFC-224)	CHFCl₂ CHF₂Cl CH₂FCl C₂HFCl₄ C₂HF₂Cl₃ C₂HF₃Cl₂ CHCl₂CF₃ C₂HF₄Cl CHFClCF₃ C₂H₂FCl₃ C₂H₂F₂Cl₂ C₂H₂F₃Cl C₂H₃FCl₂ CH₃CFCl₂ C₂H₃F₂Cl CH₃CF₂Cl C₂H₄FCl C₃HFCl₆ C₃HF₂Cl₅ C₃HF₃Cl₄ C₃HF₄Cl₃	HBFCs (HBFC-22B1)	CHFBr₂ CHF₂Br CH₂FBr C₂HFBr₄ C₂HF₂Br₃ C₂HF₃Br₂ C₂HF₄Br C₂H₂FBr₃ C₂H₂F₂Br₂ C₂H₂F₃Br C₂H₃FBr₂ C₂H₃F₂Br C₂H₄FBr C₃HFBr₆ C₃HF₂Br₅ C₃HF₃Br₄ C₃HF₄Br₃ C₃HF₅Br₂ C₃HF₆Br C₃H₂FBr₅ C₃H₂F₂Br₄
HCFCs (HCFC-225) (HCFC-225ca) (HCFC-225cb) (HCFC-226) (HCFC-231) (HCFC-232) (HCFC-233) (HCFC-234) (HCFC-235) (HCFC-241) (HCFC-242) (HCFC-243) (HCFC-244) (HCFC-251) (HCFC-252) (HCFC-253) (HCFC-261) (HCFC-262) (HCFC-271)	C₃HF₅Cl₂ CF₃CF₂CHCl₂ CF₂ClCF₂CHClF C₃HF₆Cl C₃H₂FCl₅ C₃H₂F₂Cl₄ C₃H₂F₃Cl₃ C₃H₂F₄Cl₂ C₃H₂F₅Cl C₃H₃FCl₄ C₃H₃F₂Cl₃ C₃H₃F₃Cl₂ C₃H₃F₄Cl C₃H₄FCl₃ C₃H₄F₂Cl₂ C₃H₄F₃Cl C₃H₅FCl₂ C₃H₅F₂Cl C₃H₆FCl	HBFCs	C₃H₂F₃Br₃ C₃H₂F₄Br₂ C₃H₂F₅Br C₃H₃FBr₄ C₃H₃F₂Br₃ C₃H₃F₃Br₂ C₃H₃F₄Br C₃H₄FBr₃ C₃H₄F₂Br₂ C₃H₄F₃Br C₃H₅FBr₂ C₃H₅F₂Br C₃H₆FBr

The substances in the table degrade the (stratospheric) ozone layer and are regulated worldwide by means of the Montreal Protocol. CFCs are banned, but it is still allowed to manufacture 2.8 per cent of the quantities manufactured in 1989. The use of HCFCs is gradually phased out to zero in the year 2030. Halons may be used in quantities corresponding to 15 per cent of 1989 levels, while HBFCs are banned entirely.

The individual substances are banned. However, bromochloroethane and methyl bromide may be used until 2002 and 2005, respectively.