| ID |
Source |
Substance |
Methods |
Emission factor |
Remarks |
Projection assumptions |
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OF SUBSTITUTES FOR OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS SUBSTITUTES) |
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Refrigerant |
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| K1 |
Household fridges and freezers |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 top-down approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK. information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK, accounting for no less than an
estimated 95% of the market.
Tier 2 bottom-up approach:
- information on imports and
exports of refrigerants in products
based on the average quantity
contained per unit and Danish
statistics.
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- release on filling = 2% (IPCC default)
1 % release from stock per year
(IPCC default)
Lifetime = 15 years (IPCC default)
0% release upon disposal (DK
default). Up to and including 2000,
the quantity remaining upon disposal
was included as emissions (IPCC
default). Legislation in Denmark
ensures drawing-off of refrigerant,
and consequently, the IPCC default
is misleading in the Danish context.
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Stock determined in 1998 for the period 1990-1998 based on information
on consumption from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export statistics
and average quantity of HFC contained in refrigerant and foam per unit (source:
/2/).
For the updating of stock,
import/export data from 1998 is
used, as well as information on
annual HFC consumption by
Danish producers. 1998
import/export data is = net exports
of 141 tonnes HFC-134a
refrigerant + net exports of 1.6
tonnes HFC-134a in foam (note:
DK's largest exporter does not use
HFC for foam moulding, therefore
the export of HFC in foam is less
than the export of refrigerants).
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From 2001, net exports of refrigerants in household fridges are
assumed to account for 50 per cent of consumption.
The consumption in the projection is
not influenced by new phasing-out
regulations.
The effect of charges on HFCs is
expected to give an annual reduction in
consumption of 5 per cent in the
period 2001-2005.
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| K2 |
Commercial stationary refrigerators in retail stores, industry,
etc., and stationary A/C systems in buildings etc. |
HFC-134a, HFC-404a, HFC-401a, HFC-402a, HFC-407c, HFC-507a, other
HFCs, PFCs (C3F8) |
Tier 2 top-down approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption was provided by
importers/suppliers of refrigerants
for commercial refrigerators in
DK.
- information on distribution of
refrigerant consumption at different
sites is estimated using information
from user enterprises, the KMO
and estimates from suppliers.
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1.5% on refilling (DK default)
10% release from operation and
accidents (DK default).
0% release from destruction (DK
default)
In the case of re-use it is assumed
release occurs during the cleaning
process equivalent to 2%. It is good
practice not to account for any
re-use since the original is
accounted for in sales and imports.
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In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage
rate from commercial plants. This assessment was carried out by COWI for the Danish
EPA. This result has led to a decrease in the leakage rates for filling, operation
and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines /16/. |
From 2007, the consumption of refrigerants merely represents the
amount used for refilling existing systems (stock). It is assumed that the consumption
of refrigerants for refilling stock will be reduced by 15 per cent in 2007 and
will then diminish by 5 per cent per year until 2014. From 2015, it is assumed
that consumption will only represent 10 per cent per year compared to current
levels. |
| K3 |
Refrigerated vans and lorries |
HFC-134a, HFC-404a |
Tier 2 top-down approach
- information on refrigerant
consumption in refrigerated vans
and lorries is based on
consumption information from
refrigerated transport companies
as well as data from the KMO.
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0.5% on refilling (DK default)
17% from operation annually (DK
default, same as IPCC)
2% in reuse (DK default)
Lifetime = 6-8 years
0% upon destruction; all refrigerants
are drawn off and are either
recycled or destroyed at the
Kommune Kemi plant
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In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage
rate from refrigerated vans and lorries. This assessment was carried out by COWI
for the Danish EPA. This result has led to a decrease in the leakage rates for
filling and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines. The leakage rate for
operation is still 17% in compliance with IPCC guidelines /16/. |
The tax effect has not been included, since refrigerated vans and
lorries are exempt from taxes.
Stock is defined as 7.7 tonnes
(HFC-134a) and 23.2 tonnes
HFC-404a in 2000 /16/.
Consumption has been projected as
steady state compared to 2001.
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| K4 |
Mobile A/C systems |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 bottom-up and top-down approach. Bottom-up approach for
definition of Danish emission factor and estimate for stock and imports. Top-down
approach used for gathering of consumption data from importers for refilling of
mobile A/C systems. |
0.5% on refilling (DK default)
33% annual release during
operation (complete refilling every 3
years - DK default).
Lifetime for mobile A/C systems
that are serviced is 6 years,
equivalent to two refillings. Systems
do not undergo maintenance after 6
years (DK default).
0% loss at destruction. Gas is
collected and re-used/cleaned, or
treated at Kommune Kemi (DK
default).
Emissions are calculated as 1/3 of
stock from the previous year (n-1).
This means the stock is the central
calculation parameter. The stock is
calculated using DAF annual
statistics in relation to a number of
conditions defined in /16/.
Consumption per annum gives the
quantity used in refilling systems
which undergo servicing (max. 50%
of existing systems).
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In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage
rate from mobile A/C systems. This assessment was carried out by COWI for the
Danish EPA. This result has led to a small increase in the leakage rate for operation
and a decrease for filling and disposal in relation to IPCC guidelines /16/.
The stock figures are updated using
statistics on vehicles in Denmark
from DAF. The average expected
filling for cars and vans is 750 g,
1.2 kg for lorries under 6 tonnes,
1.5 kg for lorries over 6 tonnes,
and 9 kg for buses. Further
calculation assumptions appear
from /16/.
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The projection is based on a steady state stock (203 tons). |
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Foam production |
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| S1 |
Foam in household fridges and freezers (closed cell) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 top-down + bottom-up approach:
- information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK. information on refrigerant
consumption provided by reports
from the main producers of
household fridges and freezers in
DK, accounting for no less than an
estimated 95% of the market.
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10% release in foam production (IPCC default)
4.5% release from stock per year
(IPCC default)
Lifetime = 15 years (DK default)
22.5% remaining upon disposal
which is destroyed in incineration
and thereby is not released as
emissions (DK default).
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Stock of HFC in foam determined in 1998 for the period 1990-1998
based on information from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export
statistics and average quantity of HFC contained in refrigerant and foam per unit
/2/.
For the updating of stock,
import/export data from 1998 is
used, as well as information on
annual HFC consumption by
Danish producers. 1998
import/export data is = net exports
of 141 tonnes HFC-134a
refrigerant + net exports of 1.6
tonnes HFC-134a in foam (note:
DK's largest exporter does not use
HFC for foam moulding, therefore
the export of HFC in foam is less
than the export of refrigerants).
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| S2 |
Soft foam (open cell) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
Other HFCs
(HFC-365)
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Tier 2
- information on foam blowing
agents for soft foam is derived
from reports provided by the main
producer in Denmark, which still
employs HFC in foaming
processes. This producer is
thought to represent approx. 80%
of the Danish soft foam
consumption.
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Emissions = 100% of the HFCs sold in the current year (IPCC default)
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| S3 |
Joint filler (open cell) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
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Tier 2 top-down approach.
- There are no longer any Danish
producers of joint filler employing
HFC as a foaming agent.
Emissions are due to previous
estimates by producers of
imported joint filler products.
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Emissions = 100% of imported quantity contained in joint filler
in the current year (IPCC default). |
The estimated imports in 1998 by a joint filler producer were 10
tonnes HFC-134a and 1 tonne HFC-152a.
This estimate was based on the
assumption that there is an average
of 100 g HFC-134a and 25 g
HFC-152a per tin of joint filler
imported.
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| S4 |
Foaming of polyether (for shoe soles) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
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Tier 2 top-down approach
Information regarding consumption
is identical to the consumption
reported by producer in 1999 + an
estimate of imports/exports of
HFC in shoe soles, 1998.
Tier 2 bottom-up approach:
Imports of HFCs contained in
shoes are based on the average
amount per shoe and on Danish
statistics.
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Emission (Danish default):
- Production = 15 %
- Use = 4.5 %
- Lifetime = 3 years
- Disposal = 71.5%, destroyed in
incineration and thereby not
released as emissions.
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The calculation of the HFC stock in shoe soles is based on the
following assumptions: it is assumed that 5% of all shoes with plastic, rubber
and leather soles contain polyether containing 8 g of HFC-134a per shoe.
Net export with the same
consumption in Danish production
is 0.3 tonnes HFC-134a.
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| S5 |
System foam (for panels, insulation, etc.) |
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
Other HFCs
(HFC-365)
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Bottom-up Tier 2 approach on the basis of information from enterprises
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Emissions = 0. HFC is used as a component in semi-manufactured
goods and emissions first occur when the goods are put into use. |
All system foam produced in Denmark is exported, therefore emissions
can only occur in the country where the goods are put into use. |
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Aerosols |
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Aerosol sprays (industrial products) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2.
- information on propellant
consumption is derived from
reports on consumption from the
only major producers of
HFC-containing aerosol sprays in
Denmark. The importers are
estimated to account for 100% of
Danish consumption.
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Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold to this area of application in
the current year and 50% of the consumption in the second year (IPCC default for
top-down data) |
Top-down data.
Estimates of imports/exports are
based on the producer's assessment
of imports equivalent to 20% of
Danish production in the current
year. Exports are quantified by the
producer.
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MDI (metered dose inhalers) |
HFC-134a |
Tier 2 bottom-up approach
- consumption was studied in 1999
and was evaluated as minimal.
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Due to minimal emissions, this class of products is no longer included
in Denmark's national inventory. |
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Solvents |
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| R1 |
Liquid cleaners |
PFC (C3F8 Perfluorpropane) |
Tier 2.
- information on consumption of
PFC in liquid cleaners is derived
from two importers' sales reports.
This is thought to represent 100%
of the Danish consumption of
PFCs in liquid cleaners.
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Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold to this area of application in
the current year and 50% of the consumption in the second year (IPCC good practice
for top-down data) |
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Top-down data
Phasing-out cf. Statutory Order 1/9
2002. It is assumed that the
consumption is equally distributed over
all months.
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EMISSIONS OF SF6 FROM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND OTHER
SOURCES |
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Insulation gas in double glazing |
SF6 |
Tier 2
- information on consumption of
SF6 in double glazing is derived
from importers' sales reports to the
application area. The importers
account for 100% of the Danish
sales of SF6 for double glazing. In
addition, the largest producer of
windows in Denmark has provided
consumption data, with which
import information is compared.
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Emission (DK-default):
- 15% during production of double
glazing.
- 1 % per year during the lifetime of
the window
- Lifetime = 20 years
- Disposal - 66% of the filled
content of double glazing in the
production year.
- Net exports = 50% of the
consumption in the current year
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Emissions data and lifetimes are based on information from the
window producers and industry experts in Denmark /2/.
The stock is determined on the basis of
consumption information provided by
importers back to 1990. The first
Danish consumption was registered in
1991.
In the projection of emissions, it is
assumed that the consumption of SF6
in Danish window production was
phased out in 2003, after which
emissions only arise from stock.
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Insulation gas in high-voltage power switches |
SF6 |
Tier 3c country-level mass-balance approach
- information on consumption of
SF6 in high-voltage power
switches is derived from importers'
sales reports (gas or
gas-containing products). The
importers account for 100% of the
Danish sales of SF6.
The electricity sector also provides
information on the installation of
new plant and thus whether the
stock is increasing.
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Emission (Danish default):
- release on filling = 5%
- loss / release in operation = 0.5 %
per year
- release in reuse/drawing off = 5%.
- release upon disposal = 0%
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There is one supplier (Siemens) that imports its own gas for filling
in Denmark.
Suppliers (AAB, Siemens, Alstom)
report on new installations.
The stock in 2000 was 57.6 tonnes of
SF6, which covers power switches of
all sizes in production and transmission
plants. The stock has been evaluated
on the basis of a questionnaire survey
in 1999 which encompassed the entire
Danish electricity sector /11/.
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Shock-absorbing gas in Nike Air training footwear |
SF6 |
Tier 2 - top-down approach
Importer has estimated imports to
Denmark of SF6 in training
footwear.
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Lifetime training footwear = 5 years |
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Importer/wholesaler reports that imports for the period 1990-1998
amounted to approx. 1 tonne, equivalent to emissions of 0.11 tonnes per year in
the period 1995-2003. For the period 1999-2005, the importer estimated imports
to represent approx. 1/3, corresponding to 0.037 tonnes per year in the period
2004-2010. |