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Environmental Project no. 1072, 2006

Ozone-depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6

Contents

1 Summary

• 1.1 Ozone-depleting substances
• 1.2 F-gases
  • 1.2.1 HFCs
  • 1.2.2 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
  • 1.2.3 Per fluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs)
  • 1.2.4 Trends in total GWP contribution from F-gases

2 Introduction

• 2.1 Monitoring Group
• 2.2 Objective
• 2.3 Scope and definition
• 2.4 Methods
• 2.5 Explanation of terminology

3 Ozone-depleting substances

• 3.1 Imports and exports
  • 3.1.1 CFCs
  • 3.1.2 Tetrachloromethane
  • 3.1.3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
  • 3.1.4 Halons
  • 3.1.5 Methyl bromide
  • 3.1.6 HCFCs
  • 3.1.7 Disposal

4 Greenhouse gases

• 4.1 Import of substances
  • 4.1.1 HFCs
  • 4.1.2 Sulphur hexafluoride
  • 4.1.3 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
• 4.2 Consumption by sectors
  • 4.2.1 Consumption of HFC refrigerant
  • 4.2.2 Consumption of HFC as foam blowing agent and as propellant
  • 4.2.3 Consumption of SF6
  • 4.2.4 Consumption of PFCs
• 4.3 Emissions of F-gases: HFCs, PFCs and SF6
  • 4.3.1 Actual emissions of F-gases
  • 4.3.2 Emissions of HFCs from refrigerants
  • 4.3.3 Emissions of HFCs from foam plastic products and propellants
  • 4.3.4 Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride
  • 4.3.5 Emissions of perfluorinated hydrocarbons

5 List of references

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. ODP values for ozone-depleting substances and GWP values for clean greenhouse gases
Appendix 2. Statistical data for calculations of imports/exports of fridges/freezers and mobile A/C systems
Appendix 3. Consumption and emissions of ozone-depleting substances in Greenland
Appendix 4. GWP contribution from HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 1993-2020
Appendix 5. Specification of methods and assumptions for emission calculation according to: IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1 Summary

• 1.1 Ozone-depleting substances
• 1.2 F-gases
  • 1.2.1 HFCs
  • 1.2.2 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
  • 1.2.3 Per fluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs)
  • 1.2.4 Trends in total GWP contribution from F-gases

1.1 Ozone-depleting substances

ODP-weighted consumption for 2004 has been calculated at 2.83 ODP tonnes, a further reduction of 14.53 ODP tonnes compared to 2003, when consumption was 17,36 ODP tonnes.

The table below shows ODP-weighted consumption calculated on the basis of information on imports from importers and producers. The ODP values are listed in Appendix 1, Table 1.a.

Table 1.1 Overview of consumption and ODP-weighted consumption in 2002-2004, Tonnes

(1) In the calculation of the ODP-weighted consumption of CFCs, CFC-113 is the only substance which has been reported and which is included in the calculation basis.

Danish consumption of methyl bromide has only been used as feedstock for other chemical production. Therefore it is not included as an emission.

CFCs, tetrachloromethane, and trichloroethane are used exclusively for laboratory purposes.

HCFCs are used as refrigerants or for foam production (system foam). The areas of application of HCFCs in 2004 are shown in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Consumption of HCFCs by application area in 2004, tonnes.

Only regenerated HCFC-22 is used as a refrigerant in Denmark and import of new HCFC 22 is exported to other countries for use as refrigerant. Regenerated HCFC 22 is not included in calculation of the ODP weighted consumption.

HCFC-141b is used in foam production

Figure 1.1 The development of ODP-weighted consumption 1986-2004, tonnes.

The specific consumption figures for individual substances and groups of substances and the ODP contribution calculated for the period 1992-2004 appear in Table 3.1 in Chapter 3.

1.2 F-gases

The GWP-weighted actual emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ in 2004 were 796.8 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents. The corresponding emissions were 745.6 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents in 2003, as reported in /13/.

Emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ in 2003 contributed about 1 per cent of the total Danish GWP contribution /21/. The formal 2004 inventory has not been completed yet while comparison has not been made.

In Table 1.3 below, consumption, actual emissions and stock in products are summarised after making adjustments for any imports and exports of stock in products.

Table 1.3 Consumption, actual emissions, stock, adjusted for imports/exports as well as GWP contribution from greenhouse gases 2004, tonnes.

In Figure 1.2 below, total GWP contributions from HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ are shown in relation to individual sources. The figure shows the sources responsible for individual contributions in 2004.

Figure 1.2 The relative distribution in 2004 of GWP contribution, analysed by source

The figure shows that emissions from refrigerants used in commercial stationary refrigerators account for the largest GWP contribution. These refrigerators cover 61,7 per cent of the total actual contribution in 2004. The contribution is primarily from HFCs, and a small part is from PFCs.

The second-largest GWP contribution, accounting for 12,8 per cent, comes from ongoing releases of HFCs from insulating foam and insulation foam in fridges and freezers.

Mobile A/C contribute with 10,5 per cent and six per cent of the GWP contribution stems from HFC emissions released during the production of soft foam and from the use of HFC-based aerosol sprays.

The three substantial sources of SF₆ emissions in 2004 were power switches, laboratories, and double glazing windows. These contributed more or less equally, and together account for about four per cent of the total GWP contribution.

HFCs comprise around 94 per cent of the overall GWP contribution in 2004. Emissions of SF₆ comprise four per cent and emissions of PFC contribute with two per cent to the total contribution.

The relative distribution is shown in Figure 1.3 below.

Figure 1.3 The relative distribution of the GWP contribution from HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆, 2004.

1.2.1 HFCs

In 2004, the total import (minus re-export) of pure HFCs was 706.2 tonnes. The total import of HFC's were 711.5 tonnes if substances in blends are included. The amount represents a significant increase compared to 2003, when total consumption was around 528.3 tonnes and the level is close to the year 2002 consumption of 713.2 tonnes. The increase occurs for almost all of the HFC's. In particular the consumption of HFC-404a has increased with 107.6 tonnes and HFC-134a with 66.1 tonnes. See page 24 for further details.

The 2004 consumption of pure HFC-134a is increased to 306.5 compared to 2003, where the consumption was 241.2 tonnes. The increased consumption is mainly related to commercial refrigeration system, where the consumption is enlarged with approx. 65 tons since 2003.

The consumption of HFC-404a used in commercial refrigeration system has increased from 134.5 tonnes in 2003 to 240.3 tonnes in 2004 representing an increase of approx. 105 tonnes.

The consumption of HFC-407c has increased to 101.3 tonnes in 2004 which are 4.5 tonnes more than 2003. HFC-407c is now more frequently applied in new refrigerators, where previously the ozone depleting refrigerant HCFC-22 was used.

The total GWP contribution from HFCs was 747.8 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents, which is an increase of more than 50 thousand tonnes compared to 2003.

1.2.2 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)

The consumption of sulphur hexafluoride was approx. 2.3 tonnes in 2004, which is almost the same as in 2003.

Actual emissions have been calculated at 1.4 tonnes, equivalent to a GWP contribution of 33.1 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents. In 2003, emissions were 31.9 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

1.2.3 Per fluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs)

In 2004, the consumption of per fluorinated hydrocarbons (per fluoropropane), which are used exclusively in the refrigerant R413a, was 0.3 tonnes. The actual GWP-weighted emission from stock containing R413a and consumption is 15.9 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents, which is a continuation of the reduction occuring from 2002 to 2003.

1.2.4 Trends in total GWP contribution from F-gases

Figure 1.4 shows the trend in Danish GWP contributions 1992-2004 from HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. The differences from the present calculations of the total GWP value compared with earlier calculation methods are illustrated in the figure.

Figure 1.4 Trends in GWP-weighted potential, actual and adjusted actual emissions 1992-2004, 1000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

The figure shows that the GWP emission, again in 2004, has increased

The development in the GWP contribution 1992-2004 can also be seen in Table 1.4 below.

Table 1.4 Total GWP-contribution from HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, 1000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents, determined according to the four different methods of calculation applied during this period

2 Introduction

• 2.1 Monitoring Group
• 2.2 Objective
• 2.3 Scope and definition
• 2.4 Methods
• 2.5 Explanation of terminology

On behalf of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (Danish EPA), the consulting firm PlanMiljø carried out an evaluation of Danish consumption and emissions of ozone-depleting substances and the industrial greenhouse gases, or so-called F-gases, HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ for 2004. The evaluation was carried out in continuation of previous evaluations /13/ and references in these.

The evaluation includes a calculation of actual emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. In this calculation of actual emissions, the release from stock of greenhouse gases in products has been taken into account, and adjustments have been made for imports and exports of the greenhouse gases in products. Appendix 5 describes the specific emission factors, etc.

The evaluation was partly prepared to enable Denmark to fulfil its international obligations to provide information within this area, and partly to follow the trend in consumption of ozone-depleting substances as well as the consumption and emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. An example of reporting of Danish emissions is given in reference /18/ and /19/, and most recently, in reference /21/.

The ozone-depleting substances regulated by the Montreal Protocol are depleting the earth's protective ozone layer at a much greater rate than natural processes reproduce ozone. This is disturbing the natural balance and leading to an increase in dangerous ultraviolet radiation. The depletion is dependent on the different ozone-depleting potentials of the specific substances: their ODP values (Ozone-Depleting Potential).

Greenhouse gases cause an increase in the ability of the atmosphere to retain surplus heat radiated from the earth. Consequently the temperature of the earth's surface is rising and this leads to climate changes. There are several ozone-depleting substances that also have a strong greenhouse effect.

The potential effect of different greenhouse gases varies from substance to substance. This potential is expressed by a GWP value (Global Warming Potential). The so-called F-gases that do not have an ozone-depleting effect, but which have high GWP values (HFCs, PFCs and SF₆) are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol under the Climate Change Convention.

The Danish EPA has published a booklet on the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect /5/, and in cooperation with the other Nordic countries, the Danish EPA has published a booklet on the protection of the ozone layer - Nordic Perspective /6/. The Danish EPA has also published a report on substituting the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF₆ /10/.

2.1 Monitoring Group

The project was overseen by a monitoring group. The monitoring group reviewed the evaluation results. The monitoring group consisted of:

• Frank Jensen, Danish EPA
• Mikkel Aamand Sørensen, Danish EPA
• Erik Lyck, National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark (NERI)
• G. Teddy Hansen, AKB Denmark (Authorized Refrigeration Installers Association)
• Marianne Kodahl, Confederation of Danish Industries (DI)
• Tøger Flagsted, Statisitics Denmark
• Tomas Sander Poulsen, PlanMiljø

2.2 Objective

The objective of this project was to map the 2004 consumption of newly produced industrial ozone-depleting substances and the consumption and actual emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. The evaluation was made in accordance with the IPCC guidelines (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) /4/, and following the method employed in previous evaluations.

In Appendix 1, Tables 1.a and 1.b show the ozone-depleting substances regulated by the Montreal Protocol, their chemical formulas and ODP values (Ozone-Depleting Potential), and the potent industrial greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol under the Climate Change Convention, including their chemical formulas and GWP values (Global Warming Potential).

2.3 Scope and definition

Ozone-depleting substances

This evaluation covers the net consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The term “net consumption” is understood as the amount of imported goods in bulk or drums, less any re-export of substances as raw materials.

Ozone-depleting substances contained in finished products that are imported and exported are not included in the evaluation. This delimitation is in full compliance with international guidelines.

The evaluation does not account for the consumption of ozone-depleting substances used as raw material in the production of other substances, such as tetra chloromethane, and which are not subsequently emitted to the atmosphere.

The information on consumption has been gathered from importers, suppliers and enterprise end-users (usually purchasing departments), and Statistics Denmark. This method of data gathering means that the information gathered is about the quantities of substances traded. Purchase and sales figures are used as an expression of consumption. This approach is considered to be suitable and adequate for the present purpose, since experience from previous projects shows that a levelling out occurs with time and that the substances sold/purchased are consumed within a relatively small time horizon.

None of the substances covered here are produced in Denmark. Furthermore, ozone-depleting substances are treated at chemical waste processing plants in Denmark. Treatment and destruction data was gathered for the evaluation, but in line with all previous evaluations it has not been accounted for in the consumption figures.

F-gases

The evaluation of the actual emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF₆ was carried out in continuation of previous evaluations, which have become increasingly more comprehensive and accurate in step with the development of internationally approved guidelines (IPCC Guidelines) and guidance (IPCC Good Practice Guidelines) and the provision of increasingly detailed data.

The evaluation of the actual emissions includes quantification and calculation of any imports and exports of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ in products, and it includes substances in stock. This is in accordance with the latest and most accurate method of calculation (Tier 2) among the options provided for in the IPCC Guidelines /4/.

2.4 Methods

Consumption and emissions

The evaluation of the consumption and the calculation of emissions and stock were carried out on the basis of information from six sources:

• Importers, agency enterprises, wholesalers, and suppliers
• Consuming enterprises, and trade and industry associations
• Recycling enterprises and chemical waste recycling plants
• Statistics Denmark
• KMO, the Danish Refrigeration Installers' Environmental Scheme
• Previous evaluations of HFCs, PFCs and SF₆ /2, 11, 13, 16/.

Information for the present evaluation was first gathered by means of a questionnaire survey. The responses to the questionnaires were supplemented where necessary with information gathered by telephone.

The results of the project are primarily based on the information received from enterprise and importer respondents etc., as well as reports and statistics from KMO, etc.

The information gathered from importers and suppliers was compared with information from consumer enterprises in order to monitor any discrepancies between purchase and sales information and application of the substances. In some cases, the use of individual substances was estimated on the basis of two sources, since the majority of the consuming enterprises were known. In cases where not all enterprise end-users had specified the application area for substances, the consumption of individual substances was estimated on the basis of the information provided by importers, suppliers, and any trade and industry-related associations, such as KMO.

There may be inconsistencies between the information provided by suppliers and enterprise end-users. This is partly due to imports from other EU countries, changes in inventories of substances, or a lack of correlation between the quantities sold and the quantities consumed. It is also due in part to a certain amount of uncertainty in the method of calculation used by enterprises. However, sales and consumption information has been harmonised.

The estimated average degree of uncertainty in the report's consumption figures (quantities sold and bought) is about 10-15 per cent, and slightly greater for data regarding application areas. The degree of uncertainty in the calculation of actual emissions is estimated at 20-25 per cent, depending on import/export information for the specific products.

The evaluation was conducted using two different methods /4/:

• Potential emissions (ozone-depleting substances)
• Actual emissions (HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆)

The ozone-depleting substances are not included in the calculations of emissions of greenhouse gases, since ozone-depleting substances are regulated by the Montreal Protocol. When evaluating emissions of ozone-depleting substances, net consumption is considered equivalent to potential emissions. Thus:

Potential emissions = imports + production - exports - destruction/treatment.

The evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions is based on a calculation of actual emissions. Actual emissions are emissions in the relevant year, accounting for the time lapse between consumption and emissions. Actual emissions include Danish emissions from production, from products during their lifetimes, and from the disposal of products. Actual emissions for the specific areas of application are determined on the grounds of the following analyses:

Tier 2 Top-down analysis

In the Tier 2 Top-down analysis, emissions are determined on the basis of information on consumption in the various areas of application and calculated or estimated emissions in the area of application (emission factors).

Tier 2 Bottom-up analysis.

In the Bottom-up analysis, the estimated emissions for a specific application area are based on information from producers using substances in production and in products; information on imports and exports of products; information on the technological developments within the application areas; information on the average amount of greenhouse gases contained in products; and information on the lifetime of products and actual emissions during their use and disposal.

Tier 2 bottom-up analyses were carried out within selected areas over a number of years. The analyses quantified the stock and, in some cases, Danish emission factors. Detailed analyses were carried out for commercial refrigerators, mobile A/C systems, fridges, freezers, and SF₆ power switches. Analyses were evaluated in separate reports /2, 11, 16/.

Bottom-up comprises:

• Screening of the market for products in which greenhouse gases are used.
• Defining the average content of greenhouse gases per product unit.
• Defining the lifetime and the disposal emissions of products.
• Identifying technological characteristics and trends of significance for emissions of greenhouse gases.
• Calculating imports and exports on the basis of defined key figures, Statistics Denmark's foreign trade statistics, and information from relevant industries.

Results from this analysis have been expanded in the present evaluation of actual emissions.

As far as possible, the consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases have been evaluated individually, even though consumption of certain HFCs has been very limited. This was done to ensure transparency and consistency in time in the calculation of the sum of HFCs as their GWP value. However, it was necessary to operate with a category for "Other HFCs", as not all importers and suppliers have detailed records of sales of individual substances.

Uncertainty varies from substance to substance. Uncertainty is greatest for HFC-134a due to its widespread application in products that are imported and exported. The greatest uncertainty in the analysis of substances by application areas is assessed to concern the breakdown of consumption of HFC-404a and HFC-134a between commercial stationary refrigerators and mobile A/C systems. This breakdown is significant for the short-term (about 5 years) emissions calculations, but will balance out in the long term. This is because the breakdown is only significant for the rate at which emissions are released.

Appendix 5 shows an overview of all application areas included with descriptions of the bases of calculation.

2.5 Explanation of terminology

The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout this report:

• Enterprise end-user: A producer that uses ozone-depleting substances or greenhouse F-gases in connection with production processes in the enterprise.
   
• Emission factor: The factor used in the calculation of emissions from a product or a production process.
   
• Consumption: Consumption includes the quantities of substances reported in Denmark in the year in question via imports from wholesalers and information from Danish producers.
   
• Importer: Enterprises in Denmark that sell the relevant substances on the Danish market.
   
• KMO: The Danish Refrigeration Installers' Environmental Scheme
   
• Stock: The amount of substance contained in products in use in Denmark.

3 Ozone-depleting substances

• 3.1 Imports and exports
  • 3.1.1 CFCs
  • 3.1.2 Tetrachloromethane
  • 3.1.3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
  • 3.1.4 Halons
  • 3.1.5 Methyl bromide
  • 3.1.6 HCFCs
  • 3.1.7 Disposal

All known importers of ODSs responded to the questionnaire survey. The responses provide information on imports/exports, sales/purchases, and areas of application for relevant substances (including both mixed and pure substances). All ODSs reported by the importers are newly produced ODSs.

The information from importers was supplemented with statistical information from Statistics Denmark for 2004. Statistical data was used to cross-check imports/exports information from importers. The statistics do not distinguish between new and re-used substances, and thus imports could, in principle, consist of both new and re-used substances.

The foreign trade statistics for 2004 assign the following ozone-depleting substances to the following separate positions:

• CFC-11 (position no. 2903.41.00)
• CFC-12 (position no. 2903.42.00)
• CFC-113 (position no. 2903.43.00)
• CFC-115 (position no. 2903.44.90)
• Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) (position no. 2903.14.00)
• 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) (position no. 2903.19.00)

The foreign trade statistics also include some substance group positions that can indicate trends in imports and exports of HCFCs (and HFCs and PFCs), but due to the broad definitions of the substance groups, it is not possible to utilise the position numbers in the evaluation since this relates to individual substances.

3.1 Imports and exports

The following sections describe imports and sales of individual ozone-depleting substances.

3.1.1 CFCs

On the basis of information from importers, sales of new CFCs in 2004 were 0.01 tonnes. In 2003, sales were 0.1 tonnes. The reduction is due to new techniques, so that CFC-113 is no longer used for analysis purposes by the off-shore industry.

One importer reports having sold 0.01 tonnes of CFC-113 for laboratory purposes.

Statistics Denmark registered imports of 0.001 tonnes of CFC-113, 0.001 tonnes CFC-11, and 15.45 tonnes of CFC-12 in 2004. Imports of CFC-11 and CFC-12 are prohibited and therefore enterprises' calculations are being re-examined for correctness.

3.1.2 Tetrachloromethane

In 2004, imports and sales of tetrachloromethane were 0.033 tonnes. In 2003, imports and sales were 0.36 tonnes.

Statistics Denmark registered imports of 0.05 tonnes in 2004.

3.1.3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

In 2004 the import of 1,1,1-Trichlorethane were 0.009 tonnes. There were no reports of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in 2003.

Statistics Denmark registered imports of 0.017 tonnes in 2004.

3.1.4 Halons

Halons have been phased out and there were no reports of imports of halons in 2004.

3.1.5 Methyl bromide

Methyl bromide was only imported for feedstock in 2004.

3.1.6 HCFCs

Six enterprises imported HCFCs in 2004.

Consumption of HCFC-22 has gone up, whereas consumption of HCFC-141b has gone down. There has been no consumption of HCFC-142b.

In 2004, imports of HCFC-22 (regenerated) were about 112.1 tonnes and import through HFC mixtures were 10.3 tonnes. Re-exports were about 180.7 tonnes.

Imports of HCFC-141b were 20.3 tonnes in 2004. In 2003, imports totalled 102.4 tonnes.

There were no imports of HCFC-142b in 2004, and Danish consumption of this substance has been phased out.

Table 3.1 Developments in consumption and potential emissions, tonnes (ODP-weighted tonnes are shown in italics).

Click here to see table 3.1

Table 3.2 shows an overview of the Danish consumption of HCFCs by application area, based on information from importers and producers.

Table 3.2 HCFC consumption analysed by application area for 2004, based on information from importers and producers, tonnes.

3.1.7 Disposal

Denmark has two treatment facilities for destruction of ODSs - Kommune Kemi and Århus Genindvinding. All ODSs to be disposed are sent to these plants.

Kommune Kemi does not operate a registration system for individual substances because it receives and treats all substances in mixed tanks. Consequently, it is not possible to quantify the amounts of substances collected for treatment based on what the plant receives. Therefore, information from the importers that receive and send on used ODSs for treatment at the KK plant has been used instead.

Århus Genindvinding register the specific annual quantities of individual substances disposed at the facility.

The ODSs disposed in 2004 appear in the table below.

Table 3.3 Disposed ODSs in 2004, tonnes.

Some of the HCFC-22 originates from HFC blends (HFC-401a, HFC-402a, HFC-408a, HFC-409a) which are sent by Danish importers to the Kommune Kemi for destruction

4 Greenhouse gases

• 4.1 Import of substances
  • 4.1.1 HFCs
  • 4.1.2 Sulphur hexafluoride
  • 4.1.3 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
• 4.2 Consumption by sectors
  • 4.2.1 Consumption of HFC refrigerant
  • 4.2.2 Consumption of HFC as foam blowing agent and as propellant
  • 4.2.3 Consumption of SF6
  • 4.2.4 Consumption of PFCs
• 4.3 Emissions of F-gases: HFCs, PFCs and SF6
  • 4.3.1 Actual emissions of F-gases
  • 4.3.2 Emissions of HFCs from refrigerants
  • 4.3.3 Emissions of HFCs from foam plastic products and propellants
  • 4.3.4 Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride
  • 4.3.5 Emissions of perfluorinated hydrocarbons

4.1 Import of substances

An overall picture of the trends in imports of greenhouse gases is given in Table 4.1, based on information from importers for the years 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994-2004.

4.1.1 HFCs

HFCs were imported by ten enterprises in 2004. Five of these end-users, importing directly from other EU countries.

In 2004, the total import (minus re-export) of pure HFCs was 706.2 tonnes. The total import of HFC's were 711.5 tonnes if substances in blends are included. The amount represents a significant increase compared to 2003, when total consumption was around 528.3 tonnes and the level is close to the year 2002 consumption of 713.2 tonnes. The increase occurs for almost all of the HFC's. In particular the consumption of HFC-404a has increased with 107.6 tonnes and HFC-134a with 66.1 tonnes.

The 2004 import of HFC-134a is increased to 306.5 tonnes compared to 2003, where the import was 241.2 tonnes Further more is 5.3 tonnes HFC 134a imported in the blend refrigerant R413 blend (88% HFC-134a). The increased consumption is mainly related to commercial refrigeration system, where the consumption is enlarged with approx. 65.3 tonnes since 2003.

Imports of HFC-404a increased from 145 tonnes in 2003 to 252.6 tonnes in 2004. Similar to HFC-134a the increased consumption is mainly related to commercial refrigeration system, where the consumption is enlarged with app. 106 tons since 2003.

Imports of HFC-407c increased from 96.8 tonnes in 2003 to 101.3 tonnes in 2004. HFC-407c is a substitute refrigerant for HCFC-22 in refrigerators, and the increase is therefore a natural consequence of the required phase-out of R-22 installations.

Imports of HFC-507a increased to 10.6 tonnes in 2004. In 2003, imports were 9.2 tonnes.

The import of HFC-410a was 2.6 tonnes and the import of other HFC's and refrigerants containing HFC's (RS24, RS44, HFC-245fa, HFC-365, Isceon) were netto 28.8 tonnes blend products where HFC's is part of the contents.

The import of HFC-152a used for foam blowing was 11 tonnes in 2004

There were no imports of HFC-401a and HFC-402a in 2004.

4.1.2 Sulphur hexafluoride

Six importers reported having imported and sold 2.34 tonnes of sulphur hexafluoride in 2004. Sulphur hexafluoride was used in power switches and in production of micro chips.

Use of SF₆ in the metal industry was phased out in 2000 and in the glazing industry in 2001.

4.1.3 Per fluorinated hydrocarbons

There has been a minor import of per fluoro compound C3F8,, of 0.3 tonnes. The amount was contained in the blend refrigerant R413 used in commercial refrigerators.

Table 4.1 Developments in imports of greenhouse gases, tonnes.

Click here to see table 4.1

4.2 Consumption by sectors

The evaluation of consumption distributed on sectors is estimated on the basis of information from importers and producers, and on sales reports to the Danish Refrigeration Installers' Environmental Scheme (KMO). Table 4.2 shows consumption distributed on sectors.

Table 4.2 Consumption of HFC distributed on sectors in 2004, tonnes.

There are no other known sectors using HFCs in Denmark than those appearing in Table 4.2. Compared to recent years, the table specify the consumption further into to the sub-sectors Mobile A/C, Stationaty A/C.

4.2.1 Consumption of HFC refrigerant

In recent years, the Danish consumption of HFCs as refrigerants points toward increased use of HFCs in commercial refrigeration.

The general increase in HFC refrigerants in commercial systems is a natural consequence of the phase-out of airconditioners based on R-22 (HCFC). More over, commercial refrigeration with R-12 and R-502 were replaced by R-22 systems after 1995 when CFCs were banned in Denmark. This added to the percentage of refrigeration systems with R-22. The production of new R-22 systems was prohibited in 2000 and substitution with R-22 in existing systems was prohibited in 2002.

The use of HFC's as refrigerant in commercial refrigeration systems covers app. 60 per cent of the total consumption in 2004. The most commonly used refrigerant in commercial refrigeration is HFC-404a and HFC-134a. Only app. 8 per cent of the HFC consumption is used in foam blowing and for other purposes than refrigeration in 2004.

The consumption of HFC-134a as a refrigerant in fridges/freezers was further decreased in 2004. The decrease is not an indication of a general reduction in the production in the Danish refrigeration sector but an indication of that the sector has substituted to other alternatives.

The consumption of refrigerants in vans and lorries is stable and the consumption of refrigerants for mobile A/C systems seems to have increased again slightly this year.

Consumption by application area is based on information from producers and importers and on data from KMO, which receives reports of the sales of substances from refrigerator installers and automobile garages, etc. (only when drawing-off is more than 1 kg).

The consumption of refrigerants for household fridges and freezers is calculated on the basis of information from enterprise end-users.

The consumption figures for refrigerants in commercial and stationary A/C systems, and mobile A/C systems and refrigerators are estimated using data from KMO and information from importers as well as statistics on car imports.

Table 4.3 shows the relative consumption by weight of refrigerants according to application area.

Table 4.3 Consumption of refrigerants, divided on refrigeration units, 2004, tonnes.

4.2.2 Consumption of HFC as foam blowing agent and as propellant

In 2004, there was an increase in the consumption of HFC-134a for foam blowing. This increase is primary related to a higher production in the soft foam sector.

Thus, it is considered that the general trend in the recent years is reduction of the HFC consumption as a blowing agent and this is the direct consequence of a statutory order on phase-out of potent industrial greenhouse gases, as well as the fact that there are competitive alternative technologies available on the market.

In 2004, the uses of HFCs as propellants in aerosols for specific purposes were about the same as in 2003.

As in previous years, there have been no reports of consumption of HFCs for chemical production, fire extinguishing equipment, or other application areas apart from those mentioned.

4.2.3 Consumption of SF₆

The overall consumption of SF₆ in 2004 was app. 2.3 tonnes. Consumption of SF₆ was used for power switches in high-voltage power systems and in micro chip production

Table 4..4 Consumption of SF₆ by application area, tonnes

4.2.4 Consumption of PFCs

The consumption of PFC'a in 2004 was 0.3 tonnes. The amount is contained in the blend refrigerant Isceon 49. Total consumption of per fluoropropane (C3F8) for refrigeration purposes amounted to about 0.5 tonnes in 2003.

4.3 Emissions of F-gases: HFCs, PFCs and SF₆

This section reports the actual emissions of the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ for 2004. The calculation is based on the reports on consumption of these substances analysed by application areas (section 4.2). For relevant product groups, adjustments have been made for imports and exports of the substances in products.

Appendix 5 shows the emission factors, calculation method and assumptions, IPPC Tier method etc., in relation to calculation of emissions from individual substance and application areas /4, 16/.

4.3.1 Actual emissions of F-gases

The GWP-weighted actual emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ in 2004 totalled about 796,8 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents. The corresponding emissions were 745,4 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents in 2003, which corresponds to a calculated total increase of about 51.400 tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

The total GWP contribution divided between HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ is shown in the table below.

Table 4.5 GWP contribution by substance group, tonnes

The HFC emission from HFC-404a and HFC-407c in commercial refrigerators were significantly higher in 2004 as compared to 2003, partly because of increased emission from stock and partly because of increased consumption. Further, the larger production of soft foam with HFC-134a as blowing agent has lead to more emission and a larger consumption of SF₆ in production of micro chips, has also contributed to the higher total GWP.

4.3.2 Emissions of HFCs from refrigerants

As required in the IPCC guidance for calculation of emission of f-gases a distinction is made between:

• Fridges and freezers for household use and retailers etc.
• Commercial refrigeration (in industry and retail) and stationary air conditioning systems
• Mobile air conditioning systems (in cars, lorries, buses, trains etc.)
• Refrigerated vans and lorries

Actual emissions from these sources occur in connection with:

- filling of refrigerants (0.5 per cent to 2 per cent of consumption depending on application area).

- continual release during the operational lifetime. An assumed average value which also accounts for release occurring as a result of accident and damage (10 per cent to 33 per cent of consumption per year, depending on application area).

Release resulting from disposal does not count as emissions in Denmark since Danish legislation ensures that management and treatment of refrigerants prevent such emissions. The release is defined in order to write down stock (the quantity of refrigerants contained in a product).

Appendix 5 shows the specific emission factors used in the calculations.

Commercial refrigeraion and stationary A/C systems

Commercial refrigeration, used e.g. in retail, supermarket, restaurants etc or in industry, and stationary A/C systems, also used by retailers and industry, as well in offices, constitute the largest source of emissions. The most commonly used refrigerants in this product group are HFC-404a, HFC-407c, and HFC-134a.

In addition, use of the refrigerants HFC-408a, HFC-409a, HFC-410a, and HFC-507c is less common, and HFC-401a and HFC-402a are phased out.

It is not relevant to adjust for imports and exports of HFCs in stationary commercial refrigeration and A/C systems since filling of refrigerants only will take place at site of the installed unit.

Table 4.6 shows actual emissions of specific HFCs. Total emissions of all HFCs have been converted to CO₂ equivalents in order to take into account the different GWP values of the substances.

Table 4.6 Actual emissions and GWP contribution from commercial refrigeration 2004 and 2010, tonnes

1) The projected future scenario takes into account the effect of a new statutory order on phasing-out HFCs etc. and the effect of the taxes implemented. Furthermore, assumptions about the substitution of HCFC-22 systems by HFC-134a and HFC-404a are included in the calculations.

2) The category "Other HFCs" includes HFC-408a, -409a and -410a (the calculation of emissions is based on a worst-case scenario on the basis of the GWP value of HFC-410a).

Refrigerators/freezers

Actual emissions from refrigerants in refrigerators and freezers are determined on the basis of consumption adjusted for imports and exports of HFCs. The calculation assumes that the refrigerant is removed and treated upon disposal so that no emission occurs (see Appendix 5).

When adjusting for imports and exports, the estimates of imports/exports in Environmental Project no. 523 are used /2/. In this case, exports are assumed to comprise 50 per cent of the consumption pr. year. The calculation is made on the basis of Statistics Denmark's foreign trade statistics /3/ of average figures of the amount of HFC-134a in a standard fridge/freezer manufactured in 1999. The statistical background data for this is given in Appendix 2. In the calculation of 2004 emission it is not assessed whether these import/export figures are up-to-date.

In addition, the effect of taxes on the reduction in consumption is taken into account in the future scenario of consumption of HFC-134a in fridges. These taxes are assumed to lead to a gradual reduction in consumption. This is assumed not to be the case for HFC-404a-based household refrigerators/freezers since these are special products.

Table 4.7 shows actual emissions from refrigerators/freezers in 2004 and 2010.

Table 4.7 Emissions of refrigerants from refrigerators/freezers 2004 and 2010, tonnes

Total emissions of HFC refrigerants from refrigerators/freezers in 2004 were 14 900 tonnes CO₂ equivalents. In the future scenario of actual emissions, a small increase is expected, giving about 18 000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents in 2010.

Mobile A/C

Emissions from mobile A/C systems are mainly due to leacage and accident damage

The calculation has been adjusted for imports and re-exports of HFC-134a, which is the only HFC imported in A/C systems in cars and lorries. In Denmark, the consumption of HFC-134a for mobile A/C systems is used solely for refilling. Initial filling is carried out by car manufacturers in the country of production.

The assumptions used in the calculation of consumption and stock in mobile A/C systems appear from the table below. The assumptions have been adjusted according to individual statistical categories for types of transport and they represent estimated values based on information from car importers and refrigerator service enterprises /16/.

Table 4.8 Assumptions used in the calculation of stock in mobile A/C systems, 2004

D.A.F. (The Danish Automobile Dealers Association) publishes annual statistics of the number of vehicles in Denmark /17/. These data form the basis for the calculation below of HFC-134a stock in Danish vehicles. Calculations also include a calculation of the proportion of A/C systems installed in vehicles, which are still undergoing servicing, and which are therefore still being refilled with refrigerants in connection with leakage and other repairs. This calculation forms the basis for determining the amount of HFC-134a refrigerants refilled in vehicles in Denmark in 2003. Refilled stock = Danish consumption.

The results are shown in the table below.

Table 4.9 Determination of Danish stock in mobile A/C systems in 2004 analysed by vehicle type, tonnes

The total stock of HFC-134a in mobile A/C systems in Denmark in 2004 was calculated to be about 211.2 tonnes. Stock is expected to increase further in the coming years since there is a continuing trend that more vehicles and new vehicles have A/C systems. In 2004, the volume of HFC-134a filled onto mobile air conditioning systems was 32.4 tonnes, which is 0.3 tonnes more than in 2003. This volume of refrigerants was used solely for refilling in connection with the maintenance of existing systems /16/.

The table below shows a projection of calculated actual emissions from mobile A/C systems in Denmark. The table has been prepared on the basis of a steady-state assumption where imports and consumption for refilling in 2010 are assumed to be almost the same as in 2004.

Table 4.10 The calculated actual emissions of HFC-134a from mobile A/C systems in 2004 and 2010, tonnes

Refrigerated vans and lorries

There are an estimated 5 500-6 000 refrigerated vans and lorries in Denmark /16/. These require an average filling of about 8 kg, equivalent to 46-49 tonnes refrigerants, either HFC-134a, HFC-404a or HCFC-22.

Actual emissions from refrigerated vans and lorries in 2004 are stated in the table below.

Table 4.11 The calculated actual emissions of HFC-134a and HFC-404a from refrigerated vans and lorries in 2004 and 2010, tonnes.

There was no consumption of HFC-402a for refrigerated vans and lorries in 2004 since the substance has now been phased out. But the emission from stock is about 0.4 tonnes from HFC-402a, corresponding to 700 tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

Thus, the total actual emissions from refrigerated vans and lorries were app. 20 800 tonnes CO₂ equivalents in 2004.

4.3.3 Emissions of HFCs from foam plastic products and propellants

Two calculation principles have been applied in the calculation of emissions of HFCs used in foam plastic products, depending on the type of product:

1. Hard PUR foam plastics (closed cell)
2. Soft PUR foam plastics (open cell)
3. Polyether foam (closed cell)

The following basis of calculation has been used in the emissions calculation for foam plastic products.

Table 4.12 Factors in the calculation of emissions from foam plastic products

Insulation foam

Hard foam plastic produced with HFC-134a is used primarily in insulating foam for refrigerators/freezers. Calculations of emissions from insulating foam in refrigerators/freezers have been adjusted for imports and exports of fridges/freezers.

Consumption of HFC-134a for foaming of insulation foam used in fridges/freezers was phased out in 2003. Actual emissions are therefore solely from stock and there are no longer any exports.

Actual emissions of HFC-134a from insulating foam are summarised in Table 4.13

Table 4.13 Emissions of HFCs from insulating foam, tonnes

In the projections for 2010, it is estimated that the stock will be reduced as a result of the phase-out of HFC-134a as blowing agent. Previous projections estimated a phase-out by 2006. However, it is a fact that this blowing agent had already been phased out in Denmark and the latest consumption from the sector was reported in 2003.

Foam blowing of Polyether based shoe soles

The consumption of HFC-134a used in polyether-based foam blowing in production of shoe soles is estimated to 3.5 tonnes (similar to 2003) and the actual emissions are estimated at 1.7 tonnes, corresponding to about 2,300 tonnes CO₂ equivalents. The calculation is based on the assumption that no emissions are released upon disposal since the gases are destroyed by incineration.

Statistical calculations from 1998 are used for the import estimate of shoes in 2004. In the calculation, it is estimated that 5 per cent of all shoes with plastic, rubber, or leather soles contain polyether. In 1998 about 12.8 million pairs of shoes were imported (Statistics Denmark's foreign trade statistics) and it is estimated that a single pair of shoes contains an average of 8g HFC-134a. Based on these figures, exports are estimated to be 0.3 tonnes HFC-134a.

Soft foam/aerosol sprays.

Emissions from soft foam (open cell foam) account for 100 per cent of the consumption in the year of application /4/. Emissions from soft foam occur during production and it is therefore not relevant to adjust for imports/exports.

The emission of HFC in the production of soft foam is identical to the consumption in Denmark, and the emission of HFC as a propellant in aerosol sprays is also equal to the consumption of HFC-based aerosol sprays in Denmark, after calculation of imports and exports. Total emissions from these two areas amount to 35.8 tonnes of HFC-134a, corresponding to 47 300 tonnes CO₂ equivalents, and 11 tonne of HFC-152a, corresponding to 800 tonnes CO₂ equivalents. Compared with 2003, emissions have been increased by app.14 000 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents.

Medical products

Due to marginal emissions, HFC emissions from medical products have not been calculated.

4.3.4 Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride

The total emissions of SF₆ in 2004 have been calculated at about 1.4 tonnes, equivalent to a GWP contribution of about 34 000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents. Net consumption was 2.3 tonnes.

Emissions derive from four sources, of which power switches, laboratories, and double-glazed windows are the main sources, contributing about equal shares.

Double-glazed windows

Use of SF₆ in double-glazed windows was phased out in 2002, however, there are still emissions from existing double-glazed windows in Danish buildings.

Table 4.14 Emissions of SF₆ from double-glazed windows, tonnes

Emissions will rise due to the disposal of existing double-glazed windows containing SF₆ and the estimated 2015 GWP contribution from double-glazed windows is 94 500 tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

Power switches in high-voltage plants

Power switches are filled or refilled with SF₆, either during new installation or during service and repair. Filling is usually carried out on new installations and a smaller proportion of the consumption is due to refilling /11/.

Emissions from power switches in high-voltage transmission systems are released due to the following:

• release of 5 per cent on filling with new gas (average figure covering normal operation and failure/accidents)
• gradual release of 0.5 per cent from the stock (average figure covering normal operation and failure/accidents)
• release of 5 per cent from drawing off and recycling used gas (average figure covering normal operation and failure/accidents)

No emissions are assumed to result from disposal since the used SF₆ is drawn off from the power switches and is either re-used internally by the company concerned, or re-used externally through means of a collection scheme. Emissions resulting from external re-use are determined on the assumption that 0.5 per cent of the annual stock is sent for external re-use.

Table 4.15 shows the calculated actual emissions from SF₆ power switches.

Table 4.15 Emissions of SF₆ from power switches in high-voltage plants 2004, 2010, and 2015, tonnes.

At the request of the Danish Energy Authority, Eltra and Elkraft System have carried out a survey of SF₆ emissions during operation and following from accidents in 2003 /20/. This survey covers about 1/9 of the stock in the Danish electricity sector. Emissions have been calculated at about 20 kg of SF₆. Additionally, there are 88 kg of contaminated SF₆ in depot, and about 1.1 tonnes of new gas in store.

If this data is assumed to be representative of the entire country, emissions in 2003 amount to about 180 kg. This is slightly under half of the calculated emissions of 0.4 tonnes in this emission calculation of 2004.

On the basis of Eltra's survey, the applied evaluation method is still considered to provide a true picture of total emissions. The difference in figures is explained by the fact that the calculation method does not take account of the time delay, so that SF₆ is assumed to be both purchased and consumed within the year of calculation. The notes from Eltra state that there is about 1.1 tonnes in store, which upon later use will lead to emissions. Furthermore, more emissions are assumed to occur from the recycling or destruction of the 88 kg of contaminated gas in depot. If these emissions were actual emissions in 2003, it would mean emissions from Eltra and Elkraft System of about 80 kg of SF₆, and about 0.7 tonnes of SF₆ respectively, providing the data is representative for the entire country.

Laboratory purposes

Consumption of SF₆ in laboratories covers two purposes:

• Plasma erosion in connection with the manufacture of microchips in clean-room laboratories
• nalysis purposes to a limited extend.

Consumption was 0.6 tonnes and this corresponds to actual emissions. Emissions have been calculated at about 13,600 tonnes CO₂ equivalents.

Training shoes

In the period 1990 to 1998, Denmark imported training shoes, which, according to the manufacturer, contained a total of about 1 tonne of SF₆. Emissions of SF₆ occur as a result of the disposal of the shoes.

It is assessed that emissions of SF₆ from training shoes will not occur after 2003, while it is assumed that all shoes containing SF₆ is disposed of by then.

4.3.5 Emissions of per fluorinated hydrocarbons

In 2004, the consumption of perfluorinated hydrocarbons (per fluoropropane), which are used exclusively in the refrigerant R413a, was 0.3 tonnes. The actual GWP-weighted emission is 15.9 thousand tonnes CO₂ equivalents, which is a further reduction compared to 2003 and 2002.

Per fluoropropane is the only known per fluorinated hydrocarbon used in Denmark. Emissions are released from refrigerants in commercial stationary and mobile refrigerators. Stock in commercial refrigerators has been estimated at about 19.8 tonnes in 2004. While the refrigerants containing PFC are only used in stationary refrigerators, no estimates for imports and exports are relevant.

Table 4.16 Emissions of PFCs from commercial refrigerators in 2004, 2010 and 2015, tonnes

5 List of references

/1/ Arbejdsrapport nr. 20. Forbrug og emissioner af 8 fluorerede og klorerede kulbrinter (working report no. 20 on consumption and emissions of 8 fluorinated and chlorinated hydrocarbons - only available in Danish), Danish EPA, 1996.

/2/ Miljøprojekt nr. 523. Ozonlagsnedbrydende stoffer og visse drivhusgasser - 1998 (environmental project no. 523 on ozone-depleting substances and certain greenhouse gases - 1998 - only available in Danish), Danish EPA, 2000.

/3/ Udenrigshandelen fordelt på varer og land. Januar-december 1989, 1990-1999 (foreign trade analysed by goods and countries. January-December 1989, 1990-1999 - only available in Danish), Statistics Denmark 1989, 1990-1999.

/4/ Reference Manual and Workbook of the IPCC 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Switzerland, September 1996.

/5/ Ozonlaget og drivhuseffekten (the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect - only available in Danish), Danish EPA, April 1996.

/6/ Beskyttelse af ozonlaget - nordisk perspektiv (protecting the ozone layer - a Nordic perspective - not available in English), The Nordic Council of Ministers, October, 1997.

/7/ DEFU Komiterapport 94. Håndtering af SF₆ og dets reaktionsprodukter i elforsyningsanlæg (committee report no. 94 from DEFU (Research Institute for Danish Electric Utilities) about management of SF₆ and its reaction products in electricity supply plants).

/8/ Methods used to Estimate Emission Inventories of Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride. Draft report prepared for the UNFCCC secretariat. March Consulting, May 1999.

/9/ Hvor kommer luftforureningen fra? - fakta om kilder, stoffer og udvikling (where does air pollution come from? - facts about sources, substances and development - only available in Danish). Thematic report from NERI, 29/1999.

/10/ Substitutes for Potent Greenhouse Gases - 1998 Final Report (HFCs, PFCs and SF₆), Per Henrik Pedersen, Danish EPA 1998.

/11/ Indsamling og genanvendelse af SF 6 fra højspændingsanlæg (collection and reuse of SF₆ from high-voltage plants - only available in Danish). Tomas Sander Poulsen et al., Danish EPA 2000.

/12/ Denmark's National Inventory Report - Submitted under the UN Convention on Climate Change. Illerup, J.B., Lyck, E., Winther, M. Rasmussen, E. NERI, 2000. Research Notes No. 127 (http://arbejdsrapporter.dmu.dk).

/13/ Environmental Project No. 1001 2005: Ozone depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF₆ - 2003, Danish EPA, 2005.

/14/ Denmark's National Inventory Report. Submitted under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1990-1999. Emissions Inventories. Department of Policy Analysis. Illerup, Lyck, Winther, 2002. 675 pp Research Notes from NERI 149. (http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_publikationer/
3_arbrapporter/rapporter/AR149.pdf).

/15/ Annual Danish Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. 1999. Illerup, Andersen, Winther, Lyck, Bruun. NERI, Denmark.

/16/ Revurdering af emissionsfaktorer for kommercielle køleanlæg og mobile A/C og køleanlæg (re-evaluation of emissions from commercial refrigerators, mobile A/C systems and refrigerators - only available in Danish). Poulsen, T.S, COWI; Environmental report no. 766, Danish EPA, 2002.

/17/ D.A.F prepares statistics of registered vehicles, analysed into various categories of vehicle. These statistics are updated annually and used to calculate Danish filling of HFC-134a in vehicles.

/18/ Denmark's National Inventory Report. Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1990-2001. Emissions Inventories. Department of Policy Analyses. Illerup, Lyck, Nielsen, Winter, Mikkelsen, 2003. Research Notes from NERI no. 181. http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/
3_ arbrapporter/rapporter/AR181.pdf

/19/ Denmark's National Inventory Report. Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1990-2002. Emissions Inventories. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Illerup, Lyck, Nielsen, Winter, Mikkelsen, Hoffmann, Sørensen, Vesterdahl, Fauser. 2004. Research Notes from NERI no. 196.
http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/
3_ arbrapporter/rapporter/AR196.pdf

/20/ Anvendelse og håndtering af SF₆-gas i højspændingsanlæg over 100kV (use and management of SF₆ in 100kV or more high-voltage plant). ELTRA Memo elt2004-47a of 18 March 2004.

/21/ Denmark's National Inventory Report 2005. Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1990-2003. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Illerup, J.B., Lyck, E., Nielsen, M., Winther, M., Mikkelsen, M.H., Hoffmann, L., Sørensen, P.B., Fauser, P. , Thomsen, M., & Vesterdal, L. (2005): - Research Notes from NERI 211: 416 pp. (electronic).
http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/
3_arbrapporter/rapporter/AR211.pdf

/22/ Good Practice Guidance. IPCC Switzerland, 2000.

Appendix 1

ODP values for ozone-depleting substances and GWP values for F-gases

Table 1.a Ozone-depleting substances, their chemical formulas and Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) - Regulated by the Montreal Protocol.

Table 1.b F-gases, their chemical formulas and GWP values stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol

(1) No ozone-depleting effect.

(2) Mixture consisting of 52 % HFC-143a, 44 % HFC-125 and 4 % HFC-134a.
The GWP value is determined from this.

(3) Mixture consisting of 53 % HCFC-22, 13 % HFC-152a and 34 % HCFC-124.

The GWP value is determined from this.

(4) Mixture consisting of 38 % HCFC-22, 60 % HFC-125 and 2 % propane.

The GWP value is determined from this.

(5) Mixture consisting of 25 % HFC-125, 52 % HFC-134a, and 23 % HFC-32.

The GWP value is determined from this.

(6) Mixture consisting of 46 % HFC-143a and 7 % HFC-125.

The GWP value is determined from this.

(7) A HCFC mixture consisting entirely of HCFCs, where the GWP - in accordance with the climate convention guidelines - is 0, since the mixture does not contain greenhouse gases. The real GWP value is 1,440.

(8) Mixture consisting of 50 % HFC-32 and 50 % HFC-125

(9) Mixture consisting of 50 % HFC-125, 50 % HFC-143a.
The GWP value is determined from this.

Appendix 2

Statistical data for calculations of imports/exports of fridges/freezers and mobile A/C systems

Table 1. Key figures for the content of HFC-134 in insulation foam and as a refrigerant per unit for calculation of imports and exports of fridges and freezers

Table 2. Imports and exports of HFC-134a calculated as net exports of fridges and freezers (source: Statistics Denmark's foreign trade statistics)

It should be noted that this is a considerable simplification since the quantity of HFC used for foam and refrigerant varies, depending on the producer and product size. The average quantities used are shown in Table 2.

Table 3. Statistical data on imports and exports of cars and lorries

Cars: 10% with A/C and 0.75 kg - 134a
Lorries: 50% with A/C and 1.25 kg - 134a

Appendix 3

Consumption and emissions of ozone-depleting substances in Greenland

Statistics Denmark registers both imports to Greenland and exports from Denmark to Greenland.

The trends in supply of ODSs (only substances with position numbers in Statistics Denmark's foreign trade information) 1990-2003 are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Trends in supply to Greenland based on data from Statistics Denmark, tonnes

Click here to see table 1

Based on the statistics available it was not possible to evaluate the consumption of substances other than those shown in the table.

In 2004, Greenland imported 4.3 tonnes CFC-11 from Denmark (Statistics Denmark).

In 2004, there were imported 14.8 tonnes HCFC-22 in Greenland (importer data).

No reports of import/exports of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were recorded in 2004.

From the above data, ODP-weighted consumption in Greenland for 2004 was 5.11 ODP tonnes. This is an increase compared to 2003, where the ODP consumption was 4.36 tonnes ODP tonnes.

Appendix 4

GWP contribution from HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆, 1993-2020.

The table below shows projections of determined GWP contributions.

The emission projections are determined by starting with a `steady state' consumption using 2004 as the reference year and the cut-off dates for the phasing-out of specific substances, cf. the Statutory Order regulating certain industrial greenhouse gases. A tax effect is also included in the relevant areas of application and expected increases in several applications and sectors are taken into account as much as possible, as are expected reductions in several of the application areas. However, scenarios of the consumption of HFC-404a in the emission calculations are based on conservative developments. The phasing out of HCFC-22 refrigerating plants is expected to lead to greater increases in the consumption of HFC-404a in commercial refrigerating plants than was presupposed, since HFC-404a together with CO₂ units are the most obvious substitution possibilities. From 1 January 2000, it is prohibited to build new HCFC-22 systems, and from 1 January 2002, it is prohibited to substitute with new HCFC-22 in existing refrigerators.

The calculated GWP contribution expresses actual emissions, adjusted for imports and exports (the latest basis of calculation).

Table 1. GWP contribution from HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ in 1000 tonnes, 1993-2020

Appendix 5

Specification of methods and assumptions for determination of emissions for 1990-2003 as well as projections of GWP in accordance with IPCC Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Click here to see table

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