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Environmental Screening and Evaluation of Energy-using Products (EuP) Final Report 10 Lighting (Office, public street, domestic) (Lot 8, 9, 19 and ?)
10.1 BackgroundIn this Memorandum, the following four lots have been treated together:
Lighting is by far the major end-use category in the non-domestic sector consumption (public sector, education, healthcare, services and commerce) responsible for about 175 TWh or 26% of total electricity consumption in that sector. As far as non-residential buildings lighting is concerned, this is dominated in lumen and energy terms by linear fluorescent lamps. T12 fluorescent lamps are the oldest technology of fluorescent lamps. These lamps have an efficiency of less than 75 lumens per Watt (lm/W). In the majority of cases there exists a T8 lamp that can be retrofitted into the same lighting point. Depending on whether this T8 lamp is a halo phosphor or a tri-phosphor the lamp efficiency can be improved to between 80lm/W (halo phosphate) and 90lm/W (tri phosphor). About 207 millions are new installed lamps in 2004 [CEL2005], which tends to be of higher efficiency compared to already install lamps. 10.2 Environmental screening based on the Ecoinvent databaseAs there are no data in the Ecoinvent database for this theme, an environmental screening has not been performed for this product group. 10.3 Ecolabel requirementsIt has not been possible to identify relevant Ecolabel criteria for this product group. Directive 2000/55/EC on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting has the purpose to improve the efficiency of the systems by limiting the ballast losses The Directive 98/11/EC on Energy labelling of household lamps was published on 10th March 1998, applies the energy labelling requirements to household electric lamps supplied directly from the mains and to household fluorescent lamps. The Directive sets out the design and content of the label, as well as the colours that may be used. The label must include the following information:
The Directive also sets out how the energy efficiency class of a lamp will be determined. Albeit these lamps are not commonly used for office lighting, this directive can be an example of lamp labelling for office lighting. 10.4 Technology and market trendsThe T8 lamp now dominates the linear fluorescent market in the non-residential domain. The existing mix of lamps is still two-thirds halo phosphate lamps with the remaining third being three-band rare earth phosphor lamps which are currently increasing their market share year by year. Barrier coat technology has allowed the mercury content in current tri-phosphor lamps to be reduced to below 5 mg. The average lamp wattage for T12 lamps is 65 W (1500 mm long). The average energy saving per lamp when switching from T12 (65 W) to T8 (58 W is 12%). The total annual sales figure for T12 lamps in the European Union is 16 million lamps. This is more or less a stable replacement market. The total sale of linear fluorescents is estimated to be 350 million lamps per year [Str2004]. There is a relatively new technology, T5 which has a higher efficiency and is designed to be fed only by electronic ballasts (in addition these lamps perform best at a temperature of about 35C, which is often the case in luminaries, while T8 perform best at 25C). However, the market penetration of T5 lamps is still limited, though slightly increasing overtime [IES2007]. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) represent one of the most efficient solution available today for improving energy efficiency in residential lighting. The recent drop in price to together with several information and promotion campaigns had a positive impact on sales. In particular, two different types of CFLs are marketed: the short life (average life around 6000 hours) and the professional models (average life around 12000 hours). The first type is mainly marketed for the residential sector. Direct sales comparison between incandescent and CFLs and incandescent is not meaningful as CFLs have a longer life time (6 to 12 times or more). Moreover it is difficult to gain access to sales data, and sales data available includes lamps not destined to the residential sector. CFLs are of two types, with an integral ballast (ballast inside the package) or pin-based. The first type dominates the market for the residential sector. Recently some pin-based CFL luminaires have appeared on the EU market for residential lighting. Of particular interest are the CFL based “torchieres”, which could replace halogen based upright floor lamps, the latter using light sources up to 500W. There is also a certain use of linear fluorescent lamps, especially in some countries, e.g. the UK, and in specific rooms such as kitchens and garages. For the residential sector any linear fluorescent lamps even with a magnetic ballast could be considered an efficient solution if it replaces an incandescent lamp. Table 10.1 on the following page shows that there are still a large number of households in the EU-25 which do not own a CFL, moreover only a few countries show a number of CFLs close to the cost-effective saturation level (about 25% of lighting points per households using a CFL). The same innovation that makes laptop screens thinner turns out to be one of the best energy-saving technologies in domestic and professional lightning due to a well-known member of the semiconductor family, the light-emitting diode (LED). A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. The colour of the emitted light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared. Most typical LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 30-60 milliwatts of electrical power. Around 1999, commercial LEDs capable of continuous use at one watt of input power were introduced. These LEDs used much larger semiconductor die sizes to handle the large power input. As well, the semiconductor dies were mounted to metal slugs to allow for heat removal from the LED die. In 2002, 5-watt LEDs were available with efficiencies of 18-22 lumens per watt. It is projected that by 2005, 10-watt units will be available with efficiencies of 60 lumens per watt. These devices will produce about as much light as a common 50-watt incandescent bulb, and will facilitate use of LEDs for general illumination needs. There are two types of LED panels: conventional, using discrete LEDs, and Surface Mounted Device (SMD) panels. Most outdoor screens and some indoor screens are built around discrete LEDs whereas most indoor screens on the market are built using SMD technology. However, this trend is now extending to the outdoor market. The best modern available white LEDs (as of late 2007) produce about 60-90, maybe 98 lumens of light per watt of electricity delivered to the LEDs when the LEDs are supplied "typical" current or that at which their characteristics are specified. Many others that are in recent LED products achieve merely 20-45 lumens/watt. A laboratory prototype of a white LED achieving 150 lumens/watt has been announced on 12/20/2006 [Kli2008]. LEDs offer benefits in terms of maintenance and safety. The typical working lifetime of a device, including the bulb, is ten years, which is much longer than the lifetimes of most other light sources. LEDs give off less heat than incandescent light bulbs and are less fragile than fluorescent lamps. Since individual devices are smaller than a centimetre in length, LED-based light sources used for illumination and outdoor signals are built using clusters of tens of devices, e.g. incandescent light bulbs for traffic signals and pedestrian crosswalks are gradually being replaced by LED clusters. Because of the favourable economics, cities have led the charge on using LEDs in traffic lights and other round-the-clock situations in which the initial cost of the solid state device is still quite high relative to other light sources such as compact fluorescent bulbs. But it will be a while before consumers can justify the higher costs of LEDs as energy-saving replacements for older household fixtures. A room light is on about four to six hours a day and that yields a payback period on the order of three to six years, which is still too long time for consumers. General public lighting operators are, however, more favourable to undertake the investment. “Banedanmark”, the Danish rail system operator, plans in three years to replace all fluorescent lamps on station platforms with LED’s. The new luminaries will be using LED technology that is tailored to fit the existing installations on the platforms. By doing so, they expect a 40 percent reduction in the electricity bills and a positive benefit on the CO2 accounts. Platform lightning constitute 15 percent of Banedanmark’s total electricity consumption so installing LED lightning is making a substantial step forward towards the goal of saving 1.7 percent annually on power consumption. Moreover, diodes also live five times as long as fluorescent tubes. The next step is to examine whether the LEDs can also be used in pathways and parking spots, where the long lifetime will produce very significant savings [ING2008]. 10.5 ConclusionLighting is by far the major end-use category in the non-domestic sector consumption (public sector, education, healthcare, services and commerce) responsible for about 175 TWh or 26% of total electricity consumption in that sector. 10.5.1 Environmental impact in a system and life-cycle perspectiveAccording to the RoHS directive (2002/95/EC) tri phosphor lamps may contain 5 mg of mercury per lamp and halo phosphate lamps may contain 10 mg mercury per lamp. The tri phosphor lamps on the European market contain 3 mg of mercury per lamp. These lamps are more expensive, but they have significantly longer life-time than the halo phosphate, which gives approximately the same price per hour use. Hence, there is a great potential for lowering the energy consumption of mercury in florescent tubes by replacing the halo phosphate with tri phosphor lamps. It is possible to lower the content of mercury in the tri phosphor lamps even further (below 3 mg) and to increase the life-time, but that needs some time for technical development. 10.5.2 Environmental perspective from new technologiesThe development and up-take of LED technology is a very promising technology for lowering the electricity consumption in both residential and public lighting. LED technology is also promising, because it’s relatively non-toxic components. Unlike fluorescents, LEDs do not contain mercury or a significant amount of other toxic materials.
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