Figur 2.2. Relevante teknologier for transportsektoren og deres betydende drivfaktorer²³ TECHNOLOGIES MAIN TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS Propulsion systems - Internal combustion engines, running on gasoline /diesel or burning alternative fuels such as natural gas, methanol or biofuels. - Electric propulsion systems, including the technology to provide on-board electricity, either by fuel cells, electro- chemical battery, flywheels, or ultracapacitors. In complement to these propulsion systems, other critical technologies are related with exhaust and inlet systems, design for recycling, maintenance, fuel production, energy storage and refuelling. - Need to contribute to improve air quality in urban areas. Vehicle pollutant emissions (so far CO,  NOx, hydrocarbons and particulate matter) should comply with future more stringent exhaust emissions to regulations. - Requirements on greenhouse gas emissions, in particular vehicle CO2 emission, should be reduced to contribute to meet international agreements for which transport will be bounded through mandatory or v oluntary measures. - Energy security concern, transport ever taking a higher share of the total energy demand and representing a major concern for Europe over the long term. - Other factors driving propulsion technologies are noise abatement, reduction of acid deposition, recycling, cost reduction and public acceptance. In-Vehicle Telematics - In-Vehicle information, including dynamic route planning and  multi-modal information. - Anti-collision devices. - Navigation systems. - Combined emissions and engine management. - Automatic vehicle location. - Smart on-board card. - Optimise use of vehicle and infrastructure. - Reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. - Minimise rate of accidents and related losses. - Management of transport demand. Advances materials - Metals, mainly steel, aluminium, magnesium and copper. - Plastics, thermoplastics, elastomers. - Composites. - Need of lighter materials to reduce vehicle energy consumption and emissions. - Improve vehicle body strength. - Ease vehicles recycling. - Allow production flexibility. Vehicle Manufacturing - Vehicle design, including rapid modelling, prototyping, knowledge-based tec hniques, virtual reality, design for recycling, platform strategies. - Production process, comprising virtual manufacturing, lean production, automation, tooling, maintenance. - Resources management and organisation. - Logistics supplier chain structure, operations integration, marketing strategies. - Competition, globalisation, emerging markets, trend on mergers and acquisitions. - Flexibility, increasing pressure from customers. - Improve quality. - Lower costs. - Tighter environmental requirements.