[Front page] [Contents] [Previous]

Impact of Regulations of Traffic Emissions on PAH Level in the Air

References

A

Adams J.A., E.L. Atlas and C.-S. Glam (1982). Ultraspace determination of vapor-phase nitrogen heterocyclic bases in ambient air. Anal. Chem. 54, 1515-1518.

Allen J.O., N.M. Dookeran, K.A. Smith, A.F. Sarofim, K. Taghizadeh and A.L. Lafleur (1996). Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in Massachusetts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1023-1031.

Allen J.O., N.M. Dookeran, K. Taghizadeh, A.L. Lafleur, K.A. Smith and A.F. Sarofim (1997). Measurement of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2064-2070.

B

Barrett C.F. (1984). Wind tunnel measurements of the inlet efficiency of four samplers of suspended particulate matter. In: Monitoring sulphur dioxide, black smoke and suspended particulate matter. Ed. H.J. van de Wiel, H.J. Proceedings from an EEC workshop, Bilthoven, 5-7 Nov. 1984. Brussels, Belgium.

Bayona J.M., M. Casellas, P. Fernández, A.M. Solanas and J. Albaigés (1994). Sources and seasonal variability of mutagenic agents in the Barcelona city aerosol. Chemosphere 29, 441-450.

Brasser L.J. (1983). Polycyclic organic matter in the atmosphere, POM concentrations in the Netherlands. In: Mobile source emissions including polycyclic organic species. Ed. by D. Rondia, M. Cooke and R.K. Haroz. NATO ASI series C. Mathematical and physical sciences, Vol. 112. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 13-28.

C

Chen H.-Y. and M.R. Preston (1997). Gas/particle partitioning of azaarenes in an urban atmosphere. Environ. Pollut. 97, 169-174.

Chen H.-Y. and M.R. Preston (1998). Azaarenes in the aerosol of an urban atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 577-583.

D

Daisey J.M. and P.J. Lioy (1981). Transport of PAH into New York City. JAPCA 31, 567.

Daisey J.M., J.L. Cheney, and P.J. Lioy (1986). Profiles of organic particulate emissions from air pollution sources: Status and needs for receptor source apportionment modelling. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 36, 17-33.

E

Edenharder A., and X. Tang (1997). Inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by flavonoids, coumarins, quinones and other phenolic compounds. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35, 357-372.

F

Feilberg A., R. Kamens, M.R. Strommen and T. Nielsen (1998). Modeling the formation, decay and partitioning of semivolatile nitro-PAH (nitronaphthalenes) in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. In press.

Feilberg A., and T. Nielsen (1998). Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC). Dansk Kemi 79(4), 8-12. In Danish.

Fenger J., R. Berkowicz, L. Stenfalk, A.B. Jensen, T. Nielsen, K. Pilegaard, P.Aa. Nielsen, and K. Pedersen (1990). Air quality investigations at the Copenhagen Airport 1988 - 1989. Report. Copenhagen Airport Authorities, Kastrup, Denmark. In Danish.

Finlayson-Pitts B.J. and J.N. Pitts, Jr. (1986). Atmospheric chemistry: Fundamentals and experimental techniques. John Wiley, New York, USA

G

Grifoll M., A.M. Solonas and J.M. Bayona (1990). Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined with Salmonella/Microsome test. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 175-184.

Gordon R.J. and R.J. Bryan (1973). Patterns in airborne polynuclear hydrocarbons concentrations at four Los Angeles sites. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7, 1050-1053.

Gudmundsson H. (1988). Strategies in environmental planning - Enlightened by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Copenhagen. Report, RUC TEK/SAM, University of Roskilde, Denmark. In Danish.

H

Hermann M. (1981). Synergistic effects of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutagenicity of their mixtures. Mutat. Res. 90, 399-409.

HLU. Hovedstadsregionens Luftforurenings Undersøgelser. (Air quality investigations in the Greater Copenhagen) (1993). Air quality in the Greater Copenhagen 1991. Miljøkontrollen, Copenhagen, Denmark. In Danish.

I

Ismail, Y., A.L. Lafleur, and R.W. Giese (1998). Polar forms of benzo(a)pyrene may be ubiquitous in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2494-2497.

J

Jensen F.P., K. Kemp, and O. Manscher (1993). The Danish air quality monitoring programme (LMP II). Annual data report 1991. NERI, Technical Report No. 60. National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.

Jessen L.B. (1998). The air has become cleaner in Copenhagen. Jyllandsposten, JP København 6 May, 1.

Johanson S.A.E., and J.L. Campell (1988). PIXE a novel technique for elemental analysis. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

K

Kamens R., D. Bell, A. Dietrich, J. Perry, R. Goodman, L. Claxton and S. Tejada (1985). Mutagenic transformation of dilute wood smoke systems in the presence of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Analysis of selected high-pressure liquid chromatography fractions from wood smoke particle extracts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 63-69.

Kamens R.M., H. Karam, J. Guo, J.M. Perry and L. Stockburger (1989). The behaviour of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on atmospheric soot particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 801-806.

Karonis D., E. Lois, S. Stournas, and F. Zannikos (1998). Correlations of exhaust emissions from a diesel engine with diesel fuel properties. Energy & Fuels 12, 230-238.

Kemp K. (1989). Regressions and factor analysis. Appendix 16. In Ostenfeldt (1989).

L

Ladefoged N. and J. Schramm (1998). Seasonal variations in PAH emissions from city traffic in Denmark. ISATA, June 1998, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Larsen S. and N.O. Jensen (1983). Summary and interpretation of some Danish climate statistics. Risø-R-399. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark.

Legzdins A.E., B.E. McCarry and D.W. Bryant (1994). Polycyclic aromatic compounds in Hamilton air: Their mutagenicity, ambient concentrations and relationships with atmospheric pollutants. Polycyclic Aromatic. Comp. 5, 157-165.

Li C.K. and R.M. Kamens (1983). The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptor modeling. Atmos. Environ. 27, 523-532.

Ligocki M.P. and J.F. Pankow (1989). Measurements of the gas/particle distributions of atmospheric organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 75-83.

M

Maron D.M. and B.N. Ames (1983). Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 113, 173-215.

Matsumoto, Y., S. Sakai, T. Kato, T. Nakajima, and H. Satoh (1998). Long-term trends of particulate mutagenic activity in the atmosphere of Sapporo. 1. Determination of mutagenic activity by the conventional tester strains TA98 and TA100 during an 18-year period (1974-1992). Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2665-2672.

Miguel, A.H., T.W. Kirchstetter and R.A. Harley (1998). On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon black from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 450-455.

Miljøministeriet (1986). Bekendtgørelse om grænseværdier for luftens indhold af svovldioxid og svævestøv. Bekendtgørelse nr. 836 af 10. december.

Montizaan G.K., P.G.N. Kramers, J.A. Janus, and R. Posthumus (1989). Integrated Criteria Document PAH: Addendum. 758474011. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection

(RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

Municipality of Copenhagen (1990). The traffic in Copenhagen. The committee concerning improvement of the traffic and transport in Copenhagen. No 571/90. Municipal Corporation of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. In Danish.

N

Nielsen T. (1983). Isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro derivatives in complex mixtures by liquid chromatography. Analyt. Chem. 55, 286-290.

Nielsen, T. (1984a). Atmospheric occurrence of organolead compounds. In: Biological effects of organolead compounds, ed. by P. Grandjean and E.C. Grandjean. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA P. 43-62.

Nielsen, T. (1984b). Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toward nitrating species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 157-163.

Nielsen T., P.A. Clausen, and F.P. Jensen (1986). Determination of basic azaarenes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter. Analyt. Chim. Acta 187, 223-231.

Nielsen, T. (1988). The decay of benzo(a)pyrene and cyclopenteno(cd)pyrene in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2249-2254.

Nielsen T. (1989). Source contribution to air pollution with PAH and presence of PAH in stack gases from fluid bed plants. Risø-M-2802. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. In Danish.

Nielsen T. and K. Pilegaard (1990). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the international airport of Copenhagen. Risø-M-2816, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. In Danish.

Nielsen T., K. Pilegaard, and A.B. Jensen (1993). Occurrence and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an international airport. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 3 Suppl., 519-526.

Nielsen T., A.H. Egeløv, K. Granby, and H. Skov (1995a). Observations on particulate organic nitrates and unidentified components of NOy. Atmos. Environ. 29, 1757-1769.

Nielsen T., H.E. Jørgensen, L. Grundahl, A.B. Jensen, P. Aa. Nielsen, and J. Tønnesen (1995b). Traffic PAH and other air pollutants in the center of a large city. Risø-R-787. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark.

Nielsen T., H.E. Jørgensen, J.C. Larsen, M. Poulsen, F.P. Jensen, A.B. Jensen, J. Schramm, and J. Tønnesen (1995c). Traffic PAH and other mutagens in air in Denmark. Miljøprojekt no. 285. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Nielsen T. (1996). Traffic contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3481-3490.

Nielsen T., H.E. Jørgensen, J.C. Larsen, and M. Poulsen (1996). City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: Occurrence, sources and health effects. Sci. Total Environ. 189/190 41-49.

Nielsen T., B. Bjerre, G. Gissel-Nielsen, C. Helweg and M.L. Binderup (1997). Are nitrogen tar and creosote compounds the real contamination problem? Miljøforskning 33, 55-64. In Danish.

O

Osborne P.J., M.R. Preston and H.-Y- Chen (1997). Azaarenes in sediments, suspended particles and aerosol associated with the river Mersey estuary. Mar. Chem. 58, 73-83.

Ostenfeldt N. (1989). Air pollution with mutagenic compounds in Copenhagen and suburbs. Working Report No. 11. National Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. In Danish.

P

Pierce R.C. and M. Katz (1975). Dependency of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content on size distribution of atmospheric aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9, 347-353.

R

Rogge W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, and B.R.T. Simoneit (1993a). Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 636-651.

Rogge W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, and B.R.T. Simoneit (1993b). Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust: Roads as sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1892-1904.

Rogge W.F., M.A. Mazurek, L.M. Hildemann, G.R. Cass and B.R.T. Simoneit (1993c). Quantification of urban organic aerosols at molecular level: Identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1309-1330.

S

Sera, N., K. Fukuhara, N. Miata, and H. Tokiwa. (1994). Detection of nitroazabenzo(a)pyrene derivatives in the semivolatile phase originating from airborne particulate matter, diesel and gasoline vehicles. Mutagenesis 9, 47-52.

Staehlin J., C. Keller, W. Stahel, K. Schläpfer and S. Wunderli (1998). Emission factors from road traffic from a tunnel study (Gubrist tunnel, Switzerland). Part III: Results of organic compounds, SO2 and speciation of organic exhaust emission. Atmos. Environ. 32, 999-1009.

Spitzer T. and S. Kuwatsuka (1993). Residue levels of polynuclear aromatic compounds in urban surface soil from Japan. J. Chromatogr. 643, 305-309.

Strandell M., S. Zakrisson, T. Alsberg, R. Westerholm, L. Winquist and U. Rannug (1994). Chemical analysis and biological testing of a polar fraction of ambient air, diesel engine and gasoline engine particulate extracts. Environ. Hlth. Perspec. 102, 85-92.

Svanberg P.-A. and A. Lindskog (1997). Air quality in Sweden the summer 1996 and winter 1996/1997. IVL report B-1272 L97/176. Institute of Water- and Air Pollution Research. Stockholm, Sweden. In Swedish.

W

Westerholm R.N., and K.-E. Egebäck (1994). Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: Chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters. Envir. Hlth. Perspec. 24, 1179-1186.

Williams P.T., M. K. Abbass, G.E. Andrews and K.D. Bartle (1989). Diesel particulate emissions: The role of unburned fuel. Combust. Flame 75, 1-24.

WHO (1987). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23. World Health Organisation. Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, pp. 105-117.

Y

Yamasaki H., K. Kuwata and M. Kazuhiro (1982). Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 189-194.

[Front page] [Contents] [Previous] [Top]