Vibrio vulnificus in Denmark

7. References

Alexander, J.B., and G.A. Ingram. 1992. Noncellular nonspecific defense mechanisms of fish. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 2:249-279.

Amaro, C., E.G. Biosca, C. Esteve, B. Fouz, and A.E. Toranzo. 1992. Comparative study of phenotypic and virulence properties in Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2 obtained from a European eel farm experiencing mortalities. Dis. Aquat. Org. 13:29-35.

Amaro, C., E.G. Biosca, B. Fouz, A.E. Toranzo, and E. Garay. 1994. Role of iron, capsule, and toxins in the pathogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 for mice. Infect. Immun. 62:759-763.

Amaro, C., E.G. Biosca, B. Fouz, E. Alcaide, and C. Esteve. 1995. Evidence that water transmits Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 infections to eels. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1133-1137.

Amaro, C., B. Fouz, E.G. Biosca, E. Marco-Noales, and R. Collado. 1997. The lipopolysaccharide O side chain of Vibrio vulnificus serogroup E is a virulence determinant for eels. Infect. Immun. 65:2475-2479.

Arias, C.R., E. Garay, and R. Aznar. 1995. Nested PCR method for rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio vulnificus in fish, sediments, and water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3476-3478.

Arias, C.R., L. Verdonck, J. Swings, E. Garay, and R. Aznar. 1997. Intraspecific differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes by amplified fragment length polymorphism and ribotyping. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2600-2606.

Arias, C.R., R. Aznar, M.J. Pujalte, and E. Garay. 1998a. A comparison of strategies for the detection and recovery of Vibrio vulnificus from marine samples of the Western Mediterranean coast. System. Appl. Microbiol. 21:128-134.

Arias, C.R., M.J. Pujalte, E. Garay, and R. Aznar. 1998b. Genetic relatedness among environmental, clinical, and diseased-eel Vibrio vulnificus isolates from different geographic regions by ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3403-3410.

Azanza, P.V., K.A. Buckle, and G.F. Fleet. 1996. Effect of diluents on the enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30:385-390.

Aznar, R., W. Ludwig, and K.H. Schleifer. 1993. Ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes. System. Appl. Microbiol. 16:303-309.

Aznar, R., W. Ludwig, R.I. Amann, and K.H. Schleifer. 1994. Sequence determination of rRNA genes of pathogenic Vibrio species and whole-cell identification of Vibrio vulnificus with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:330-337.

Baethge, B.A., and B.C. West. 1988. Vibrio vulnificus: did Hippocrates describe a fatal case? Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:614-615.

Barciana, I., P. Lebaron, and J. Vives-Rego. 1997. Survival of allochthonous bacteria in aquatic systems: a biological approach. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 23:1-9.

Barrow, G.I., and R.K.A. Feltham (eds.). 1993. Cowan and Steel's manual for the identification of medical bacteria, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Baumann, P., and R.H.W. Schubert. 1984. Family II. Vibrionaceae, p. 516-550. In N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt (eds.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore.

Baumann, P., L. Baumann, and M. Mandel. 1971. Taxonomy of marine bacteria: the genus Beneckea. J. Bacteriol. 107:268-294.

Baumann, P., L. Baumann, and J.L. Reichelt. 1973. Taxonomy of marine bacteria: Beneckea parahaemolytica and Beneckea alginolytica. J. Bacteriol. 113:1144-1155.

Baumann, L., S.S. Bang, and P. Baumann. 1980. Study of relationship among species of Vibrio, Photobacterium, and terrestrial Enterobacteria by immunological comparison of glutamine synthetase and superoxide dismutase. Curr. Microbiol. 4:133-138.

Bearson, S., B. Bearson, and J.W. Foster. 1997. Acid stress response in enterobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 147:173-180.

Beazley, W.A., and G.G. Palmer. 1992. TCI - a new bile free medium for the isolation of Vibrio species. Aust. J. Med. Sci. 13:25-27.

Biomériux. 1995. API 20E version 3.1. Marcy-l=Etoile. France.

Biosca, E.G., and C. Amaro. 1996. Toxic and enzymatic activities of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 with respect to host specificity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2331-2337.

Biosca, E.G., C. Amaro, C. Esteve, B. Fouz, and A.E. Toranzo. 1991. First record of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 from diseased European eels, Anguilla anguilla L. J. Fish Dis. 14:103-109.

Biosca, E.G., C. Esteve, E. Garay, and C. Amaro. 1993a. Evaluation of the API 20E system for identification and discrimination of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2. J. Fish Dis. 16:79-82.

Biosca, E.G., H. Llorens, E. Garay, and C. Amaro. 1993b. Presence of a capsule in Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 and its relationship to virulence for eels. Infect. Immun. 61:1611-1618.

Biosca, E.G., C. Amaro, E. Marco-Noales, and J.D. Oliver. 1996a. Effect of low temperature on starvation-survival of the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:450-455.

Biosca, E.G., B. Fouz, E. Alcaide, and C. Amaro. 1996b. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition mechanisms in Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:928-935.

Biosca, E.G., J.D. Oliver, and C. Amaro. 1996c. Phenotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, a lipopolysaccharide-based homogenous O serogroup within Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:918-927.

Biosca, E.G., C. Amaro, J.L. Larsen, and K. Pedersen. 1997a. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus: proposal for the substitution of the subspecific taxon biotype for serovar. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1460-1466.

Biosca, E.G., E. Marco-Noales, C. Amaro, and E. Alcaide. 1997b. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of V. vulnificus biotype 2: development and field studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:537-542.

Biosca, E.G., L. Høi, A. Dalsgaard, J.L. Larsen, J. Oliver, D, and K. Pedersen. Comparison of two oligonucleotide probes for whole-cell identification of Vibrio vulnificus: evidence that the VVAP probe is not specific at species level. Manuscript submitted.

Bisharat, N., and R. Raz. 1997. Vibrio infection in Israel due to changes in fish marketing. Lancet 348:1585-1586.

Blake, P.A., M.H. Merson, R.E. Weaver, D.G. Hollis, and P.C. Heublein. 1979. Disease caused by a marine vibrio. New. Engl. J. Medicin. 300:1-5.

Bloomfield, S.F., S.A.B. Stewart, C.E.R. Dodd, I.R. Booth, and E.G.M. Power. 1998. The viable but non-culturable phenomenon explained ? Microbiology 144:1-2.

Boutin, B.K., A.L. Reyes, J.T. Peeler, and R.M. Twedt. 1985. Effect of temperature and suspending vehicle on survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. J. Food Prot. 48:875-878.

Brauns, L.A., M.C. Hudson, and J.D. Oliver. 1991. Use of the polymerase chain reaction in detection of culturable and nonculturable Vibrio vulnificus cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2651-2655.

Brayton, P.R., P.A. West, E. Russek, and R.R. Colwell. 1983. New selective plating medium for isolation of Vibrio vulnificus biogroup 1. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:1039-1044.

Bruun, B. 1997. State Serum Institute. Copenhagen, Denmark. Personal communication.

Bryant, R.G., J. Jarvis, and J.M. Janda. 1987. Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polymyxin B-sucrose medium for isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1556-1559.

Buchrieser, C., V.V. Gangar, R.L. Murphree, M.L. Tamplin, and C.W. Kaspar. 1995. Multiple Vibrio vulnificus strains in oysters as demonstrated by clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1163-1168.

Bush, C.A., P. Patel, S. Gunawardena, J. Powell, A. Joseph, J.A. Johnson, and J.G. Morris. 1997. Classification of Vibrio vulnificus strains by the carbohydrate composition of their capsular polysaccharides. Anal. Biochem. 250:186-195.

Chuang, Y.C., C.Y. Yuan, C.Y. Liu, C.K. Lan, and A. H. Huang. 1992. Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan: Report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:271-276.

Clark, W.A., and A.G. Steigerwalt. 1977. Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation experiments with a halophilic, lactose-fermenting Vibrio isolated from blood cultures. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 27:194-199.

Cochran, P.K., and J.H. Paul. 1998. Seasonal abundance of lysogenic bacteria in a subtropical eustary. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2308-2312.

Coleman, S.S., D.M. Melanson, E.G. Biosca, and J.D. Oliver. 1996. Detection of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2 in eels and oysters by PCR amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1378-1382.

Colwell, R.R. 1984. Vibrios in the environment. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Conner, D.E., and J.S. Kortola. 1995. Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under acidic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:382-385.

Dalsgaard, A., I. Dalsgaard, L. Høi, and J.L. Larsen. 1996a. Comparison of a commercial biochemical kit and an oligonucleotide probe for identification of environmental isolates of Vibrio vulnificus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 22:184-188.

Dalsgaard, A., N. Frimodt-Møller, B. Bruun, L. Høi, and J.L. Larsen. 1996b. Clinical manifestations and epidemiology of Vibrio vulnificus infections in Denmark. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:227-231.

Dalsgaard, A., and L. Høi. 1997. Prevalence and characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from shrimp products imported into Denmark. J. Food Prot. 60:1132-1135.

Dalsgaard, I., L. Høi, R.J. Siebeling, and A. Dalsgaard. Indole-positive Vibrio vulnificus isolated from disease outbreaks in a Danish eel farm. Dis. Aquat. Org. In press.

Danieu, P., L. Høi, R.J. Siebeling, and A. Dalsgaard. 1996. Ribotypes and antigenic profiles of Vibrio vulnificus, abstr. Q-396, p.455. In Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996.

American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Davidson, L.S., and J.D. Oliver. 1986. Plasmid carriage in Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:211-213.

Davies, C.M., S.C. Apte, and S.M. Peterson. 1995. Possible interference of lactose-fermenting marine Vibrios in coliform ß-galactosidase assays. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:387-393.

Dayal, H.H., N.M. Trieff, and V. Dayal. 1993. Preventing Vibrio vulnificus infections: who should bear responsibility? Am. J. Prev. Med. 9:191-193.

DePaola, A. 1998. US Food and Drug Administration. Dauphin Island, Alabama. Personal communication.

DePaola, A., G.M. Capers, and D. Alexander. 1994. Densities of Vibrio vulnificus in the intestines of fish from the U.S. Gulf Coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:984-988.

DePaola, A., S. Mcleroy, and G. Mcmanus. 1997a. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus phage in oyster tissue and other estuarine habitats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2464-2467.

DePaola, A., M.L. Motes, D.W. Cook, J. Veazey, W.E. Garthright, and R. Blodgett. 1997b. Evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probe for enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus in Gulf Coast oysters. J. Microbiol. Methods 29:115-120.

DePaola, A., M.L. Motes, A.M. Chan, and C.A. Suttle. 1998. Phages infecting Vibrio vulnificus are abundant and diverse in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:346-351.

Devi, S.J.N., U. Hayat, C.E. frasch, A.S. Kreger, and J.G. Morris. 1995. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines of carbotype 1 Vibrio vulnificus: construction, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in a murine model. Infect. Immun. 63:2906-2911.

Devi, S.J.N., U. Hayat, J.L. Powell, and J.G. Morris. 1996. Preclinical immunoprohylatic and immunotherpeutic efficacy of antisera to capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 64:2220-2224.

Dorsch, M., D. Lane, and E. Stackebrandt. 1992. Towards a phylogeny of the genus Vibrio based on 16S rRNA sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42:58-63.

Duke, G.E. 1986. Alimentary canal: secretion and digestion, special digestive functions, and adsorption, p. 289-302. In P.D. Sturkie (ed.), Avian physiology, 4th ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Fang, F.C. 1992. Use of tetracycline for treatment of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:1071-1072.

Farmer III, J.J. 1979. Vibrio ("Beneckea") vulnificus, the bacterium associated with sepsis, septicæmia, and the sea. Lancet 27:903

Farmer III, J.J. 1980. Revival of the name Vibrio vulnificus. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 30:656

Firth, J.R, J.P. Diaper, and C. Edwards. 1994. Survival and viability of Vibrio vulnificus in seawater monitored by flow cytometry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 268-271.

Foster, J.W. 1995. Low pH adaption and the acid tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2:215-237.

Freeman, B.M. 1983. Body temperature and thermoregulation, p. 365-377. In B.M. Freeman (ed.), Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl. Academic press, London.

Furones, M.D., C.J. Rodgers, and C.B. Munn. 1993. Yersinia ruckeri, the casual agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM) in fish. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 3:105-125.

Gander, R.M., and M.T. LaRocco. 1989. Detection of piluslike structures on clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio vulnificus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1015-1021.

Gardner, E.A., and Watts, B.M. 1956. Correlation of pH and quality of shucked Southern oysters. Com. Fisheries Rev. 18:8-15.

Gray, L.D., and A.S. Kreger. 1985. Purification and characterization of an extracellular cytolysin produced by Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 48:62-72.

Gray, L.D., and A.S. Kreger. 1986. Detection of anti-Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin antibodies in sera from mice and a human surviving V. vulnificus disease. Infect. Immun. 51:964-965.

Hagen, C.J., E.M. Sloan, G.A. Lancette, J.T. Peeler, and J.N. Sofos. 1994. Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various seafoods with two enrichment broths. J. Food Prot. 57:403-409.

Hayat, U., G.P. Reddy, C.A. Bush, J.A. Johnson, A.C. Wright, and J.G. Morris. 1993. Capsular types of Vibrio vulnificus: an analysis of strains from clinical and environmental sources. J. Infect. Dis. 168:758-762.

Hein, L. 1998. Vibrio vulnificus - adaptation til lavt pH samt forekomst i danske havfugle. B. Sc. thesis. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Frederiksberg, Denmark.

Hennes, K.P., and M. Simon. 1995. Significance of bacteriophages for controlling bacterioplankton growth in a mesotrophic lake. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:333-340.

Hjelmeland, K., M. Christie, and J. Raa. 1983. Skin mucus protease from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and its biological significance. J. Fish Biol. 23:13-22.

Hlady, W.G. 1997. Vibrio infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Florida, 1981-1994. J. Food Prot. 60:353-357.

Hlady, W.G., and K.C. Klontz. 1996. The epidemiology of Vibrio infections in Florida, 1981-1993. J. Infect. Dis. 173:1176-1183.

Hollis, D.G., R.E. Weaver, C.N. Baker, and C. Thornsberry. 1976. Halophilic Vibrio species isolated from blood cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:425-431.

Holt, J.G., N.R. Krieg, P.H. Sneath, J.T. Staley, and S.T. Williams (eds.). 1994. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Horre, R., G. Markelein, and K.P. Schaal. 1996. Vibrio vulnificus, an emerging human pathogen. Zbl. Bakt. 284:273-284.

Hoyer, J., E. Engelmann, R.-M. Liehr, A. Distler, H. Hahn, and T. Shimada. 1995. Septic shock due to Vibrio vulnificus serogroup O4 wound infection acquired from the Baltic sea. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis 14:1016-1018.

Hsu, W.-Y., C.I. Wei, and M.L. Tamplin. 1998. Enhanced broth media for selective growth of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2701-2704.

Høi, L., J. Warner, and J.D. Oliver. 1996. Comparison of ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) for characterization of Vibrio vulnificus, abstr. N-108, p.340. In Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Høi, L., A. Dalsgaard, J.L. Larsen, J.M. Warner, and J.D. Oliver. 1997. Comparison of ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR for characterization of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1674-1678.

Høi, L., I. Dalsgaard, and A. Dalsgaard. 1998a. Improved isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from seawater and sediment with cellobiose-colistin agar. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1721-1724.

Høi, L., I. Dalsgaard, A. DePaola, R.J. Siebeling, and A. Dalsgaard. 1998b. Heterogeneity among isolates of Vibrio vulnificus recovered from eels (Anguilla anguilla) in Denmark. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4676-4682.

Høi, L., J.L. Larsen, I. Dalsgaard, and A. Dalsgaard. 1998c. Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:7-13.

Jackson, J.K., R.L. Murphree, and M.L. Tamplin. 1997. Evidence that mortality form Vibrio vulnificus infection results from single strains among heterogeneous populations in shellfish. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2098-2101.

Jobling, M., K. Hjelmeland. 1992. Ernæring og metabolisme, p. 233-276. In D. Døving and E. Reimers (eds.), Fiskens fysiologi. John Grieg Forlag, Stavanger.

Kaspar, C.W., and M.L. Tamplin. 1993. Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of Vibrio vulnificus in seawater and shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2425-2429.

Kaysner, C.A., C.J. Abeyta, M.M. Wekell, A. DePaola, R.F. Stott, and J.M. Leitch. 1987. Virulent strains of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from estuaries of the United states West coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1349-1351.

Kaysner, C.A., M.L. Tamplin, M.M. Wekell, R.F. Stott, and K.G. Colburn. 1989. Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in shellstock and shucked oysters (Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica) and effects of isolation medium on recovery. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:3072-3079.

Kelly, M.T. 1982. Effect of temperature and salinity on Vibrio (Beneckea) vulnificus occurrence in a Gulf coast environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:820-824.

Kelly, M.T., and D.A. Avery. 1980. Lactose-positive Vibrio in seawater: a cause of pneumonia and septicemia in a drowning victim. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11:278-280.

Klontz, K.C., S. Lieb, M. Schreiber, H.T. Janowski, L.M. Baldy, and R.A. Gunn. 1988. Syndromes of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Clinical and epidemiologic features in Florida cases, 1981-1987. Ann. Intern. Med. 109:318-323.

Klontz, K.C., L. Williams, L.M. Baldy, and M. Campos. 1994. Raw oyster-associated Vibrio infections: linking epidemiologic data with laboratory testing of oysters obtained from a retail outlet. J. Food Prot. 56:977-979.

Kothary, M.H., and A.S. Kreger. 1987. Purification and characterization of an elastolytic protease of Vibrio vulnificus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:1783-1791.

Kreger, A., L. DeChatelet, and P. Shirley. 1981. Interaction of Vibrio vulnificus with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: association of virulence with resistance to phagocytosis. J. Infect. Dis. 144:244-248.

Kreger, A.S., L.D. Gray, and J. Testa. 1984. Protection of mice against Vibrio vulnificus disease by vaccination with surface antigen preparations and anti-surface antigen antisera. Infect. Immun. 45:537-543.

Lefkowitz, A., G.S. Fout, G. Losonsky, S.S. Wasserman, E. Israel, and J.G. Morris. 1992. A serosurvey of pathogens associated with shellfish: prevalence of antibodies to Vibrio species and Norwalk virus in the Chesapeake Bay region. Am. J. Epidemiol. 135:369-380.

Lewin, A. 1998. The Robert Koch Institute. Berlin, Germany. Personal communication.

MacDonell, M.T., F.L. Singleton, and M.A. Hood. 1982. Diluent composition for use of API 20E in characterizing marine and estuarine bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:423-427.

MacDonell, M.T., and R.R. Colwell. 1985. Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and recombination for two new genera, Listonella and Shewanella. System. Appl. Microbiol. 6:171-182.

Manning, P.A., U.H. Stroeher, and R. Morona. 1994. Molecular basis for O-antigen biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae O1: Ogawa-Inaba switching, p. 77-94. In I.K. Wachsmuth, P.A. Blake, and Ø. Olsvik (eds.), Vibrio cholerae and cholerae: molecular to global perspectives. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Martin, S.J., and R.J. Siebeling. 1991. Identification of Vibrio vulnificus O serovars with antilipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1684-1688.

Massad, G., and J.D. Oliver. 1987. New selective and differential medium for Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2262-2264.

Massad, G., L.M. Simpson, and J.D. Oliver. 1988. Isolation and characterization of hemolysin mutants of Vibrio vulnificus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:295-300.

Mclaughlin, J.C. 1995. Vibrio, p. 465-476. In P.R. Murray, E.J. Baron, M.A. Pfaller, F.C. Tenover and R.H. Yolken (eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed. ASM Press, Washinghton, D.C.

McPherson, V.L., J.A. Watts, L.M. Simpson, and J.D. Oliver. 1991. Physiological effects of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio vulnificus on mice and rats. Microbios. 67:141-149.

Melhus, Å., T. Homldahl, and I. Tjernderg. 1995. First documented case of bacteremia with Vibrio vulnificus in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 27:81-82.

Mellergaard, S., and I. Dalsgaard. 1987. Disease problems in Danish eel farms. Aquaculture 67:139-146.

Mertens, A., J. Nagler, W. Hansen, and E. Gepts-Friedenreich. 1979. Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9:233-235.

Miceli, G.A., W.D. Watkins, and S.R. Rippey. 1993. Direct plating procedure for enumerating Vibrio vulnificus in oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3519-3524.

Miyazaki, T., Y. Jo, S.S. Kubota, and S. Egusa. 1977. Histopathological studies on vibriosis of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Part 1. Natural infection. Fish Pathol. 12:163-170.

Miyoshi, N., C. Shimizu, S. Miyoshi, and S. Shinoda. 1987. Purification and characterization of Vibrio vulnificus protease. Microbiol. Immunol. 31:13-25.

Morris, J.G., A.C. Wright, D.M. Roberts, P.K. Wood, L.M. Simpson, and J.D. Oliver. 1987a. Identification of environmental Vibrio vulnificus isolates with a DNA probe for the cytotoxin-hemolysin gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:193-195.

Morris, J.G., A.C. Wright, L.M. Simpson, P.K. Wood, D.E. Johnson, and J.D. Oliver. 1987b. Virulence of Vibrio vulnificus: association with utilization of transferrin-bound iron, and lack of correlation with levels of cytotoxin or protease production. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 40:55-59.

Motes, M.L., A. DePaola, D.W. Cook, J.E. Veazey, J.C. Hunsucker, W.E. Garthright, R.J. Blodgett, and S.J. Chritel. 1998. Influence of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio vulnificus in Northen Gulf and Atlantic Coast oysters (Crassostrea virgincia). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1459-1465.

Muroga, K., Y. Jo, and M. Nishibuchi. 1976. Pathogenic Vibrio isolated from cultured eels. I. Characteristics and taxonomic status. Fish Pathol. 11:141-145.

Murray, P.R. (ed.). 1995. Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed. ASM press, Washington, D.C.

Nagasawa, K., Y.-G. Kim, and H. Hirose. 1994. Anguillicola crasus and A. globiceps (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) parasitic in the swimbladder of eels (Anguilla japonica and A. anguilla) in East Asia: a review. Folia Parasitol. 41:127-137.

Nielsen, M.E. 1997. Anguillicola crassus en parasitisk nematod hos ål. Ph.D. dissertation. Copenhagen University. Denmark.

Nilsson, L., J.D. Oliver, and S. Kjelleberg. 1991. Resuscitation of Vibrio vulnificus from the viable but nonculturable state. J. Bacteriol. 173:5054-5059.

Nishibuchi, M., K. Muroga, and M. Jo. 1980. Pathogenic Vibrio isolated from cultured eels. V. Serological studies. Fish Pathol. 14:117-124.

Okujo, N., T. Akiyma, S., Myoshi, S. Shinoda, and S. Yamamoto. 1996. Involvement of vulnibaction and exocellular protease in utilization of transferrin- and lactoferrin-bound iron by Vibrio vulnificus. Microbiol. Immunol. 40:595-598.

O'Neill, K.R., S.H. Jones, and D.J. Grimes. 1992. Seasonal incidence of Vibrio vulnificus in the Great Bay estuary of New Hampshire and Maine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3257-3262.

Oliver, J.D. 1981. Lethal cold stress of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:710-717.

Oliver, J.D. 1989. Vibrio vulnificus, p. 569-600. In M.P. Doyle (ed.), Foodborne bacterial pathogens. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.

Oliver, J.D. 1995. The viable but non-culturable state in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 133:203-208.

Oliver, J.D., and R. Bockian. 1995. In vivo resuscitation, and virulence towards mice, of viable but nonculturable cells of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2620-2623.

Oliver, J.D., R.A. Warner, and D.R. Cleland. 1982. Distribution and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios in coastal waters of the Southeastern United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1404-1414.

Oliver, J.D., R.A. Warner, and D.R. Cleland. 1983. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose fermenting vibrios in the marine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:985-998.

Oliver, J.D., J.E. Wear, M.B. Thomas, M. Warner, and K. Linder. 1986. Production of extracellular enzymes and cytotoxicity by Vibrio vulnificus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 5:99-111.

Oliver, J.D., K. Guthrie, J. Preyer, A.C. Wright, L.M. Simpson, R. Siebling, and J.G. Morris. 1992. Use of colistin-polymyxin B-cellobiose agar for isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:737-739.

Oliver, J.D., M.F. Hite, D. Mcdougald, N.L. Andon, and L.M. Simpson. 1996. Entry into, and resuscitation from, the viable but nonculturable state by Vibrio vulnificus in an estuarine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2624-2630.

Ortigosa, M., C. Esteve, and M.J. Pujalte. 1989. Vibrio species in seawater and mussels: abundance and numerical taxonomy. System. Appl. Microbiol. 12:316-325.

Overman, T.L., and J.K. Overley. 1986. Feasibility of same-day identification of members of the family Vibrionaceae by the API 20E system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:715-717.

Overman, T.L., J.F.Kessler, and J.P. Seabolt. 1985. Comparison of API 20E, API rapid E, and API rapid NFT for identification of members of the family Vibrionaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:778-781.

Parker, R.W., and D.H. Lewis. 1995. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin to detect V. vulnificus in environmental specimens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:476-480.

Parker, R.W., E.M. Maurer, A.B. Childers, and D.H. Lewis. 1994. Effect of frozen storage and vaccum-packaging on survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Gulf coast oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J. Food Prot. 57:604-606.

Pujalte, M.J., A. Arnau, C. Amaro, E. Alcaide, and E. Garay. 1983. Numerical taxonomy of Vibrio strains isolated from coastal area of Valencia (Spain). INSERM 114:185-197.

Reichelt, J.L., P. Baumann, and L. Baumann. 1976. Study of genetic relationsship among marine species of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization. Arch. Microbiol. 110:101-120.

Scholz, F., and I. Zerbst-Boroffka. 1994. Osmo- und ionenregulation des aalparasiten Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) und seines wirtes (Anguilla anguilla). Zool. Beitr. N. F. 35:103-117.

Shimada, T., and R. Sakazaki. 1984. On the serology of Vibrio vulnificus. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 37:241-246.

Shin, M.G., J.H. Shin, and D.W. Ryang. 1993. Clinical characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus infection. Korean J. Clin. Pathol. 13:287-293.

Shinoda, S., M. Kobayashi, H. Yamada, S. Yoshida, M. Ogawa, and Y. Mizuguchi. 1987. Inhibitory effect of capsular antigen of Vibrio vulnificus on bactericidal activity of human serum. Microbiol. Immunol. 31:393-401.

Siebeling, R.J. 1997. Selected bacteria of medical importance, p. 99-146. In E.E. Bittar and N. Bittar (eds.), Principles of medical biology, Volume 9A. JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut.

Sinding, M. 1998. Meda A/S. Copenhagen, Denmark. Personal communication.

Simonson, J. G., and R.J. Siebeling. 1986. Rapid serological identification of Vibrio vulnificus by anti-H coagglutination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:1299-1304.

Simonson, J.G., and R.J. Siebeling. 1993. Immunogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus capsular polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein conjugates. Infect. Immun. 61:2053-2058.

Simpson, L.M., V.K. White, S.F. Zane, and J.D. Oliver. 1987. Correlation between virulence and colony morphology in Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 55:269-272.

Sloan, E.M., C.J. Hagen, G.A. Lancette, J.T. Peeler, and J.N. Sofos. 1992. Comparison of five selective enrichment broths and two selective agars for recovery of Vibrio vulnificus from oysters. J. Food Prot. 55:356-359.

Stelma, G.N.J., A.L. Reyes, J.T. Peeler, C.H. Johnson, and P.L. Spaulding. 1992. Virulence characteristics of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2776-2782.

Stryer, L. 1988. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.

Sun, Y., and J.D. Oliver. 1995. Value of cellobiose-polymyxin B-colistin agar for isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from oysters. J. Food Prot. 58:439-440.

Søgaard, H. 1982. The pharmacodynamics of polymyxin antibiotics with special reference to drug resistance liability. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 5:219-231.

Tamplin, M.L. 1995. The ecology of Vibrio vulnificus, p. 75-85. In Proceedings of the 1994 Vibrio vulnificus workshop. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.

Tamplin, M.L., and G.M. Capers. 1992. Persistence of Vibrio vulnificus in tissues of Gulf Coast oysters, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to seawater disinfected with UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1506-1510.

Tamplin, M.L., G.E. Rodrick, N.J. Blake, and T. Cuba. 1982. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio vulnificus from two Florida estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1466-1470.

Tamplin, M.L., S. Specter, G.E. Rodrick, and H. Friedman. 1985. Vibrio vulnificus resists phagocytosis in the absence of serum opsonins. Infect. Immun. 49:715-718.

Tamplin, M.L., A.L. Martin, A.D. Ruple, D.W. Cook, and C.W. Kaspar. 1991. Enzyme immunoassay for identification of Vibrio vulnificus in seawater, sediment, and oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1235-1240.

Tamplin, M.L., J.K. Jackson, C. Buchrieser, R.L. Murphree, K.M. Portier, V. Gangar, L.G. Miller, and C.W. Kaspar. 1996. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental Vibrio vulnificus isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:3572-3580.

Testa, J., L.W. Daniel, and A.S. Kreger. 1984. Extracellular phospholipase A₂ and lysophospholipase produced by Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 45:458-463.

Thampuran, N., and P.K. Suredran. 1998. Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in tropical fish and shellfish from Cochin (India). Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:110-112.

Tison, D.L., M. Nishibuchi, J.D. Greenwood, and R.J. Seidler. 1982. Vibrio vulnificus biogroup 2, a new biogroup pathogenic for eels. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:640-646.

Tison, D.L., and M.T. Kelly. 1986. Virulence of Vibrio vulnificus strains from marine environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:1004-1006.

US Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Quality criteria for water. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.

US Food and Drug Administration. 1995. Bacteriological analytical manual, 8th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia.

Veenstra, J., P.J. Rietra, C.P. Stoutenbeek, J.M. Coster, H.H. de Gier, and S. Dirks Go. 1992. Infection by an indole-negative variant of Vibrio vulnificus transmitted by eels. J. Infect. Dis. 166:209-210.

Veenstra, J., P.J. Rietra, J.M. Coster, E. Slaats, and S. Dirks-Go. 1994. Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus along the Dutch coast. Epidemiol. Infect. 112:285-290.

Waldor, M.K., and J.J. Mekalanos. 1996. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholerae toxin. Science 272:1910-1914.

Weichart, D., and S. Kjelleberg. 1996. Stress resistance and recovery potential of culturable and viable but nonculturable cells of Vibrio vulnificus. Microbiology 142:845-853.

Whitman, C. 1995. Epidemiology, p. 13-23. In Proceedings of the 1994 Vibrio vulnificus workshop. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Washington, D.C.

Willumsen, B. 1989. Birds and wild fish as potential vectors of Yersinia ruckeri. J. Fish Dis. 12:275-277.

Wilmes-Riesenberg, M.R., B. Bearson, J.W. Foster, and R. Curtiss III. 1996. Role of the acid tolerance response in virulence af Salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 64:1085-1092.

Wright, A.C., and J.G. Morris. 1991. The extracellular cytolysin of Vibrio vulnificus: inactivation and relationship to virulence in mice. Infect. Immun. 59:192-197.

Wright, A.C., L.M. Simpson, and J.D. Oliver. 1981. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Infect. Immun. 34:503-507.

Wright, A.C., J.G. Morris, D.R. Maneval, K. Richardson, and J.B. Kaper. 1985. Cloning of the cytotoxin-hemolysin gene of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 50:922-924.

Wright, A.C., L.M. Simpson, J.D. Oliver, and J.G. Morris. 1990. Phenotypic evaluation of acapsular transposon mutants of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 58:1769-1773.

Wright, A.C., G.A. Miceli, W.L. Landry, J.B. Christy, W.D. Watkins, and J.G. Morris. 1993. Rapid identification of Vibrio vulnificus on nonselective media with an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:541-546.

Wright, A.C., R.T. Hill, J.A. Johnson, M.-C. Roghman, R.R. Colwell, and J.G. Morris. 1996. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:717-724.

Yoshida, S., M. Ogawa, and Y. Mizuguchi. 1985. Relation of capsular materials and colony opacity to virulence of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 47:446-451.

Zakaria-Meehan, Z., G. Massad, L.M. Simpson, J.C. Travis, and J.D. Oliver. 1988. Ability of Vibrio vulnificus to obtain iron from hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes. Infect. Immun. 56:275-277.

Zuppardo, A.B., and R.J. Siebeling. 1998. An epimerase gene essential for capsule synthesis in Vibrio vulnificus. Infect. Immun. 66:2601-2606.