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Alternatives to Methyl Bromide; Integrated Pest Management in
Danish Flour Mills
Appendix 5
Possible alternatives to fumigation
| Name |
Chem. name |
Ap-
proved |
Operating time |
Application area |
Remarks |
Carbonyl-
sulphide |
COS |
No |
24 hours |
Stores and production buildings, equipment and machinery |
Quick-acting, good penetration, qualities, effective.
Inflammable at high concen-
trations.
CSIRO, The Stored Grain Research Laboratory in Australia are at present applying for a
patent on the gas as a fumigant |
| Carbon dioxide, Phosphine and heat |
CO2 and PH3 |
No |
24 - 36 hours |
As Phosphine |
Quick-acting, good penetration qualities, effective.
As less phosphine is required the corrosion and ignition risks are greatly reduced. |
| Heat |
°C |
|
A minimum of 55°C for 10 hours. Heating time depends on the
ambient temperature, the buildings construction and content |
Stores and production buildings, equipment and machinery |
When the temperature is attained:
quick-acting and effective. No residues. Several successful trials have been made in mills
smaller than about 3000 m3.
At present we do not know whether the results can be applied and viable in large
complicated modern facilities with many floors, rooms and passages |
| Freezing |
°C |
|
Dependant on the material and the amount of material |
Small valuable consign-
ments |
The cold tolerance varies for each species and also for the
stage of development. The eggs are often most tolerant. Not all goods are suitable for
freezing |
| Microwave, UV-light, radiation, HTST |
|
No |
|
|
There have been many tests utilising micro wave radiation
etc. At present they can only be used on small quantities of goods. The methods are very
specialised and as yet, expensive. |
A survey of the practical possibilities of fumigation against insects, in Danish
Mills. January 1996
| Name |
Chem. name |
Ap-
proved |
Operation time |
Application area |
Remarks |
| Methyl bromide |
CH3Br |
Not after 1.1.98 |
24 - 48 hours |
Stores production facilities, equipment and machinery. Containers and
small local fumigations |
Quick-acting, effective, good penetration abilities. Non-flammable. No
active residues. May be used on some food stuffs such as grain, dry fruit and nuts. |
| Phosphine |
PH3 |
Yes |
4 - 10 days depending on temperature and air humidity. |
Silos, stores, milling equipment and machinery. Small local fumigations |
Slow-acting, effective, good penetration abilities. Cannot be used at
temp. under 10°C. Inflammable at high concen-
trations. Residue problems in some countries. Corrosion risk of precious metals under
certain circumstances. May be used seed, grain and flour. In large amounts the residues
can be difficult to handle |
| Hydrogen Cyanide |
HCN |
No |
Less than 24 hours |
Stores, production facilities, equipment and machinery |
Very quick-acting, effective. Inflammable at high concen-
trations. Extreme-
ly poisonous to humans. Easy dissolved in water. Used on dry food such as nuts, grain and
flour |
Sulfuryl-
fluoride |
SO2F2 |
No |
24 - 48 hours |
Stores and production facilities, equipment and machinery |
Quick-acting, very good penetration abilities. Non-
flammable. Has never been ap-
proved for the use on food. |
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