| (1) |
Miljø- og Energiministeriet/Miljøstyrelsen. EUs udvidelse mod Øst -
miljømæssige perspektiver: Hovedrapport (Copenhagen, 1997).
[Tilbage]
|
| (2) |
The European Council at Nice (December 2000) confirmed that the
enlargement process is irreversible. Negotiations should be completed by the end of 2002
for those applicant countries that are ready and they are to be admitted in time to take
part in the 2004 European Parliament elections. The Gothenburg European Council (15-16
June 2001) iterated the above-mentioned dates. For more information, see Presidency
Conclusions, SN 200/1/01 REV 1.
[Tilbage]
|
| (3) |
"Black triangle becoming green again", ENDS Daily, 16 May
2001, reporting that in the period 1989-1999, SO2 emissions plummeted by 92%, NOx by 80%,
and particulates by 96%.
[Tilbage]
|
| (4) |
In May 2001, for example, fears that Spain would lose its share from
the regional aid budget once accession took place prompted Madrid to block a deal on free
movement of workers from applicant countries. Spain finally lifted its objections before
the Gothenburg European Council, but pressures might reignite at a later stage.
[Tilbage]
|
| (5) |
An SAA was signed between the EC and the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia on 26 March 2001. The SAA with Croatia was signed on 29 October 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (6) |
DG Environment has supported Ministries of Environment of the applicant
countries via a number of guidance documents, training and concrete assistance projects.
More information can be found on the DG Environment website,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enlarg/home.htm.
[Tilbage]
|
| (7) |
The Commission Communication on Implementing Community Environmental
Law (COM(96) 500 final) defines "transposition" as "any legislative,
regulatory or administrative binding measure taken by any competent authority of a
Member State in order to incorporate into the national legal order the obligations, rights
and duties enshrined in Community environmental directives. "
[Tilbage]
|
| (8) |
Commission Communication on the Challenge of Environmental Financing in
the Candidate Countries, COM(2001) 304 final, 8 July 2001, p. 4.
[Tilbage]
|
| (9) |
"Environment targets for applicant states end up as an exercise in
reality", European Voice, 7-13 June 2001, p. 16.
[Tilbage]
|
| (10) |
Cf, the World Bank reports on environmental approximation in Poland and
Bulgaria, and a recent report from a working party of CEPS (Center for European Policy
Studies), a Brusselsbased think tank on European policy issues.
[Tilbage]
|
| (11) |
Ulf Johannson. "Environmental protection expenditure in
Europe." EUROSTAT Statistics in focus (Theme 8- 7/2001).
[Tilbage]
|
| (12) |
See Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste
water treatment (as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC)
[Tilbage]
|
| (13) |
From Technical Report on Enlargement, RIVM Report 481505022, November
2001. This report is part of the Study on European Environmental Priorities, available at:
http://europa.en.int/comm/environment/enveco/prioritystudy/index.htm
[Tilbage]
|
| (14) |
Data extracted from EUROSTAT, 1998-1999 statistics on final energy
consumption in the Candidate Countries and the EU. Information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/etif/energy_
general_overview/final_consumption.html
[Tilbage]
|
| (15) |
Miljø- og Energiministeriet/Miljøstyrelsen. EU's udvidelse mod Øst -
miljømæssige perspektiver: Hovedrapport (Copenhagen, 1997).
[Tilbage]
|
| (16) |
From Technical Report on Enlargement, RIVM November 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (17) |
From Technical Report of Enlargement, RIVM, November 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (18) |
Agenda 2000 indicates that the problem of nuclear safety in some
applicant countries causes serious concern to the EU, even independently of enlargement,
and should urgently and effectively be addressed. In addition, the solution is not simply
to close down obsolete reactors, as they do not all pose the same risk, and the cost of
obtaining alternative energy supplies would be extremely high. Cf, Agenda 2000, The
Challenge of Enlargement, July 1997, Vol. II.
[Tilbage]
|
| (19) |
These costs refer to VVER 440/213 and VVER 1000/320 reactors. The VVER
440/213 is an old model of pressurised water reactors lacking reactor containment. The
costs of safety upgrading for these reactors are estimated between ECU 75 and 200 million
per reactor, depending on the circumstances. The VVER 1000/320 model has reactor
containment and its overall safety design is much closer to Western safety standards.
However, some upgrading is necessary and the costs for upgrading one VVER 1000/320 are
estimated between ECU 100 and 150 million.
[Tilbage]
|
| (20) |
Data extracted from Briefing Note 40, Nuclear Safety in the Applicant
Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, European Parliament, March 1999.
[Tilbage]
|
| (21) |
Extracted from European Voice, by David Cronin. Issue 30 July 2001,
page 6.
[Tilbage]
|
| (22) |
The Aarhus Convention has been ratified by Albania, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
the Republic of Moldova, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. The Convention came into effect on 30 October 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (23) |
Source: Europe "Agreening", 2000 Report on the Status and
Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in the European Region (REC,
September 2000).
[Tilbage]
|
| (24) |
EDC (1997). Compliance Costing for Approximation of EU Environmental
Legislation in the CEEC (available on the DG Environment website; see endnote 8 above).
[Tilbage]
|
| (25) |
From Commission Communication on the Challenge of Environmental
Financing in the Candidate Countries, COM (2001) 304 final, 8 July 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (26) |
From Commission Communication on the Challenge of Environmental
Financing in the Candidate Countries, COM (2001) 304 final, 8 July 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (27) |
From Technical Report on Enlargement, RIVM Report 481505022, November
2000 .
[Tilbage]
|
| (28) |
Ibid
[Tilbage]
|
| (29) |
Ibid.
[Tilbage]
|
| (30) |
Ibid.
[Tilbage]
|
| (31) |
Environmental Resources Management (2000). Development of
Implementation Strategies for Approximation in Environment Final Reports of Mini Projects
March 2000 (for the Phare DISAE Facility).
[Tilbage]
|
| (32) |
6,600-9,000: The World Bank (1999) Czech Republic. Toward EU Accession.
Washington DC. 9,400: RIVM, EFTEC, NTUA, IIASA (1999) European Environmental Priorities:
an Integrated Economic and Environmental Assessment.
[Tilbage]
|
| (33) |
Estonian Ministry of Environment, July 2000.
[Tilbage]
|
| (34) |
4,118-9,318: The World Bank (1999) Hungary. On the Road to the European
Union. Washington DC. 10,000: Hungarian Ministry of Environment, July 2000.
[Tilbage]
|
| (35) |
1,480-2,360: Latvian Ministry of Environment, July 2000. 1,505-1,942:
Latvia Regular Report (1999).
[Tilbage]
|
| (36) |
RIVM, EFTEC, NTUA, IIASA. (1999) European Environmental Priorities: An
Integrated Economic & Environmental Assessment.
[Tilbage]
|
| (37) |
22,100-42,800: The World Bank (2000) Poland Towards EU Accession.
Washington DC. 24,900: RIVM, EFTEC, NTUA, IIASA. (1999) European Environmental Priorities:
an Integrated Economic and Environmental Assessment.
[Tilbage]
|
| (38) |
Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection,
(2000) National Plan for Environment ISPA Implementation.
[Tilbage]
|
| (38) |
Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection,
(2000) National Plan for Environment ISPA Implementation.
[Tilbage]
|
| (39) |
Slovak government (2000) National Programme for the Adoption of the
Acquis.
[Tilbage]
|
| (40) |
Slovenian government (1999) National Programme for the Adoption of the
Acquis.
[Tilbage]
|
| (41) |
Communication from the Polish Ministry of Environment, November 2001
[Tilbage]
|
| (42) |
Addendum to Posistion Paper of The Republic of Latvis, Chapter
22:"Environmental Protection".
[Tilbage]
|
| (43) |
"Per capita GDP in 41 out of 53 regions below 50% of the EU
average in 1998" (EUROSTAT News Release No. 31/2001, 15 March 2001).
[Tilbage]
|
| (44) |
Data extracted from The Benefits of Compliance with the
Environmental Acquis for the Candidate Countries (ECOTEC, EFTEC, IEEP, Metroeconomica, TME
& Candidate Country Experts, 2001).
[Tilbage]
|
| (46) |
Report on an Assessment of the Twinning Instrument under Phare (July
2000), available on European Commission/DG Enlargement website.
[Tilbage]
|
| (47) |
"Pre-accession farm aid for Bulgaria: Go-ahead for payments for 53
million SAPARD-programme", RAPID press release (Europa website), Brussels, 15 May
2001. "Pre-accession farm aid for Estonia: Go-ahead for payments for 12.1 million
SAPARD-programme", RAPID press release (Europa website), Brussels, 19 June 2001.
[Tilbage]
|
| (48) |
The CEE applicant countries have a total population of 105 million,
while the four Cohesion Fund countries have a total population of just 64 million.
[Tilbage] |