Ozone depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Ozone depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF₆

ID	Source	Substance	Method	Emission factor	Remarks	Projection assumptions
	Emission of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (ods-substitutes)
	Refrigerant
K1	Household fridges and freezers	HFC-134a	Top-down Tier 2 approach: - information on refrigerant consumption provided by reports from the main producers of household fridges and freezers in DK, accounting for an estimated 95 % of the market at least. Bottom-up Tier 2 approach: - information on import and export of refrigerants in products based on the average quantity contained per unit and Danish statistics.	2 % release on filling (IPCC default) 1 % release from stock per year (IPCC default) Lifetime = 15 years (IPCC default) 0 % release upon disposal (DK default). Up to and including 2000, the quantity remaining upon disposal was included as emission (IPCC default). Legislation in Denmark ensures drawing-off of refrigerant, and consequently the IPCC default is misleading in the Danish context.	Stock determined in 1998 for the period 1990-1998 based on information from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export statistics and average quantity of HFC contained in refrigerant and foam per unit (source: consumption and emissions 1998, Danish Environmental Protection Agency). For the updating of stock import/export data from 1998 is used, as well as information on annual HFC consumption among Danish producers. 1998 import/export data is equal to net export of 1.6 tons of HFC-134a in foam (note: Denmark’s largest exporter does not use HFC in foam. Therefore the export of HFC in foam is less than the export of refrigerant).	From 2001 the net export of refrigerant in household fridges is assumed to account for 50 % of consumption. The consumption in the projection is not influenced by new phasing-out regulations The effect of charges on HFCs is expected to give an annual reduction in consumption of 5% in the period 2001-2005
K2	Commercial stationary refrigerators in retail stores, industry etc, and stationary A/C systems in buildings etc.	HFC-134a, HFC-404a, HFC-401a, HFC-402a, HFC-407c, HFC-507a, HFC others, PFCs (C₃F₈)	Top-down Tier 2 approach: - information on refrigerant consumption provided by importers/suppliers of refrigerants to commercial refrigerators in Denmark - information on distribution of refrigerant consumption at different sites is estimated using information from user enterprises, the the KMO and estimates from suppliers	1.5 % release on filling (DK default) 10 % release from operation and accident (DK default). 0 % release from destruction (DK default). In the case of re-use it is assumed release occurs during the cleaning process equivalent to 2 %. It is good practice not to account for any re-use since the original is accounted for in the sales and import.	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from commercial plant. The work was conducted by COWI for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The results have lead to a decrease in the evaluated leakage rates for filling, operation and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines (Source: reassessment of emissions from commercial refrigerators, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).	From 2007 the consumption of refrigerant is accounted for entirely by the amount needed for refilling of existing stock. It is assumed that the consumption of refrigerant for refilling of stock will be reduced by 15 % in 2007 and will then diminish by 5 % per year until 2014. From 2015 the consumption is assumed to account for only 10 % per year.
	Fridge transporters	HFC-134a, HFC-404a	Top down Tier 2 approach - information on refrigerant consumption in rrefridgerated vans and lorries is based on consumption information from fridge transporting enterprises and data from the KMO	0.5 % release on filling (DK default) 17 % release from operation annually (DK default, same as IPCC) 2% release from re-use (DK default) Lifetime 6-8 years 0 % upon destruction; all refrigerant is drawn off and is either recycled or destroyed at the Kommune Kemi plant	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from refridgerated vans and lorries. The study was conducted by COWI for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The results have lead to a decrease in the evaluated leakage rates for filling and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines. The leakage rate during operation remains at 17%, the same the stated in the IPCC guidelines (Source: reassessment of emissions from mobile A/C and refridgerated vans and lorries).	Charge effect not accounted for since refridgerated vans and lorries are exempt. Stock is defined as 7.7 tons of HFC-134a and 23.2 tons of HFC-404a in 2000 (Source: reassessment of EF for mobile plant…, Danish environmental Protection Agency). Consumption is projected as steady state for 2001
K4	Mobile A/C systems	HFC-134a	Tier 2 bottom-up and top-down approach. Bottom-up approach for definition of Danish emission factor and estimate for stock and import. Top-down approach used for gathering of consumption data from importers to refilling of mobile A/C systems.	0.5 % on refilling (DK default) 33 % annual release per during operation (complete refilling every third year) (DK default). Lifetime for mobile A/C systems that are serviced is 6 years, equivalent to two refillings. Systems do not undergo maintenance after 6 years (DK default) 0 % release on destruction. Gas is collected and re-used/cleaned, or treated at Kommune Kemi (DK default). The emission is calculated as 1/3 of stock from the previous year (n-1). This means the stock is the crucial determination parameter. The stock is calculated using DAF annual statistics in relation to a number of conditions defined in (source: reassessment of emission factors from mobile A/C and transporter refrigerators. Consumption per annum gives the quantity used in refilling of units which undergo servicing (max. 50% of existing units).	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from mobile A/C. The work was carried out by COWI for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The results have lead to a slight increase in the evaluated leakage rate from operation and a decrease from filling and disposal in accordance with IPCC guidelines (Source: reassessment of emissions from mobile A/C and refridgerated vans and lorries). The stock figures are updated using statistics on vehicles in Denmark from the Danish green consumer organisation Active Consumers (DAF). The average expected stock for cars and vans is 750 gms, 1.2 kg for trucks under 6 tons, 1.5 kg trucks over 6 tons, and 9 kg for buses. For information on other evaluation conditions see (Source: reassessment of emissions from mobile A/C and refridgerated vans and lorries).	The projection is based on a steady state stock (203 tons).
	Foaming processes
S1	Foam in household fridges and freezers (closed cells)	HFC-134a	Top down + bottom up Tier 2 approach: - information on foam blowing agents is derived from reports provided by the main producers of household fridges/freezers in Denmark, thought to represent at least 95 % of the market.	10 % release during foaming processes (IPCC default) 4.5 % release from stock per year (IPCC default) Lifetime = 15 years (DK default) 22.5 % remaining upon disposal which is destroyed in incineration and thereby is not released as emission (DK default).	HFC stock contained in foam is defined for the period 1990-1998 using information about consumption from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export statistics and the average quantity of HFC in refrigerants and foam per unit (Source: consumption and emissions 1998, Danish Environmental Protection Agency). The stock figures are updated using import/export statistics from 1998 and information on annual HFC consumption among Danish producers. Import/export figures for 1998: 141 tons net export of HFC-134a in refrigerants and 1.6 tons net export of HFC-134a in foam (note: Denmark’s largest exporter does not use HFC for foaming processes. Consequently the export of HFC in foam is less than in the export of refrigerants).
S2	Soft foam (open cells)	HFC-134a HFC-152a Other HFCs (HFC-365)	Tier 2 - information on foam blowing agents for soft foam is derived from reports provided by the main producer in Denmark, which still employs HFC in foaming processes. This producer is thought to represent approx. 80 % of the Danish soft foam consumption.	Emission = 100 % of the HFC quantity sold in the sold in the current (IPCC default)
S3	Joint filler (open cells)	HFC-134a HFC-152a	Tier 2, top down approach. - There are no longer any Danish producers of joint filler employing HFC as a foam blowing agent. Emissions are due to previous estimates by producers of imported joint filler products.	Emission = 100 % of imported quantity contained in joint filler in the current year (IPCC default).	The estimated import in 1998 by a joint filler producer was 10 tons of HFC-134a and 1 ton of HFC-152a. This estimate was based on the assumption that there is an average of 100 gms of HFC-134a and 25 gms of HFC-152a per tin of joint filler imported.
	Foaming of polyether (for shoe soles)	HFC-134a HFC-152a	Top down Tier 2 approach Information regarding consumption is identical to the consumption reported by producer in 1999 + an estimate of import/export of HFC in shoe soles, 1998. Bottom up Tier 2 approach: - Import of HFC contained in shoes is based on the average amount per shoe and on Danish statistics.	Emission (Danish default): - Production = 15 % - Use = 4.5 % - Lifetime = 3 years - Disposal = 71.5 %, destroyed in incineration and thereby is not released as emission.	The determination of the HFC stock in shoe soles is based on the following conditions: it is assumed that 5% of all shoes with plastic, rubber and leather soles contain polyether holding 8 gms of HFC-134a per shoe. The net export with the same consumption in Danish production is 0.3 tons of HFC-134a.
	Aerosols
	Aerosol sprays (industrial products)	HFC-134a	Tier 2. - information on propellant consumption is derived from reports on consumption from the only major producers of HFC-containing aerosol sprays in Denmark. It is estimated that these producers account for 100 % of the market.	Emission = 50 % of the HFC sold to this area of application in the current year and 50 % of the consumption in the second year (IPCC default for top-down data)	Top-down data. Estimates of import/export are based on the producer’s assessment of imports equivalent to 20 % of Danish production in the current year. The export is quantified by the producer.
	MDI (Metered Dose Inhalers)	HFC-134a	Tier 2, bottom up approach - consumption was studied in 1999 and was evaluated as minimal.			Due to minimal emissions this class of products is no longer included in Denmark’s national inventory.
	Solvents
R1	Liquid cleaners	PFC (C₃F₈Perfluoropropane)	Tier 2. - information on consumption of PFC in liquid cleaners is derived from sales reports of two importers. This information is estimated to cover 100 % of Danish consumption of PFC in liquid cleaners.	Emission = 50 % of the HFC sold to this area of application in the current year and 50 % of the consumption in the second year (IPCC default for top-down data)		Top-down data Undergoing phase-out starting 1/9 2002. It is assumed that the consumption is equally distributed over all months.
	Emissions of SF₆ from electrical equipment and other sources
	Insulating gas in thermal windows	SF₆	Tier 2 - information on consumption of SF₆ in thermal windows is derived from importers’ sales reports to the application area. The importers account for 100 % of the Danish sales of SF₆ for thermal windows. In addition, the largest producer of windows in Denmark has provided consumption data, with which import information is compared.	Emission (DK-default): - 15 % during production of thermal windows - 1 % per year during the lifetime of the window - Lifetime = 20 years - Disposable - 66 % of the filled content of a window in the production year. - Net export = 50 % of the consumption in the current year		Emissions data and lifetimes are based on information from the window producers and industry experts in Denmark (source: consumption and emissions 1998, Danish Environmental Protection Agency). The stock is determined on the basis of consumption information provided by importers back to 1990. The first Danish consumption was registered in 1991. In the projection of emissions it is assumed that the consumption of SF₆ in Danish window production will be phased out by 2003. Hereafter the only emissions will be those released from stock.
	Insulating glass and high-voltage power switches.	SF₆	Tier 3c - country level mass balance approach. - information on consumption of SF₆ in high-voltage power switches is derived from sales reports from importers of gas or products containing gas. The importers account for 100 % of the Danish sales of SF₆. The power and electricity sector also provide information the installation of new plant and thus whether the stock increases.	Emission (DK default): - release on filling = 5 % - release during operation = 0.5 % per year - release from re-use/drawing-off = 5 %. - release from disposal = 0 %		There is one supplier (Siemens) that imports its own gas for filling in Denmark. Suppliers (AAB, Siemens, Alstom) report on new installations. The stock in 2000 was 57.6 tons of SF₆, which covers power switches of all sizes in production and transmission plants. The stock has been evaluated on the basis of a questionnaire survey in 1999 which encompassed the entire Danish electricity sector (source: Collection and recycling of SF₆ from high-voltage plant, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2000).
	Shock absorbing gas in Nike Air running footwear	SF₆	Tier 2 - top-down approach. Importer has estimated import to Denmark of SF₆in running shoes.	Emission (DK default): - release from use and disposal = 100 % of filled amount - Lifetime of running shoes = 5 years		Importer/wholesaler reports that the import for the period 1990-1998 amounts to approx. 1 ton, equivalent to an emission of 0.11 tons per year in the period 1995-2003. For the period 1999-2005 the importer estimates the import at approx. one third of this, equivalent to 0.037 tons per year for the period 2004-2010.