Flora and Fauna Changes During Conversion from Conventional to Organic Farming

7 References

Albrecht, H. & Mattheis, A. (1998): The effects of organic and integrated farming on rare arable weeds on the Forschungsverbund Agrarokosysteme Munchen (FAM) research station in southern Bavaria. Biological Conservation 86: 347-356.

Altieri, M.A. & Whitcomb, W.A. (1979): The potential use of weeds in manipulation of beneficial insects. Hortiscience 14: 12-18.

Beijerinck, W. (1947): Zadenatlas der nederlandsche flora, ten behoeve van de botanie, palaeontologie, bodemcultuur en warekennis. Omvattende, naast de inheemsche flora, onze belangrijkste cultuurgewassen en verschillende adventiefsoorten. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen.

Bell, G.P. (1990): Birds and mammals on insect diet: a primer on diet composition analysis in relation to ecological energetics. Studies in Avian Biology 13: 416-422.

Benton, T.G., Bryant, D.M., Cole, L. & Crick, H.Q.P. (2002): Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: a historical study over three decades. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 673-687.

Berthelsen, J.P., Rasmussen, K. & Kjellsson, G. (1997): Fouragerende fugles udnyttelse af ukrudtsfrøpuljen. Metodeudvikling og vurdering af fødemuligheder i relation til pesticidpåvirkning. Bekæmpelsesmiddel-forskning fra Miljøstyrelsen 28. Miljø- og Energisministeriet, Miljøstyrelsen

Bommarco, R. (1997): Feeding, reproduction and dispersal of a generalist predator, Pterostichus cupreus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) related to agricultural landscape composition. Agraria 59. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Borg, C. & Toft, S. (2000): Importance of insect prey quality for grey partridge chicks Perdix perdix: a self-selection experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 557-563.

Breland, T.A. (1996): Green manuring with clover and ryegrass catch crops undersown in small grains: Crop development and yields. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B 46, 30-40.

Braae, L., Nøhr, H. & Petersen, B.S. (1988): Fuglefaunaen på konventionelle og økologiske landbrug. Miljøprojekt 102. Miljøstyrelsen.

Burn, A.J. (1989): Long-term effects of pesticides on natural enemies of cereal crop pests. In: Jepson, P.C. (ed.). Pesticides and non-target invertebrates. Intercept Ltd, Dorset, UK, pp. 177-193.

Chamberlain, D.E., Fuller, R.J., Bunce, R.G.H., Duckworth, J.C. & Shrubb, M. (2000): Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 771-788.

Chamberlain, D.E., Wilson, A.M., Browne, S.J. & Vickery, J.A. (1999): Effects of habitat type and management on the abundance of skylarks in the breeding season. Journal of Applied Ecology

36: 856-870.

Christensen, K.D., Falk, K. & Petersen, B.S. (1996): Feeding Biology of Danish Farmland Birds. Arbejdsrapport fra Miljøstyrelsen 12/1996. Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Warburg, E.F. (1959): Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.

Cramp, S. (ed.) (1988): The Birds of the Westerm Palearctic, Vol. V. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Danielsen, J. (1992): Registreringsmetode for bladlus i vårbyg. Nordisk Planteværnskonference, Roskilde.

Davies, D.H.K, Christal, A., Talbot, M., Lawson, H.M. & Wright, G. McN. (1997): Changes in weed populations in the conversion of two arable farms to organic farming. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds : 973-978.

Diaz, M. (1990): Interspecific patterns of seed selection among granivorous passerines: Effects of seed size, seed nutritive value and bird morphology. Ibis 132: 467-476.

Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J.A. (2000): The importance of cereal fields to breeding and wintering Skylarks Alauda arvensis in the UK. In: Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V. & Vickery, J.A. (eds.): Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Farmland Birds : 140-150. British Ornithologists‘ Union, Tring.

Donald, P.F., Buckingham, D.L., Moorcroft, D., Muirhead, L.B., Evans, A.D. & Kirby, W.B. (2001): Habitat use and diet of skylarks Alauda arvensis wintering on lowland farmland in southern Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 536-547.

Elmegaard, N., Rasmussen, P.N. & Poulsen, J.G. (1994): Arthropod food items of the Skylark (Alauda arvensis) in Danish fields. Arbejdsrapport fra Miljøstyrelsen 46/1994. Miljøstyrelsen.

Elmegaard, N.E., Andersen, P.N., Odderskær, P. & Prang, A. (1999): Food supply and breeding activity of Skylarks in fields with different pesticide treatment. In: Adams, N.J. & Slotow, R.H. (eds.) Proc. 22 Int. Ornithol. Congr., Durban: 1058-1069. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg.

Elsen, T. van (2000): Organic farming as a challenge for the integration of agriculture and nature development. In: Stolton, S., Geier, B. & McNeely, J.A. (eds.): The relationship between nature conservation, biodiversity and organic agriculture: 76-85. Proceedings of an international Workshop held in Vignola, Italy 1999.

Esbjerg, P. & Petersen, B.S. (eds.) (2002): Effects of reduced pesticide use on flora and fauna in agricultural fields. Pesticides Research 58. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Danish Ministry of the Environment.

Evans, J., Wilson, J.D. & Browne, S.J. (1995): Habitat selection and breeding success of Skylarks Alauda arvensis on organic and conventional farmland. The Effect of Organic Farming Regimes on Breeding and Winter Bird Populations. Part III. BTO Research Report 154. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, & Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.

Eybert, M.C. & Constant, P. (1992): Validité de l’analyse des sacs fécaux pour l’étude du régime alimentaire des jeunes au nid de la linotte mélodieuse (Carduelis cannabina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 2171-2177.

Fadl, A., Purvis, G. & Towey, K. (1996): The effect of soil cultivation on the incidence of Pterostichus melanarius (Illig.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in arable land in Ireland. Annales Zoologici Fennici

33: 207-214.

Frampton, C.A., Cilgi, T., Fry, G.L.A. & Wratten, S.D. (1995): Effects of grassy banks on the dispersal of some carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on farmland. Biological Conservation 70: 347-355.

Green, R.E. (1980): Food selection by Skylarks and grazing damage to sugar beet seedlings. Journal of Applied Ecology 17: 613-630.

Gross, K.L. (1990): A comparison of methods for estimating seed numbers in the soil. Journal of Ecology 78: 1079-1093.

Grøntved, J. & Sørensen, T. (1941) Nøgle til bestemmelse af danske græsser i blomsterløs tilstand. Munksgaard, København.

Haas, H. & Laursen, F. (1994): Ukrudtskimplanter. Frøukrudt på bekæmpelsesstadiet, 5th edn. Jordbrugsforlaget, København.

Halberg, N. & Kristensen, I.S. (1997): Expected crop yield loss when converting to organic dairy farming in Denmark. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 14: 25-41.

Hald, A.B. & Reddersen, J. (1990): Fugleføde i kornmarker - insekter og vilde planter. Miljøprojekt 125. Miljøstyrelsen.

Hald, A.B. (1999): Weed vegetation (wild flora) of long established organic versus conventional cereal fields in Denmark. Annals of Applied Biology 134: 307-314.

Haney, J.C. & Solow, A.R. (1992): Testing for resource use and selection by marine birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 63: 43-52.

Hanf, M. (1990): Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Kimlingen und Samen , 3rd edn. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München.

Hansen, K. (ed.) (1981): Dansk feltflora. Gyldendal, København. Hartl, W. (1989): Influence of Undersown Clovers on Weeds and on the Yield of Winter Wheat in Organic Farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 27: 389-396.

Hassan, S.A., Albert, R., Bigler, F., Blaisinger, P., Bogenschütz, H., Boller, E., Brun, J., Chiverton, P., Edwards, P., W.D., Englert, W.D., Huang, P., Ingles, C., Naton, E., Oomen, P.A., Overmeer, W.P.J., Rieckmann, W, Samsøe-Petersen, L., Stäubli, A., Tuset, J.J., Viggiani, G., and Vanwetswinkel, G. (1987): Results of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. Journal of Applied Entomology 103: 92-107.

Herrmann, Von G., Hamplund, U. & Bachthaler, G. (1986): Unkrautbesatz und Unkrautentwicklung, Ergebnisvergleich von Regulierungsmassnahmen bei ökologischer und konventioneller Wirtschaftsweise in Winterweizen, Futterrüben, Kartoffeln und Mais. Bayerisches Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch 63: 795-805.

Holm, S., Tersbøl, M. & Kristensen, H. (sine anno): Optimal ressourceudnyttelse i økologiske sædskifter – registrering, diagnosticering og varsling af skadegørere. Unpublished report. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.

Holm-Nielsen, C. (1998): Frø fra det dyrkede land. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, Forskningscenter Flakkebjerg.

Jenny, M. (1990a): Nahrungsökologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des schweizerischen Mittellandes. Der Ornithologische Beobachter 87: 31-53.

Jenny, M. (1990b): Populationsdynamik der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des schweizerischen Mittellandes. Der Ornithologische Beobachter 87: 153-163.

Jenny, M. (1990c): Territorialität und Brutbiologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft. Journal für Ornithologie 131: 241-265.

Jensen, A.-M.M. & Johnsen, I. (2002): Wild flora. Chapter 2 in: Esbjerg, P. & Petersen, B.S. (eds.) Effects of reduced pesticide use on flora and fauna in the agricultural fields. Pesticides Research

58. Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Jensen, A.-M.M. (2001): Effects of reduced pesticide use on weed populations . Ph.D. thesis, Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen.

Kauppila, R. (1990) Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia - IV: Weeds. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 62, 331-337.

Kjær, C. & Elmegaard, N. (1996): Effect of herbicide treatment on host plant quality for a leaf-eating beetle. Pesticide Science 47: 319-325.

Kluyver, H.N. (1933): Bijdrage tot de biologie en de ecologie van de Spreeuw (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.) gedurende zijn voortplantingstijd. Pub. Plantenziektenk. Dienst. Wageningen.

Korsmo, E. (1926): Ogräs. Ogräsarternas Liv och Kampen mot dem i Nutidens Jordbruk. Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm.

Kroos, S. & Schaefer, M. (1998): The effect of different farming systems on epigaeic arthropods: a five-year study on the rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of winter wheat. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 69: 121-133.

Landbrugets Rådgivningscenter (1997): Vejledning i planteværn. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, Landskontoret for planteavl.

Liebman, M. & Dyck, E. (1993): Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecological Applications 3, 92-122.

Lorenz, E. (1994): Mechanische Unkrautbekämpfungsmassnahmen in Zuckerrübenkulturen und ihre Nebenwirkungen auf Laufkäfer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) und andere epigäische Arthropoden. Cuvillier, Göttingen.

Marcum, C.L. & Loftsgaarden, D.O. (1980): A nonmapping technique for studying habitat preferences. Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 963-968.

Marshall, E.J.P. (1989): Distribution patterns of plants associated with arable field edges. Journal of Applied Ecology 26: 247-258.

McCune, B. & Mefford, M.J. (1997): Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 3.20. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.

Melander, B. (1998): Beskrivelse af ukrudtsarterne. Ukrudtsbekæmpelse i landbruget: 41-189. 3. udgave. Statens Planteavlsforsøg, Flakkebjerg. 

Mikkelsen, V.M. (1989): Cultivated fields. Opera Botanica 96: 73-80.

Moreby, S.J. (1988): An aid to the identification of arthropod fragments in the faeces of gamebird chicks (Galliformes). Ibis 130: 519-526.

Moreby, S.J., Aebischer, N.J., Southway, S.E. & Sotherton, N.W. (1994): A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter wheat in southern England. Annals of Applied Biology 125: 13-27.

Moreby, S.J. & Sotherton, N.W. (1997): A comparison of some important chick-food insect groups found in organic and conventionally-grown winter wheat fields in Southern England. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15: 51-60.

Navntoft, S. & Esbjerg, P. (2002): Arthropods. In: Esbjerg, P. & Petersen, B.S. (eds.). Effects of Reduced Pesticide Use on Flora and Fauna in Agricultural Fields. Pesticides Research 58: 67-92. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Danish Ministry of the Environment.

Neu, C.W., Byers, C.R., Peek, J.M. & Boy, V. (1974): A technique for analysis of utilization-availability data. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 541-545.

Odderskær, P., Prang, A., Elmegaard, N. & Andersen, P.N. (1997a): Skylark Reproduction in Pesticide Treated and Untreated Fields. Pesticides Research 32. Miljøstyrelsen.

Odderskær, P., Prang, A., Poulsen, J.G., Andersen, P.N. & Elmegaard, N. (1997b): Skylark (Alauda arvensis) utilisation of micro-habitats in spring barley fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 62: 21-29.

Petersen, B.S. (1994): Interactions between birds and agriculture in Denmark: from simple counts to detailed studies of breeding success and foraging behaviour. In: Hagemeijer, E.J.M. & Verstrael, T.J. (eds.): Bird Numbers 1992. Distribution, monitoring and ecological aspects. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of IBCC and EOAC, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands: 49-56. Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen & SOVON, Beek-Ubbergen.

Roberts, H.A. & Ricketts, M.E. (1979): Quantitative relationships between the weed flora after cultivation and the seed population in the soil. Weed Research 19: 269-271.

Rogers, L.E., Hinds, W.T. & Buschbom, R.L. (1977): A general weight vs. length relationship for insects. Annals of Entomological Society of America 69: 387-389.

Rydberg,N.T. & Milberg, P. (2000): A survey of weeds in organic farming in Sweden. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 18: 175-185.

Salisbury, E.J. (1942): The Reproduction Capacity of Plants. Studies in Quantitative Biology. G. Bell and Sons, LTD, London.

Salonen, J. (1993): Weed infestation and factors affecting weed incidence in spring cereals in Finland - a multivariate approach. Agricultural Science of Finland 2: 525-535.

Salonen, J., Hyvönen, T. & Jalli, H. (2001): Weed flora in organically grown spring cereals in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 10: 231-242

SAS Institute (1990a): SAS Procedures Guide. Version 6, Third Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

SAS Institute (1990b): SAS/STAT User‘s Guide. Version 6, Fourth Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

SAS Institute (1996): SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements for Release 6.12 . SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

Schläpfer, A. (1988): Populationsökologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in der intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft. Der Ornithologische Beobachter 85: 309-371.

Sjursen, H., Bayley, M. & Holmstrup, M. (2001): Enhanced drought tolerance of a soil-dwelling springtail by pre-acclimation to a mild drought stress. Journal of Insect Physiology 47: 1021-1027.

Sokal, R.R & Rohlf, F.J. (1981): Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Sotherton, N.W. (1990): The effects of six insecticides used in the UK cereal fields on sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases: 999-1004.

Steenfeldt, S., Rasmussen, P.N. & Jensen, T.S. (1991): Food selection in a population of Partridge Perdix perdix in Danish arable farmland. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 85: 67-76.

Stoltze, M. & Pihl, S. (eds.) (1998): Rødliste 1997 over planter og dyr i Danmark. Miljø- og Energiministeriet, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser og Skov- og Naturstyrelsen, København.

Stryhn, H. (1996): Longitudinale data: Simple univariate analysemetoder. Institute of Mathematics and Statistics. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen.

Sunderland, K.D. (1975): The diet of some predatory arthropods in cereal crops. Journal of Applied Ecology 12: 507-515.

Sunderland, K.D., De Snoo, G.R., Dinter, A., Hance, T., Helenius, J., Jepson, P., Kromp, B., Lys, J.-A., Samu, F., Sotherton, N.W., Toft, S. & Ulber, B. (1995): Density estimation for invertebrate predators in agroecosystems. In: Toft, S., Riedel, W. (eds.), Arthropod Natural Enemies in Arable Land 1. Acta Jutlandica LXX: 2. Natural Science Series 9: 133-162. Aarhus University Press.

Thiele, H.-U. (1977): Carabid Beetles in their Environments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P. & Bekker, R.M. (1997): The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge University Press.

Tinbergen, J.M. (1981): Foraging decisions in Starlings Sturnus vulgaris L. Ardea 69: 1-67.

Toepfer, S. & Stubbe, M. (2001): Territory density of the Skylark (Alauda arvensis) in relation to field vegetation in central Germany. Journal für Ornithologie 142: 184-194.

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds). (1964-1980): Flora Europaea (1-5). University Press, Cambridge.

Wilson, J.D., Evans, J., Browne, S.J. & King, J.R. (1997): Territory distribution and breeding success of skylarks Alauda arvensis on organic and intensive farmland in southern England. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 1462-1478.

Wilson, J.D., Morris, J.A., Arroyo, B.E., Clark, S.C. & Bradbury, R.B. (1999): A review of the abundance and diversity of invertebrate and plant foods of granivorous birds in northern Europe in relation to agricultural change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 75: 13-30.