Environmental Project, 890 – Ozone depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6

Ozone depleting substances and the greenhouse gases HFCs, PFCs and SF₆

Specification of methods and assumptions for 1999-2002 calculations of emissions and projections of GWP emissions in accordance with IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

ID	Source	Substance	Method	Emission factor	Remarks	Projection assumptions
	EMISSION OF SUBSTITUTES FOR OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS SUBSTITUTES)
	Refrigerant
K1	Household fridges and freezers	HFC-134a	Tier 2 top-down approach: - information on refrigerant consumption provided by reports from the main producers of household fridges and freezers in DK, accounting for no less than an estimated 95% of the market. Tier 2 bottom-up approach: - information on imports and exports of refrigerants in products based on the average quantity contained per unit and Danish statistics.	2% release on filling (IPCC default) 1% release from stock per year (IPCC default) Lifetime = 15 years (IPCC default) 0% release upon disposal (DK default). Up to and including 2000, the quantity remaining upon disposal was included as emissions (IPCC default). Legislation in Denmark ensures drawing-off of refrigerant, and consequently, the IPCC default is misleading in the Danish context.	Stock determined in 1998 for the period 1990-1998 based on information from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export statistics and average quantity of HFC contained in refrigerant and foam per unit /2/. For the updating of stock, import/export data from 1998 is used, as well as information on annual HFC consumption by Danish producers.1998 import/export data are equal to net exports of 141 tonnes HFC-134a refrigerant and net exports of 1.6 tonnes of HFC-134a in foam (note: Denmark's largest exporter does not use HFC in foam production. Therefore, exports of HFC in foam are less than exports of refrigerants).	From 2001, net exports of refrigerants in household fridges are assumed to account for 50 per cent of consumption. The consumption in the projection is not influenced by new phasing-out regulations. The effect of charges on HFCs is expected to give an annual reduction in consumption of 5 per cent in the period 2001-2005.
K2	Commercial stationary refrigerators in retail stores, industry, etc., and stationary A/C systems in buildings etc.	HFC-134a, HFC-404a, HFC-401a, HFC-402a, HFC-407c, HFC-507a, other HFCs, PFCs (C3F8)	Tier 2 top-down approach: - information on refrigerant consumption was provided by importers/suppliers of refrigerants for commercial refrigerators in DK. - information on distribution of refrigerant consumption at different sites is estimated using information from user enterprises, the KMO and estimates from suppliers.	1.5% on refilling (DK default) 10% release from operation and accidents (DK default). 0% release from destruction (DK default) In the case of re-use it is assumed release occurs during the cleaning process equivalent to 2%. It is good practice not to account for any re-use since the original is accounted for in sales and imports.	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from commercial plants. This assessment was carried out by COWI for the Danish EPA. This result has led to a decrease in the leakage rates for filling, operation and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines /16/.	From 2007, the consumption of refrigerants merely represents the amount used for refilling existing systems (stock). It is assumed that the consumption of refrigerants for refilling stock will be reduced by 15 per cent in 2007 and will then diminish by 5 per cent per year until 2014. From 2015, it is assumed that consumption will only represent 10 per cent per year compared to current levels.
K3	Refrigerated vans and lorries	HFC-134a, HFC-404a	Top-down Tier 2 approach - information on refrigerant consumption in refrigerated vans and lorries is based on consumption information from manufacturers of refrigerated vans and lorries as well as data from the KMO.	0.5% on refilling (DK default) 17% from operation annually (DK default, same as IPCC) 2% in reuse (DK default) Lifetime 6-8 years 0% upon destruction; all refrigerants are drawn off and are either recycled or destroyed at the Kommune Kemi plant	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from refrigerated vans and lorries. This assessment was carried out by COWI for the Danish EPA. This result has led to a decrease in the leakage rates for filling and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines. The leakage rate for operation is still 17% in compliance with IPCC guidelines /16/.	The tax effect has not been included, since refrigerated vans and lorries are exempt from taxes. Stock is defined as 7.7 tonnes (HFC-134a) and 23.2 tonnes HFC-404a in 2000 /16/. Consumption has been projected as steady state compared to 2001.
K4	Mobile A/C systems	HFC-134a	Tier 2 bottom-up and top-down approach. Bottom-up approach for definition of Danish emission factor and estimate for stock and imports. Top-down approach used for gathering of consumption data from importers for refilling of mobile A/C systems.	0.5% on refilling (DK default) 33% annual release during operation (complete refilling every 3 years - DK default). Lifetime for mobile A/C systems that are serviced is 6 years, equivalent to two refillings. Systems do not undergo maintenance after 6 years (DK default). 0% loss at destruction. Gas is collected and re-used/cleaned, or treated at Kommune Kemi (DK default). Emissions are calculated as 1/3 of stock from the previous year (n-1). This means the stock is the central calculation parameter. The stock is calculated using DAF annual statistics in relation to a number of conditions defined in /16/. Consumption per annum gives the quantity used in refilling systems which undergo servicing (max. 50% of existing systems).	In 2001/2002 an assessment was made of the national Danish leakage rate from mobile A/C systems. This assessment was carried out by COWI for the Danish EPA. This result has led to a small increase in the leakage rate for operation and a decrease for filling and disposal in compliance with IPCC guidelines /16/. The stock figures are updated using statistics on vehicles in Denmark from DAF. The average expected filling for cars and vans is 750 g, 1.2 kg for lorries under 6 tonnes, 1.5 kg for lorries over 6 tonnes, and 9 kg for buses. Further calculation assumptions appear from /16/.	The projection is based on a steady state stock (203 tonnes).
	Foam production
S1	Foam in household fridges and freezers (closed cell)	HFC-134a	Tier 2 top-down + bottom-up approach: - information on foam blowing agent consumption provided by reports from the main producers of household fridges and freezers in DK, accounting for no less than an estimated 95% of the market.	10% release in foam production (IPCC default) 4.5% release from stock per year (IPCC default) Lifetime = 15 years (DK default) 22.5% remaining upon disposal which is destroyed in incineration and thereby is not released as emissions (DK default).	Stock of HFC in foam determined in 1998 for the period 1990-1998 based on information from Danish producers and estimates based on import/export statistics and average quantity of HFC contained in refrigerant and foam per unit /2/. For the updating of stock, import/export data from 1998 is used, as well as information on annual HFC consumption by Danish producers. 1998 import/export data are equal to net exports of 141 tonnes HFC-134a refrigerant and net exports of 1.6 tonnes of HFC-134a in foam (note: Denmark's largest exporter does not use HFC in foam. Therefore, exports of HFC in foam are less than exports of refrigerants).
S2	Soft foam (open cell)	HFC-134a HFC-152a Other HFCs (HFC-365)	Tier 2 - information on foam blowing agents for soft foam is derived from reports provided by the main producer in Denmark, which still employs HFC in foaming processes. This producer is thought to represent approx. 80% of the Danish soft foam consumption.	Emissions = 100% of the HFCs sold in the current year (IPCC default)
S3	Joint filler (open cell)	HFC-134a HFC-152a	Tier 2 top-down approach. There are no longer any Danish producers of joint filler employing HFC as a foaming agent. Emissions are due to previous estimates by producers of imported joint filler products.	Emissions = 100% of imported quantity contained in joint filler in the current year (IPCC default).	The estimated imports in 1998 by a joint filler producer were 10 tonnes HFC-134a and 1 tonne HFC-152a. This estimate was based on the assumption that there is an average of 100 g HFC-134a and 25 g HFC-152a per tin of joint filler imported.
	Foaming of polyether (for shoe soles)	HFC-134a HFC-152a	Tier 2 top-down approach Information regarding consumption is identical to the consumption reported by producer in 1999 + an estimate of imports/exports of HFC in shoe soles, 1998. Tier 2 bottom-up approach: Imports of HFCs contained in shoes are based on the average amount per shoe and on Danish statistics.	Emissions (Danish default): - Production = 15% - Use = 4.5% - Lifetime = 3 years - Disposal = 71.5%, destroyed in incineration and thereby is not released as emissions.	The calculation of the HFC stock in shoe soles is based on the following assumptions: it is assumed that 5% of all shoes with plastic, rubber and leather soles contain polyether holding 8 g of HFC-134a per shoe. Net exports with the same consumption in Danish production are 0.3 tonnes HFC-134a.
	Aerosols
	Aerosol sprays (industrial products)	HFC-134a	Tier 2. - information on propellant consumption is derived from reports on consumption from the only major producers of HFC-containing aerosol sprays in Denmark. The importers are estimated to account for 100% of Danish consumption.	Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold to this area of application in the current year and 50% of the consumption in the second year (IPCC default for top-down data)	Top-down data. Estimates of imports/exports are based on the producer's assessment of imports equivalent to 20% of Danish production in the current year. Exports are quantified by the producer.
	MDI (metered dose inhalers)	HFC-134a	Tier 2 bottom-up approach - consumption was studied in 1999 and was evaluated as minimal.			Due to minimal emissions, this class of products is no longer included in Denmark's national inventory.
	Solvents
R1	Liquid cleaners	PFC (C3F8 Perfluoro-propane)	Tier 2 - information on consumption of PFC in liquid cleaners is derived from two importers' sales reports. This is thought to represent 100% of the Danish consumption of PFCs in liquid cleaners.	Emissions = 50% of the HFC sold to this area of application in the current year and 50% of the consumption in the second year (IPCC good practice for top-down data)		Top-down data Being phased out, cf. Statutory Order of 1/9 2002. It is assumed that the consumption is equally distributed over all months.
	EMISSIONS OF SF₆ FROM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND OTHER SOURCES
	Insulating gas in double glazing	SF₆	Tier 2 - information on consumption of SF₆ in double glazing is derived from importers' sales reports to the application area. The importers account for 100% of the Danish sales of SF₆ for double glazing. In addition, the largest producer of windows in Denmark has provided consumption data, with which import information is compared.	Emissions (DK default): - 15% during production of double glazing. - 1% per year during the lifetime of the double glazing. - Lifetime = 20 years - Disposal - 66% of the filled content of double glazing in the production year. - Net exports = 50% of the consumption in the current year		Emissions data and lifetimes are based on information from the window producers and industry experts in Denmark /2/. The stock is determined on the basis of consumption information provided by importers back to 1990. The first Danish consumption was registered in 1991. In the projection of emissions, it is assumed that the consumption of SF₆ in Danish window production will be phased out by 2003, after which emissions will arise from stock only.
	Insulating gas in high-voltage power switches	SF₆	Tier 3c country-level mass-balance approach - information on consumption of SF₆ in high-voltage power switches is derived from importers' sales reports (gas or gas-containing products). The importers account for 100% of the Danish sales of SF₆. The electricity sector also provides information on the installation of new plant and thus whether the stock is increased.	Emissions (DK default): - release on filling = 5% - release during operation = 0.5% per year - release in reuse/drawing off = 5%. - release upon disposal = 0%		There is one supplier (Siemens) that imports its own gas for filling in Denmark. Suppliers (AAB, Siemens, Alstom) report on new installations. The stock in 2000 was 57.6 tonnes of SF₆ , which covers power switches of all sizes in production and transmission plants. The stock has been evaluated on the basis of a questionnaire survey in 1999 which encompassed the entire Danish electricity sector /11/.
	Shock-absorbing gas in Nike Air training footwear	SF₆	Tier 2 top-down approach Importer has estimated imports to Denmark of SF₆ in training footwear.	Lifetime training footwear = 5 years		Importer/wholesaler reports that imports for the period 1990-1998 amounted to approx. 1 tonne, equivalent to emissions of 0.11 tonnes per year in the period 1995-2003. For the period 1999-2005, the importer estimated imports to represent approx. 1/3, corresponding to 0.037 tonnes per year in the period 2004-2010.