Working Report, 24/2006 – Ecolabelling of printed matter - part II

Ecolabelling of printed matter - part II

Annex A

Inventory sources

A.1 Material stage
A.2 Production stage
A.3 Energy consumption at printing industry
A.4 Recovery/Disposal

The inventory sources are described below. For the material stage the main processes, i.e. forestry, pulp and paper production, agriculture, extraction and refining of oil, water and electricity are described separately. The other processes in the material stage are described in connection with the description for the activities at the printing company, repro, plate making etc.

A.1 Material stage

A.1.1 Forestry

Data is available in EDIP LCV tool: M32378 (Miljøstyrelsen 1999).

A.1.2 Pulp and Paper production

Data from project (Frees et al. 2004). Original data is EMAS reports from Swedish factories in the Stora Enso Corporation covering main use of energy and materials and emission of primary compounds mainly from energy consumption and data from Skogsindustrierna in Sweden yielding mainly emissions of heavy metals.

A.1.3 Agriculture (Soybeans)

Generic data from: Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich BUWAL, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 232, 1995.

A.1.4 Extraction and refining of oil

The extraction and refining of oil are not included as separate processes in this study as the process is covered by cradle-to-gate data on production of chemicals and other intermediates.

A.1.5 Water

Production data of water from water works is available in the EDIP tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999).

A.1.6 Electricity

Marginal and average approach

A.1.6.1 Marginal approach

Data is available in EDIP LCV tool: CC-ELK-NF02 (Miljøstyrelsen 1999). Data from “Energi E2”, which is a Danish producer of electricity. Revised by Niels Frees, IPU

Also described in Frees et al. (2004)

A.1.6.2 Average approach

Data is available in EDIP LCV tool: Swedish electricity (1990): IPU-NF-L2748T01; Danish electricity (1997): IPU-NF-LSYS100 (Miljøstyrelsen 1999).

A.2 Production stage

A.2.1 Repro

Film, repro: Material Safety Data Sheet from Kodak giving the material “Estar”. Available at www.kodak.com. The material Estar is PET (Lapp et al. 2000). KODAK (2001a), Baumann & Gräfen (1999a), APR (2003)

Silver and halides: Emission Scenario Document (p. 26). Photographic industry, IC10. Assessment of the environmental release of photochemicals (Baumann & Gräfen 1999a)

Film developer (KODAK RA2000): Material Safety Data Sheet from Kodak available at www.kodak.com. (KODAK 2001b, 2003)

Film fixer (KODAK RA3000): Material Safety Data Sheet from Kodak available at www.kodak.com. (KODAK 2000, 2003)

Biocides: Kjærgaard (1997), Larsen et al. (1995, 2002), Andersen et al. (1999), Gruvmark (2004), Deltagraph (1997)

Process water: Data about Danish water works is available in the EDIP LCV tool: K32506 (Miljøstyrelsen 1999).

A.2.2 Plate making

Aluminium plate: Production of aluminium from European Aluminium Association (2000). Environmental Profile Report for the European Aluminium Industry Available on request at the web page of the Europen Aluminium Association at www.aluminium.org”

Plate emulsion: Larsen et al. (1995), Baumann & Gräfen (1999b), Muskopf (2000), Baumann & Rothardt (1999), Ludwiszewska (1992) and KODAK 2002a)

Plate developer: (Larsen et al. 1995).

Gumming agent: (Larsen et al. 1995) and (Agfa 2002).

Biocide: See Repro.

Remelting of aluminium: See Aluminium plate

Process water: See Repro

A.2.3 Printing

IPA: Personal communication with Ian Kersey, BP Chemicals, 2003 (confidential)

Printing ink

Composition: Larsen et al. (1995)

CI pigment yellow 14 and CI pigment blue 15: (Andersen & Nikolajsen 2003).

Carbon black: SimaPro version 5.1 (2002). PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Available at internet at www.pre.nl. Original reference here "Emissieregistratie process 1532 (1993)". Elaborating information is available in SimaPro: Data is from the Dutch bureau of emission registrations (emissieregistratie). Data is generated by Delft University of Technology. As a comment is mentioned “Environmental assessment for the production of carbon black in the Netherlands. Average data for 1993”.

Modified phenolic resin and soya oil alkyd: Data available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999).

Soya oil:

von Däniken A, Chudacoff M (1995). Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich. Band 2: Daten. Schriftenreihe Umwelt nr. 232. Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL).

n-parraffin (heavy): Franke et. al. 1995. A Life Cycle Inventory for the Production of Petrochemical Intermediates in Europe. Tenside Surf. Det. 32 (1995) 5.

Polyethylene wax. See water based lacquer

Diethylene glycol: von Däniken A, Chudacoff M (1995). Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich. Band 2: Daten. Schriftenreihe Umwelt nr. 232. Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL).

A.2.4 Finishing

Water based lacquer:

Ethanol: Personal communication with Ian Kersey, BP Chemicals, 1995 (confidential)

Ammonia: Production data in EDIP tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999): Primary reference is: European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association (1995): Production of Ammonia. Booklet no. 1.

Polyethylene wax: Production data in EDIP tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999): Primary source is LDPE from Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich BUWAL, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 232, 1995.

Alcoholethoxylate: Production data with 7EO chains from: Dall'Acqua, S., Fawer, M., Fritschi, R., Allenspach, C. (1999): Life Cycle Inventories for the Production of Detergent Ingredients. EMPA-Bericht Nr. 244. St. Gallen, 1999.

Acrylic resin: Production data in EDIP tool Miljøstyrelsen (1999): Primary reference is Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich BUWAL, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 232, 1995. Data and energy scenarios are revised by Niels Frees, IPU.

Offset lacquer:

See printing ink (excluding pigments)

Hotmelt glue: Composition from: Miljønet (2004).

EVA: LDPE is main ingredient in EVA according to (Schmidt et al. 1993) and is used as production data.

LDPE: Boustead, I (2003). Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry. Polyolefins. APME, Brussels.

Phenolic formaldehyde resin: Miljøstyrelsen (1999): EDIP tool. “Alkyd bindemiddel” used as model for production.

Polyethylene wax. See water based lacquer

A.2.5 Cleaning

Soya oil: von Däniken A, Chudacoff M (1995). Vergleichende ùkologische Bewertung von Anstrichstoffen im Baubereich. Band 2: Daten. Schriftenreihe Umwelt nr. 232. Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL).

n-paraffines: Franke et. al. 1995. A Life Cycle Inventory for the Production of Petrochemical Intermediates in Europe. Tenside Surf. Det. 32 (1995) 5.

"Ekstraktionsbenzin": Hansen & Gregersen (1986)

Benzene: Franke et. al. 1995. A Life Cycle Inventory for the Production of Petrochemical Intermediates in Europe. Tenside Surf. Det. 32 (1995) 5.

Ethanol: Personal communication with Ian Kersey, BP Chemicals, 1995 (confidential)

Alcoholethoxylate: See water based lacquer

Process water: See Repro

A.3 Energy consumption at printing industry

Electricity consumption: Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999): Data from “Energi E2”, which is a Danish producer of electricity. Revised by Niels Frees, IPU.

District heating: Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999): Data from “Energi E2” revised by Niels Frees, IPU.

Heating with fuel oil:

Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999)

Heating with natural gas:

Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999)

A.4 Recovery/Disposal

Amount of paper for recycling: Tønning (2002)

Recovery of paper: In Frees et. al. (2004) a process is constructed via information from a Danish company recycling offset paper. Recovery process is per kg output. In Frees et al. (2004) recovery to "cycluspapir" which is a fine quality printing paper based on recycled paper: Input: 116kg. Output: 97kg. 97/116=83,6%, hence in database 0,836kg of paper recovery process and avoided production of paper is included per kg of paper sent to recovery.

Paper production from primary materials is used as avoided production.

Incineration of paper: Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999)

An energy recovery of 78% is assumed. The energy recovered is assumed to replace an equivalent amount of energy from primary fuel, which is natural gas in the marginal electricity scenario.

Incineration of PET film: Data is available in EDIP LCV tool (Miljøstyrelsen 1999)