Forekomst af Legionella - risikovurdering

7 Litteraturliste

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Anon. (2001) Regulation made by the Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment providing for the interim implementation of the Water Supply Act relating to the prevention of Legionella (Interim regulation on Legionella prevention in mains water) with “Annexe A” and “Explanatory memorandum”, Holland.

Atlas RM, Williams JF & Huntington MK (1995) Legionella Contamination of Dental-Unit Waters. Appl. and Environm. Microb., 61, 1208 – 1213.

Atlas RM (1999) Minireview – Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. Environm. Microb., 1, 283 – 293.

Bagh L (2001) Legionella i varmtvandssystemer. Indlæg på Horisont seminar ”Bakteriefrit varmt brugsvand – hvordan?”, 20. februar, Odense Congress Center.

Bang S, Uldum S, Hanehøj H & Jensen ET (1998) Legionellainfektioner 1996 – 1997. EPI-NYT, uge 42/43.

Bangsborg JM & Uldum S (2001) Legionella infektioner: Diagnostiske og profylaktiske udfordringer. Ugeskrift for Læger, 4, 22. januar.

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Berendt RF, Young HW, Allen RG, Knutsen GL (1980) Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosols of Legionella pneumophila. J Infect Dis 141, 186 - 192.

Berk SG, Ting RS, Turner GW & Ashburn RJ (1998) Production of Respirable Vesicles Containing Live Legionella pneumophila Cells by Two Acanthamoeba spp. Appl. and Environm. Microb., 64, 279 – 286.

Blatt SP, Parkinson MD, Pace E, Hoffman P, Dolan D, Lauderdale P et al. (1993) Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease: Aspiration as a Primary mode of Disease Acquisition. The Amer. J. of Medicine, 95, 16 – 22.

Brennen C, Stout JE, Muder RR (1999) – c.f. Squier et al. (2000) Legionella on ice: ice as a source for nosocomial Legionnaires' disease.

Brenner DJ, Steigerwalt AG & McDade JE (1979) Classification of the legionnaires' disease bacterium: Legionella pneumophila, genus novum, species nova, of the family Legionellaceae, familia nova. Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 656 – 658.

Brown CM, Nuorti PJ, Breiman RF, Hathcock AL, Fields BS, Lipman HB, Llewellyn GC, Hofmann J & Cetron M (1999) A community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease linked to hospital cooling towers: an epidemiological method to calculate dose of exposure. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28, 353-359.

Brydov P, Uldum S, Pringler N & Jepsen OB (2001) Forekomst af Legionella i varmvandssystem. Identifikation og risikovurdering. Miljøprojekt nr. 653. Miljøstyrelsen, Miljø- og Energiministeriet, Strandgade 29, 1401 Kbh. K.

DS 439(2000) Dansk Standard 439 Norm for vandinstallationer, 3. udg.

DS 2451-12 (2001) Styring af infektionshygiejne i sundhedssektoren - Del 12: Krav til procedurer på tandklinikker.

DS 3027 (2002) Styring af fødevaresikkerhed efter HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) – Krav til ledelsessystem for fødevarevirksomheder og deres leverandører.

DS-3029 (2001) Vand- og miljøundersøgelse. Bestemmelse af Legionella. Opkoncentrering og kolonitælling på fast substrat. Overfladeudsæd.

Ellehauge,K. & Bagh,L. (2001) Undersøgelse af legionella i solvarmebeholdere og i traditionelle beholdere. Miljø- og Energistyrelsen, Kbh. K.

Erhvervs- og Boligstyrelsen (tidl. By- og Boligstyrelsen) (1995) Bygningsreglement nr. 4002 af 13. februar 1995 med senere ændringer, bla. Tillæg 2: Bekendtgørelse nr. 11784 af 4. januar 2001 om Legionella.

EWGLI (2002) European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease. www.ewgli.org.

Fenstersheib MD, Miller M, Diggins C, Liska S, Detwiler L, Werner SB, Lindquist D, Thacker WL & Benson RF (1990) Outbread of Pontiac fever due to Legionella anisa. The Lancet, vol 336, 35 – 37.

Fields BS (1996) The molecular ecology of legionellae. Trends in Microbiology, 4, 286 – 290.

Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, Parkin WE, Beecham HJ, Sharrar RG et al. (1977) Legionnaires' Disease. Description of an Epidemic of Pneumonia. The New England J. of Medicine, 297, 1189 – 1197.

Gahrn-Hansen B & Uldum S (1994) Nosokomiel Legionella-infektion. EPI-NYT, uge 24.

Garnet HM, Gilmore K & Liu J (1990) Legionella: An unwelcome pollutant. Environm. Tech., 11, 393 – 400.

Gregersen P, Grunnet K, Uldum SA, Andersen BH, Madsen H (1999) Pontiac fever at a sewage treatment plant in the food industry. Scand J Work Environ Health, 25, 291 – 295.

ISO 11731 (1998) Water quality – Detection and enumeration of Legionella. First edition.

Jeppesen C (2002) Personlig meddelelse/egne undersøgelser.

Jeppesen C, Bagge L & Jeppesen V (2000) Legionella pneumophila i bassinvand. Ugeskrift for Læger, 162/25, pp. 3592 – 3594, 19. juni.

Jeppesen, V. & Jeppesen, C. (2000) Legionella pneumophila – amøbeparasit og humanpatogen. Alimenta, 5, pp. 8-13.

Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Genese CA, Nuorti JP, Fields BS et al. (1996) Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa. Lancet, 347, 494 – 499.

Kilvington S & Price J (1990) Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure. J. of Appl. Bact., 68, 519 – 525.

Kwaik YA, Gao L-Y, Stone BJ, Venkataraman C & Harb OS (1998) Minireview – Invasion of Protozoa by Legionella pneumophila and Its Role in Bacterial Ecology and Pathogenesis. Appl. and Environ. Microb., 64, 3127 – 3133.

Lee JV & West AA (1991) Survival and growth of Legionella species in the environment. J. of Appl. Bact. Symp. Suppl., 70, 121S – 129S.

Lin YE, Vidic RD, Stout JE & Yu VL (1998) Legionella in water distribution systems. J. Awwa, 90, 112 – 121.

Lisby, M. (2000) Personlig meddelelse, Fødevareregion Nordøstsjælland.

Lowry, P.W, Blankenship,R.J., Gridley,W., Troup,N.J. & Tompkins,L.S. (1991) A cluster of legionella sternal-wound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. The new England Journal of Medicine, 324, no. 2, 109 – 113.

Lowry PW & Tompkins LS (1993) Nosocomial legionellosis: A review of pulmonary and extrapulmonary syndromes. Am. J. Infect. Control, 21, 21 – 27.

Lüttichau HR, Vinter CC, Uldum SA, Møller JS, Faber M & Jensen JS (1999) Et udbrud af Pontiac-feber blandt born og voksne efter brug af et spabad. Ugeskr Læger 1999; 161: 3458-62.

Maiwald M, Helbig JH & Lück PC (1998) Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of Legionella infections. J. of Microb. Methods, 3, 59 – 79.

McDade JE, Shepard CC, Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Redus MA, Dowdle WR et al. (1977) Legionnaires' Disease. Isolation of a Bacterium and Demonstration of Its Role in Other Respiratory Disease. The New England J. of Medicine, 297, 1197 – 1203.

Miljøstyrelsen (1983) Bekendtgørelse nr. 292 af 23. juni 1983 om badevand og badestrande.

Miljøstyrelsen (1988a) Bekendtgørelse nr. 195 af 5. april 1988 om vandkvalitet i svømmebassiner.

Miljøstyrelsen (1988b) Vejledning nr. 3 om Kontrol med svømmebade.

Miljøstyrelsen (2001a) Sådan minimerer du problemer med Legionella. Fakta og gode råd om Legionella i varmt vand. Pjece fra Miljøstyrelsen, Miljøministeriet.

Miljøstyrelsen (2001b) Bekendtgørelse nr. 871 af 21/9/2001 om vandkvalitet og tilsyn med vandforsyningsanlæg.

ML System (2001) HACCP – Cetrificeret hygiejnestyringssystem til ML system's befugtningsanlæg. Uddybende materiale. ML system a/s, Parallelvej 2, 8680 Ry.

Moreno C, de Blas I, Miralles F, Apraiz D & Catalan V (1997) A simple method for the eradication of Legionella pneumophila from potable water systems. Can. J. Microbiol., 43, 1189 – 1196.

Newsome AL, Scott TM, Benson RF & Fields BS (1998) Isolation of an Amoeba Naturally Harboring a Distinctive Legionella Species. Appl. and Environm. Microb., 64, 1688 – 1693.

O'Brien SJ, Bhopal RS (1993) Legionnaires' disease: The infective dose paradox. Lancet, 342:5.

Olsen D, Bagge L & Jeppesen VF (2004) Undersøgelse for Legionella i drikkevand. Miljøprojekt.

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Oxoid (1995) Diagnostic Reagents. Legionella Latex Test. Unipath Limited, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England.

Petersen CR (2001) Praktiske erfaringer med forebyggelse af legionallaproblemer i Hvidovre Kommune. Indlæg på Horisont seminar ”Bakteriefrit varmt brugsvand – hvordan?”, 20. februar, Odense Congress Center.

Phillips MS & Reyn CFv (2001) Nosocomial Infections Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Clinical Infectious diseases, 33, 1363 – 1374.

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Ross IS, Mee BJ & Riley TV (1996) Legionella longbeacae in Western Australian potting mix. Med. J. Aust., 164, 703 – 704.

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Rusin PA, Rose JB, Haas CN & Gerba CP (1997) Risk Assessment of Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens in Drinking Water. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 152, 57 – 83.

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Statens Serum Institut (2000) Legionella i varmt brugsvand. Overvågning, udredning og forebyggelse af legionærsygdom. 1. udgave. Den Centrale Afdeling for Sygehushygiejne, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Kbh. S.

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Stout JE, Yu VL, Yee YC, Vaccarello S, Diven W & Lee TC (1992) Legionella pneumophila in residential water supplies: environmental surveillance with clinical assessment for Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiol. Infect., 109, 49 – 57.

Ta AC, Stout JE, Yu VL & Wagener MM (1995) Comparison of Culture Methods for Monitoring Legionella Species in Hospital Potable Water Systems and Recommendations for Standardization of Such Methods. J. of Clin. Microb., 33, 2118 – 2123.

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Uldum S (2000a) Personlig meddelelse.

WHO (2000) Guidelines for safe recreational-water environments. Volume 2: Swimming pools, spas and similar recreational-water environments. Final draft.

Woo AH, Goetz A & Yu VL (1992) Transmission of Legionella by Respiratory Equipment and Aerosol Generating Devices. Chest, 1992, 102, 1586 – 1590.

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Yu VL (1998) Resolving the Controversy on Environmental Cultures for Legionella: A Modest Proposal. Infect. Control and Hosp. Epidem., 19, 893 – 897.

 



Version 1.0 Januar 2004, © Miljøstyrelsen.