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Den teknologiske udviklings mulige miljøkonsekvenser
Udvalgte teknologiske felter som forventes at have miljømæssig betydning
Process
technology |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Reactor science |
|
Waste storage and control |
Industrial energy and human waste will
increasingly need high efficiency, advanced treatment mechanisms. Creation of
environmentally benign materials will reduce the need to store waste. Enhanced
capabilities for biological water purification and sewage treatment and storage of
ultimate wastes were cited as important goals. |
Catalysis |
|
Catalysts |
Increase efficiency of thermal
processing, produce pollution control catalysts. |
Separation technologies |
Remediation and restoration |
Remediation and restoration |
Goals for increasing efficiency
remediation were a high priority cited in most reports. Restoring habitats at lower costs,
improving decontamination and rehabilitation of polluted soils, recovery of spilled oils
and other hazardous substances and restoring tropical forest ecosystems were also key
goals. |
Comprehensive recycling systems |
Using waste to help provide energy,
reducing product packaging, increasing efficiencies in recycling systems, and lower
municipal costs are all goals for this field. |
Pollution control |
|
Replacing flourocarbon and halon
materials and other hazardous materials was cited as a high priority by most countries. |
Process development |
Materials processing |
Pollution avoidance |
Achieve lower levels of environmental
loading; increase resource efficiency of process industries; take a life-cycle approach to
design products and processes; enable multi-dimensional production and recycling/reuse
systems. |
Energy
technology |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Energy conversion to
electricity |
Energy storage, conditioning and
distribution |
Advanced batteries |
Applications anticipated include power
sources for electric vehicles, the capability of sensing change and bridging intermittent
renewable energy sources for greater use feasibility; efficient, lightweight and long-life
batteries for portable electronic devices. |
Energy management |
Treatment of coal and waste incineration |
Coal and incineration techniques will
remain a large part of energy production; making them cleaner will improve the
environment. |
Improved electricity
generation |
Gas turbines |
Highly efficient energy generation with
minimum pollution will be a key feature of this technology. |
Fuel cells |
Commercial development of fuel cell
technology for distributed generation and transport, possibly using hydrogen and
hydrocarbon, will decrease pollution, and enable highly portable electronics products. |
Energy saving technologies |
Energy efficiency |
Building technologies |
Reduce demand for energy by increasing
energy efficiency of buildings. Provide energy-efficient automated building management. |
Energy storage, conditioning
and distribution |
Power electronics |
Goals for this technology field cited in
reports include greater stability, lower losses, and faster switching of electric grid;
conditioning of current from non phase-locked intermittent sources (renewable). High
voltage direct current converter stations and real time systems control will improve
efficiency. |
Capacitors |
Capacitors are important contenders for
power sources for clean vehicles. Developments are needed in high energy density
capacitors. |
Natural gas storage |
Technologies for the storage and
transportation of liquefied natural gas will increase economical use of this desirable
energy source. |
Energy recovery |
Deep sea oil and gas production
technologies |
Environmentally benign methods are
required. |
Renewable energy technologies |
Renewable energy |
High performance solar cells |
Mass production of devices for direct
sunlight conversion at competitive prices is the key goal cited here. Other goals include
improved performance in a wider range of wind resource sites and conversion to synthetic
gas or oil production of electric power. |
Organic energy sources |
High available and ubiquitous,
development of economical technologies that could exploit biomass would aid sustainable
development. |
Discrete
production |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Production automation technologies |
Agriculture & food |
Food processing |
Improve efficiency and effectiveness of
production of mass quantities of healthy food in an environmentally benign manner. |
Microfabrication technologies |
Micro/nano |
Microdevice manufacturing |
Better quality, lower-cost micromachines
for sensors and control, use in cancer diagnosis, pollution detection and control, and
self-replicating devices for space travel. |
Biotechnology |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Breeding of plants and
animals |
Agriculture and food |
Sustainable agricultural production |
Goals include improved biological
efficiency of agricultural organisms, biological pest control, sustainable agricultural
systems, soil and water conservation, and reduced artificial farm chemicals. Improve
availability of healthy food and enable greening deserts. Develop high yield
environmentally benign processes for large scale plant production for use as fuel, food
and input to textile production. |
Aquaculture and fisheries |
Sustain fisheries population management
and production; food quality assurance; avoid catching young fish; non-food fish and
mammals. |
Bioprocess technology |
Biotechnology |
Bioprocessing |
Bioprocessing, enhanced aquaculture and
the development of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. It will also lead to improved speed and
efficiency in determining drug safety. |
Remediation and restoration |
Biosensors |
Biological sensors can be applied in
hazardous materials sites and remote environmentally monitoring. Significant applications
are expected to health care. |
Materials
technology |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Development & production
of metals |
|
Alloys |
Develop lighter, stiffer airframes,
automobile frames; enable high-temperature structural applications in aerospace,
shipbuilding and other transportation vehicles. |
Metals |
Develop advanced metals with various
properties customised to possible applications in car and ship building. |
Development & production of polymers |
|
Textile fibers |
Develop textiles that can be used in
industrial production, with emphasis on fire-resistant materials; place emphasis on
environmentally-benign production methods. Develop advanced membranes that can act as
high-fidelity industrial filters, explore medical applications for blood filtering. |
Development & production
of functional materials |
Materials |
Superconductors |
Develop advanced sensors, low power
electronics, power transmission, energy storage, powerful magnets for research, medical
diagnosis, and maglev (rail) technology. |
Electronic materials |
Improve medical imaging, signal
processing, data routing; enable smart building; further the miniaturisation
of microwave communication devices and a multitude of other applications. |
Opto-
& microelectronics |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Microelectronic components |
Components |
Radar |
Allow forecasting of intense rainfall and
snowfall and prediction of hurricanes, tsunamis and ocean current; aid to sea farming,
mining and environmentally monitoring. |
Microelectronic components:
sensors & actuators |
Sensors |
Physical sensing devices |
Integrated sensing/signal processing;
expanded in-situ monitoring; integrated systems diagnostics; environment/exposure
monitoring; nano-controls; biological hazards detection/process control are anticipated
users here. |
Biosensors |
|
Biological sensors can be applied in
hazardous materials and environmentally monitoring; significant applications are expected
in health care. |
Chemical sensors |
|
Chemical sensors can increasingly be
applied to the manufacturing process, environmental monitoring; product tracking |
Measurement & process
control |
Software & toolkits |
Modelling & simulation |
Rational design of new chemicals and
pharmaceuticals; countermeasures against biological warfare; visualisation of machining
process; design for minimising waste will result from advances in this technology. |
Advanced software |
Software is becoming ubiquitous in
networked, telecommunications and computing applications. Continued development of
software will facilitate advanced computing and networking applications. |
Materials processing |
Predictive process control |
Measure production temperature, pressure,
humidity, radiation, voltage and chemical makeup; seek applications in transportation,
medicine and environmental monitoring. |
Discrete product manufacturing |
Intelligent processing equipment |
Enhance process monitoring and control,
automate design of large-scale ICs. Increase production efficiency. |
Information
& communication technologies |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Computer & network systems |
Communications |
Telecom/data routing
Broadband network |
Telecommunications and data routing have
become priorities for both public and private sector players to improve economic and
technical characteristics to support maximum access to the networked information
infrastructure. Broadband networks are the key development of a global information
infrastructure, particularly as that technology will enable cross-medium communications
from satellites to wire and back. |
Data & knowledge systems |
Software & toolkits applications |
Pattern recognition |
Advances in this field will reduce
development costs, reduce development cycle iterations, create higher product yield and
increase manufacturing efficiencies.
Applications could include: Long-term sea level forecasting; Monitoring/correction of acid
rain; Natural disaster prediction. |
Information management |
Large-scale information systems |
Financial systems, electrical power
grids, and public transport systems will all require advances in large-scale information
systems. |
Management engineering |
Management techniques |
Improve techniques to manage large
systems and industrial productions. |
Application-oriented
technologies |
Field |
Category |
Sub-category |
Relevance |
Environment |
Monitoring and assessment |
Integrated-
environmental monitoring |
Global climate/ocean observing systems;
identification of dangerous chemicals and biological agents; increased understanding of
carbon dioxide emission/extinction and natural disaster prediction/safety technology
networks. |
Atmospheric and global systems software |
Software with common standards will
enable global environmental monitoring and reaction capabilities. |
Remote assessment of biosystems |
Remote data provided to a global
environmental monitoring system will enhance sustainability. |
Systems integration |
Environmental design, control |
Reduce environmental impact of vehicles
maintaining production efficiencies and costs. |
Pollution control |
Pollution sensing devices |
Increased fraction of waste stream
recovered for recycling and reuse by increasing efficiency and lowering costs with which
components of stream can be separated will reduce pollution/environmental hazards. |
Aerospace |
Aerodynamics |
Aircraft aerodynamics |
Improve engine efficiency, aircraft
stability improvement; reduce environmental impact of aircraft; build low-observable
aircraft, long-range, high-speed aircraft. |
Avionics and control |
Non-manned aircraft |
Applications in environmental monitoring;
dangerous missions, long-distance cargo transport. |
Surface transport control |
More efficient, lower emissions engines,
efficient transport vehicles and systems, all enable economic development. |
Power and propulsion |
Aircraft turbines |
Sustained supersonic cruise without
afterburners; better specific fuel consumption; develop more powerful engines with better
fuel economy and lower NOx emissions; increase safety, quality assurance; lower
manufacturing costs. |
Transport |
Power and propulsion |
Engine technology |
Explore a range of possible alternative
engine designs for greater efficiency; environmental impact; reduce engine noise. |
Reduce engine weight; lengthen engine
life; reduce emissions. |
Systems integration |
Intelligent transport systems |
Enhance information and control
capabilities of existing physical transport infrastructure to increase safety, capacity,
driver convenience, fuel consumption, congestion and promote efficiency. |
Rapid rail |
Continuous operation railcars |
Replace current rapid rail while meeting
environmental standards. |
Superconductivity magnetic levitation
railways |
Develop high speed trains that are
powered by magnetic levitation. |
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