Table of Contents, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation and allocation options

1 Preface – background, objectives and contents
2 Sammenfatning
2.1	Baggrund
2.2	Projektets formål
2.3	Luftfartens bidrag til globale klimaforandringer
2.4	Luftfartens vækst
2.5	Muligheder for at reducere luftfartens drivhusgasemissioner
2.6	Muligheder for at regulere luftfartens drivhusgasemissioner
2.7	Kvaliteten af landenes rapportering af emissioner fra international luftfart til UNFCCC
2.8	Brugen af modeller til beregning af flytrafikkens emissioner
2.9	Luftfartsselskabernes rapportering af brændstofforbrug
2.10	Allokering af emissioner fra international luftfart
3 Summary
3.1	Background
3.2	Project objectives
3.3	The environmental impact of aviation
3.4	Aviation indicators and trends
3.5	Options for reducing aviation greenhouse gas emissions
3.6	Possible government incentives and control options for reducing GHG emissions from aviation
3.7	Availability and quality of the reporting by parties to the UNFCCC on emissions from international aviation
3.8	Availability and quality of inventory models
3.9	Availability and quality of airline data
3.10	Allocation of emissions from international aviation
4 Aviation indicators and trends
4.1	Aviation’s contribution to climate change
4.2	Demand growth and technical/operational improvements
4.3	The significance of airfreight
4.4	Distributional issues and prospects for growth
4.5	Determinants of air transport growth
5 Possibilities for reducing aviation GHG emissions
5.1	Potentials for reducing aviation GHG emissions
5.2	Possible government incentives and control options
5.2.1	A further look at voluntary measures
5.2.2	A further look at fuel taxation and other economic measures
6 Some recent policy developments
6.1	UNFCCC developments
6.2	EU developments
6.3	ICAO developments
6.4	The position of environmental NGOS and industry
7 CO₂ emissions from international aviation
7.1	International conventions and reporting obligations
7.1.1	UNECE Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention
7.1.2	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
7.1.3	Other reporting obligations
7.2	Aviation Greenhouse gas emissions
7.2.1	Emissions from domestic and international aviation reported by Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC
7.2.2	Global CO₂ emissions from domestic and international aviation IEA data
7.2.3	CO₂ emissions from international aviation bunkers for Annex I and Annex II countries – IEA data
7.2.4	Comparison of international aviation bunker emission statistics from IEA and UNFCCC – Annex I countries
7.3	Discussion on statistics on fuel consumption and emissions
8 Aircraft emission inventories and reporting guidelines
8.1	EMEP/CORINAIR reporting guidelines
8.2	ANCAT/EMCAL reporting guidelines
8.3	EUROSTAT/EUROCONTROL&TRENDS emission inventory
8.4	Global emission inventory models
8.5	Discussion on emission inventories
9 Airline reporting on fuel consumption
9.1	Evolution of the fuel intensity of passenger air travel
9.2	Fuel intensity of different aircraft types
9.2.1	Old versus new aircraft
9.2.2	Load factors - passengers and freight
9.2.3	Seat configuration
9.3	Fuel intensity of a number of airlines
9.3.1	A closer look at the fuel intensity of American air carriers
9.3.2	Methodologies for allocating airline fuel consumption between passengers and freight loads in passenger aircraft
9.4	Discussion on airline reporting
10 Allocation options – discussion on data requirements
10.1	Allocation options considered by SBSTA
10.2	The European Commission’s considerations over allocation
10.3	December 2002 survey on preferences among European Union member states and the European Commission towards the allocation issue
10.4	Description of allocation options and data requirements
10.4.1	No allocation (option 1)
10.4.2	Allocation in proportion to national emissions of Parties (option 2)
10.4.3	Allocation to the country where the fuel is sold (option 3)
10.4.4	Allocation to the nationality of airlines (option 4)
10.4.5	Allocation to the country of destination or departure of aircraft (option 5)
10.4.6	Allocation to the country of destination or departure of passengers or cargo (option 6)
10.4.7	Allocation to the country of origin of passengers or owner of cargo (option 7) 100
10.4.8	Allocation according to emissions generated within each party’s national space (Option 8)
10.5	Discussion on allocation options
11 Conclusions
11.1	Availability and quality of the reporting by parties to the UNFCCC on emissions from international aviation
11.2	Availability and quality of inventory models
11.3	Availability and quality of airline data
11.4	Allocation of emissions from international aviation
12 Literature
13 Appendixes A-K
Appendix A: UNFCCC CO₂ emission data for 1990
Appendix B: UNFCCC CO₂ emission data for 1999
Appendix C: UNFCCC data for CO₂ emissions from transport 1990 and 1999
Appendix D: Comparison of UNFCCC and IEA data for international aviation and marine CO₂ emissions 1990 and 1999
Appendix E: IEA data on CO₂ emissions from international bunkers 1999 and comparisons to national totals.
Appendix F: IEA data on CO₂ emissions from international bunkers and comparisons to national totals - ranked.
Appendix G: Comparison of data from UNFCCC and IEA for CO₂ emissions from domestic and international aviation in 1999.
Appendix H: Distribution of air traffic on carriers situated in different geographical regions 1999.
Appendix I: Comparison of Eurostat/Eurocontrol data based on the TRENDS model to data from UNFCCC and IEA
Appendix J: Summary of AERO model results for allocation options, 1992 data.
Appendix K: UNFCCC data on emissions from domestic and international aviation 1990-1999.