Substance Flow Analysis for dioxins in Denmark, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Substance Flow Analysis for dioxins in Denmark

Table 2.9
Summary of formation and turnover of dioxins by industrial activities in Denmark

Activity/product	Consumption by products	Formation	Emissions/losses (g I-TEQ/year)
	Consumption by products	Formation	to air	to water	to soil	to waste	Other routes
	g I-TEQ/year	g I-TEQ/year	to air	to water	to soil	to waste	Other routes
Chemicals
Pesticides 1)	< 1?	?	?		< 1?	?
Pharmaceuticals		?	?			?
Bleaching agents	< 0.001			< 0.001
Brominated flame retardants 2)	2 – 60	?	?			?	?
Other chemical products	?		?	?	?	?	?
High-temperature materials
Raw materials 3)	4 –1050					0.004-5
Clay-based insulation materials		0.0006-0.24	0.0006-0.24
Tiles and bricks		0.001-0.2	0.001-0.2
Cement		0.045-0.92?	0.045-0.92	?
Lime 4)		0.0009-2.7	0.0009-2.6				<0.08
Other Materials		0.004-0.024	0.004-0.024			?
Metal manufacturing
Metal casting		0.032-0.06	0.032-0.06			?
Hot-dip galvanising		0.023-0.44	0.023-0.44			<0.002
Steel reclamation 5)		6.1-12.8	1.1-2.3	0?		< 0.005	5.0 – 10.5
Aluminium reclama.		0.43-4.8	0.17-3.3	0		0.26-1.5
Feedstuff
Fish oil/meal		<0.01?	0?	<0.01
Meat/bone meal 6)7)	0.003-0.19	?	?				0.004-0.35
Green feed drying 7)	0.05	0.004-0.04?	0.004-0.04
Feedstuff prod. 8)	1.5-11			?	<10?	?	?
Food products	0.06-0,44			?		?
Pentachlorophenol
- wood	0.11- 42?		0.5-26?			5-240?
- leather	0.5		<0.05			0.5?
- textiles	0.5			0.2		0.3
Chlorine bleaching
- bleaching in DK		<0.5		<0.5
- cork	<0.01					<0.01
- paper/cardboard 9)	3.0-6.6			?		1.5-3.3	1.5-3.3
Other processes		<0.04?	<0.04?	?	?	?	?
Total (rounded)	12-1200?	6.5-23?	2.0-36?	0.2-0.7	<11?	7.6-250?	6.5-14?

?	Figure cannot be estimated due to lack of data. The flow in question should be overlooked.
x?	Figure or some of the subfigures referred to is deemed highly uncertain.
1.	Reference is made to section 2.1.1 and section 2.1.3.
2.	Figures refer to brominated dioxins. Toxicity equivalency factors are assumed similar to factors for chlorinated dioxins.
3.	The consumption figure covers consumption with clay and clay-like raw materials used for manufacturing of insulation materials, tiles, bricks and similar items. The dominant part of this consumption is assumed to be destroyed by manufacturing processes. The indicated loss to waste covers dioxins in clay used for decoration and educational purposes.
4.	The quantity stated under "other routes" covers dioxin in filter dust sold as material for flue gas cleaning operations.
5.	The quantity stated under "other routes" covers dioxin in filter dust exported for zinc recovery. An estimated < 0.016 g I-TEQ will be reused in asphalt and cement manufacturing.
6.	The quantity stated under "other routes" covers dioxin in meat and bone meal exported.
7.	The quantity stated as "consumption by products" is also included in the consumption figure for feedstuff products.
8.	The quantity stated under "emission to soil" covers land application of manure and similar waste products from animal and fish farming. As no detailed investigation of dioxin circulation within the Danish animal and fish farming sectors has been undertaken, the figure should be taken as a rough estimate only.
9.	The quantity stated under "other routes" covers dioxin paper and cardboard collected for recycling.