| Parameters |
Tools / Mechanisms |
Examples |
| Which product/service is produced? |
 | Compliance |
|
| Regulation
| Prohibitions/ Restrictions |
| IPP (Integrated Product Policy) |
| Producer responsibility |
| Product standards |
|
| Monitoring and Enforcement |
| Facilitation of future compliance via
| Indicators of future legislation |
| Clear signals re direction of environmental policy |
| Voluntary agreements |
|
| Advice |
| Awareness raising and information regarding regulations, partic. for SMEs |
|
DK list of ‘undesirable’ chemicals
EC Energy label voluntary agreement |
| Liability |
|
| Widening involvement |
| Regulation
| Degree of liability, level of fines |
|
| Monitoring and Enforcement
| Availability of legal aid/resources to bring actions |
|
|
Investors/Banks act as a driver on companies due to liability
legislation. |
| Corporate culture/ethics |
| Company reputation |
|
| Corporate policies
| Environmental/ Sustainability/ Ethical corporate policy and subsequent incorporation
tools e.g. training, reporting |
|
| Tools to encourage corporate citizenship/ responsibility e.g. award schemes, media
exposure, watchdogs, public debate |
|
Future improvements to EMAS, ISO 14001 to ensure that policy is
implemented company-wide and not just paper exercise ACCA/CERES Environmental Reporting
awards |
| Design process |
|
| Product Design
| EMS applied to design |
| DfE (Design for Environment) |
| LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) |
| H&S assess- ment |
| Environmental awareness raising/ training of employees involved in design procedure e.g.
re product vs service implications |
| Linking of environmental aspects and innovation - tools/training to encourage ‘out
of box’/ creative thinking |
|
|
e.g. Philips
E-Co Challenge, UK: exploring novel approaches to product development via
university/company collaboration |
| Technology |
|
| R&D and associated Economic incentives
| government, investor, NGO support/ commissioned R&D into development of clean
technology/ products and their acceptability |
|
|
|
| Cost |
| investment costs vs expected profits, payback time |
|
| Economic Incentives
| Rebates for clean/ sustainable products |
| Favourable start-up schemes for new ‘sustainable’ businesses esp. SMEs |
| Preferential lending criteria, interest rates for ‘sustainable’ products/
services |
| Ethical/ environmental investment funds |
| Sustainability Index Ratings |
|
|
e.g. Tridos Bank
e.g. Friends Provident
e.g. Dow Jones/SAM |
| Market opportunity |
| Market demand |
| Competitors activity |
|
| Education
| Public environmental awareness campaigns/ education |
|
| Marketing
| ‘Green’ marketing |
| Market analysis and research |
|
| Regulation
| Restrictions on monopolies of producers and retailers |
|
|
Education: Societal attitudes are an important determinant of market
opportunity for cleaner products and services. Market analysis: combine environmental
awareness with innovative business tools e.g. Porter’s model. Need ‘out of
box’ thinking re diversification, new markets, new applications. |
| NGO/Citizen/Employee pressure |
| Civil Society |
|
| Widening involvement |
| Consumer advice |
| Product information
| Product Registers e.g. re chemicals |
|
| Education
| Public environmental awareness campaigns/ education |
|
|
|
| Existing Infrastructure |
|
| Industry collaboration
| Supply chain networks/ co-operation |
|
|
e.g. domestic appliance and detergent manufacturers; automobile companies
and service stations regarding fuel provision for LPG vehicles. |
| How is the product/service produced? |
| Compliance |
|
| Regulation
| IPC (Integrated Pollution Control) |
| IPP (Integrated Product Policy) |
|
| Monitoring and Enforcement |
| Corporate Policies
| Environmental Management Systems |
|
| Advice
| Awareness raising and information regarding regulations, partic. for SMEs |
|
| Facilitation of future compliance via
| Indicators of future legislation |
| Clear signals re direction of environmental policy |
| Voluntary agreements |
|
|
Role of regulators/municipalities as facilitators offering guidance and
assistance (particularly for SMEs) rather than simply enforcement. |
| Liability |
|
| Widening involvement |
| Regulation
| Degree of liability, level of fines |
|
| Monitoring and Enforcement
| Availability of legal aid/ resources to bring actions |
|
|
Investors/Banks act as a driver on companies due to liability
legislation. |
| Corporate culture/ethics |
| Company reputation |
|
| Corporate policies
| Environmental/ Sustainability/ Ethical corporate policy and subsequent incorporation
tools e.g. training, reporting |
|
| Tools to encourage corporate citizenship/ responsibility e.g. award schemes, reporting,
watchdogs, media exposure, NGO campaigns, public debate |
|
|
| Existing production procedures |
(design and application) |
| Production design and Product design (has implications for production process e.g.
materials used)
| EMS applied to design |
| DfE (Design for Environment) |
| LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) |
| H&S assessment |
|
| Corporate Policy:
| Environmental awareness raising/training of employees involved in design and
implementation of production process |
|
|
|
| Technology |
|
| R&D and associated Economic incentives
| Government, investor, NGO support/ commissioned R&D into development of clean
technologies |
|
|
|
| Cost |
|
| Economic Incentives
| Rebates for clean production |
| Preferential lending criteria, interest rates for ‘sustainable’ production |
| Ethical/ environmental investment funds |
| Sustainability Index Ratings |
|
|
|
| NGO/Citizen pressure |
| Civil Society |
|
| Consumer advice |
| Regulation
| Freedom of Information: |
| Pollution Registers |
|
| Education
| Public environmental awareness campaigns/ education |
|
| Widening involvement
| Report procedures for citizens, NGOs |
|
| Regulation
| Legal rights i.e. granting of ‘standing’ for citizens and NGOs to enable them
to bring court actions |
|
|
e.g. DK Chemical Awareness Campaign
e.g. DK telephone hotline
e.g. DK, standing granted to Danish Society for Nature Conservation, Greenpeace. |
| Employee pressure |
|
| Widening Involvement
| Team decisions/ employee input/ involvement in decision making |
|
| Corporate Policy
| Environmental awareness training for employees |
|
|
|
| Customer/supply chain pressure |
|
| Product information |
| Corporate policies
| Green procurement policies |
|
| Education
| Public environmental awareness campaigns/ education |
|
| Eco-labels
| Based on LCA |
| Labelling covering production processes |
| Bans on use of specific substances e.g. brominated flame retardants |
|
|
e.g. Volvo Environmental Statement on S80 car |
| Existing Infrastructure |
|
| Economic Incentives
| Rebates for clean production |
| Preferential lending criteria, interest rates for ‘sustainable’ production |
| Set environmental criteria for grants available for updating machinery |
|
|
|