| Parameters |
Tools/mechanisms |
Examples |
| Is this journey necessary? |
| Availability of alternatives to travel |
 | R & D
| new technology for telecommunications |
| demonstration projects to encourage walking |
| information systems |
|
|
| Demonstration projects for teleworking villages in the UK |
|
| |
| Communications technology |
|
| eg teleworking, Internet shopping and banking |
|
| |
| Community networking/ co-ordination of local services) |
|
| community internet services |
|
| |
|
| support for local shops and facilities |
|
| |
| Land use planning guidance and regulations
| to reduce the need for travel through encouraging higher densities and mixed development |
| planning that encourages walking and cycling |
|
|
| eg UK Planning Policy Guidance 13 A Guide to Better Practice: Reducing the nee to travel
through land use and transport (currently being revised) |
|
| |
| Corporate policy |
|
| Employer policies in support of teleworking |
| development of company transport plans to reduce need for travel |
|
| Awareness/information |
| Education and awareness |
|
eg UK Are you doing your bit? - Government led campaign |
| |
| Consumer advice |
|
|
| |
|
|
| What mode of transport should I use? |
|
| Availability of different transport options to required location |
| Regulation
| regulation of public transport services |
|
|
| standards for public transport coverage and frequency |
|
| |
| R & D
| to develop alternative technologies and improve transport planning and public transport
services |
|
|
|
| |
| Land use planning regulation and guidance
| encourage development in areas with good public transport or that facilitates the use of
public transport |
| support for integrated transport planning |
|
|
| eg Netherlands: Amsterdam Transferium - facility for 2,500 vehicles to direct transfer
to public transport |
|
| |
| Corporate policy: |
|
|
| |
| Employer policy |
|
| eg use of company transport plans, providing interest free loans for public transport
season tickets, provision of special buses for large employers |
|
| |
| Operator policy |
|
| support for development and introduction of alternative technology vehicles |
| co-operation with large employers to ensure adequate public transport services |
|
| |
| Economic incentives
| Incentives/ subsidies for transport operators to ensure provision of public transport |
|
|
| eg UK Quality Contracts for buses to ensure exclusive operation of certain routes with
financial support |
|
| |
| Collaboration
| industry collaboration to improve public transport services |
| commuter plans |
| car share schemes |
|
|
| development of integrated transport services |
| eg UK: Nottingham Commuter planners club bringing together 33 organisations actively
involved in the development of commuter plans |
| car pooling |
| operator and employer collaboration to provide special bus services or ensure public
transport services for employees |
|
| Price |
| Economic incentives |
|
|
| |
| fuel tax |
|
| NL: variabilisation strategy - higher fuel excise taxes leading to increased fuel prices |
|
| |
| road user charging |
|
| introduction of road pricing for heavily used roads or for heavy goods vehicles |
|
| |
| parking charges |
|
| Spain: restriction on long duration parking in many cities |
|
| |
| subsidised public transport services |
|
| government support for certain public transport routes to ensure services |
|
| |
| employer subsidised public transport travel or interest free loans |
|
| abolition of fiscal incentives for company cars |
|
| |
| Collaboration |
|
| eg multi modal travel cards |
|
| |
| Regulation
| regulation of public transport charges |
|
|
|
| |
| Marketing |
|
| special ticketing offers by public transport operators |
|
| Suitability - timetabling/facilities |
| Service design
| improving the design of public transport services to encourage use |
| urban planning to increase reliability of public transport and high occupancy vehicles
on roads |
|
|
| low access buses, luggage facilities, bicycle storage areas on trains, easier cleaning |
| NL: high occupancy vehicle lanes - dedicated road lanes for buses, car poolers |
| traffic calming |
|
| |
| Collaboration
| integrated transport services both in terms of timetabling and facilitating interchanges |
|
|
| multi modal information systems |
| integrated timetabling |
| NL: Amsterdam transferium |
|
| |
| R & D
| development of IT systems to provide better information |
|
|
| tracking systems to provide real time information to passengers and to provide feedback
to operators to improve the scheduling |
| UK: ‘Countdown’ real time electronic information displays at main bus stops in
London |
|
| |
| Widening involvement |
|
| passenger consultation programmes |
|
| |
| Regulation of public transport services |
|
| standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
|
| Reliability |
| Service design
| improved infrastructure and urban planning to support public transport |
|
|
| bus lanes, zoning for restricting access in urban areas to favour public transport |
|
| |
| Regulation, monitoring and enforcement of public transport services |
|
| standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
|
| |
| Collaboration
| integrated transport services both in terms of timetabling and facilitating interchanges |
|
|
| multi modal real time information systems |
| effective integrated timetabling |
| co-ordinated interchanges |
|
| |
| Service information
| provision of information on service quality |
| self imposed service standards for operators |
|
|
| operator performance reporting |
| passenger charters |
|
| |
| R & D
| development of IT systems to provide better information |
|
|
| tracking systems to provide real time information to passengers and to provide feedback
to operators to improve scheduling and service provision |
|
| Safety |
| Standards
| Design and operating standards |
|
|
|
| |
Regulation
| design and operating standards with monitoring and reporting |
|
|
| |
| Service information |
| provision of information on safety performance |
|
| operator performance reporting |
|
| Perceived attributes eg status/comfort/convenience |
| Marketing |
| improving perception of public transport services and to highlight environmental
benefits |
|
|
| |
Education/public awareness raising |
| Government led promotions and campaigns |
|
| |
| Service design
| improving perception and status of public transport |
|
|
| provision of better facilities for all users on public transport, business or family
carriages on trains |
|
| |
| Service information
| Operator reporting |
| better information systems |
|
|
| information systems, travel information helplines |
|
| |
| Regulation, monitoring and enforcement of public transport services |
|
| standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
|
| Should I choose to use a car, what make/model should I buy? |
|
| Availability of different models/ technologies |
| Economic incentives
| Manufacturer/ retailer incentives to produce/supply energy efficient models |
|
|
| market support |
|
| |
| R & D to develop to improve energy efficiency and new technologies |
|
|
| |
| Corporate policy
| Manufacturer/ retailer environmental policy to develop and support alternative and
energy efficient technologies |
|
|
| Agreement between EU and European car manufacturers (ACEA) to reduce CO2 emissions |
|
| |
| Regulation of vehicle energy efficiency |
|
| prohibition of high energy use cars or energy efficiency standards |
|
| Cost - purchase and running |
| Economic incentives: |
|
|
| |
| differential/ increased purchase tax, road or parking charges for smaller/more energy
efficient vehicles |
| subsidies for energy efficient vehicles |
|
| Dk:: high vehicle purchase tax |
| UK: annual increases in fuel duty of at least 6% above the rate of inflation (no longer
in place) |
| NL: variabilisation strategy |
|
| |
| R & D
| development of alternative and energy efficient technologies |
|
|
| decreasing production costs of alternative technologies |
|
| |
Regulation
| regulation of vehicle pricing in favour of energy efficient vehicles |
|
|
| |
| Collaboration |
|
| industry collaboration on R & D |
|
| Suitability |
| Product design |
|
| vehicle design that incorporates new technologies but is also meet the users everyday
needs |
|
| |
| Widening involvement |
|
| consultation and participation of all stakeholders in development of new technologies |
|
| |
| Collaboration |
|
| industry collaboration for provision of fuelling infrastructure to support alternative
technologies |
|
| Quality/safety |
| R & D |
|
|
| |
| Product design |
|
| improved safety of new designs |
|
| |
| Quality/safety standards |
|
|
| |
| Regulation, monitoring and enforcement in relation to vehicle safety |
|
|
| |
| Product information |
|
| inclusion of safety information in product information |
| manufacturer HSE reports to include product safety information |
|
| Perceived product attributes and awareness |
|
| Green marketing to highlight energy efficiency and other environmental attributes |
|
|
| |
| Ecolabelling |
|
| eg fuel efficiency rating |
| Volvo V70 Environmental Declaration |
|
| |
| Corporate policy
| Retailer policy for staff training in environmental attributes |
| promotion of environmental benefits of products |
|
|
| staff training to provide environmental information in sales |
|
| |
| Standards
| Product performance standards for new technologies |
|
|
|
| |
| Advice
| Producer helplines for consumers and retailers |
|
|
|
| |
| Public awareness campaigns and education |
|
|
| |
| Product information |
|
| Manufacturer corporate environmental reporting |
|
| How do I drive my car? |
|
|
| Safety |
| Regulation and enforcement
| reducing speed limits especially in residential and urban areas |
| enforcement of speed limits |
|
|
|
| |
| Urban planning
| traffic calming schemes in urban areas |
|
|
|
| |
| Education
| Environmentally friendly driving |
| public information campaign to increase awareness of road safety |
|
|
| Finland and Sweden: Eco Driving scheme to teach safe and environmentally friendly
driving |
|
| Fuel costs |
| Enforcement of speed limits |
|
| NL: Highway speed limit enforcement programme |
|
| |
| Collaboration
| to promote and support environmentally friendly driving |
|
|
| Sweden: Eco Driving collaboration between National Road Administration and the Swedish
Association of Driving Schools |
|
| |
| Economic incentives
| government support of eco-driving schemes |
|
|
|