Parameters |
Tools/mechanisms |
Examples |
Is this journey necessary? |
Availability of alternatives to travel |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | new technology for telecommunications |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | demonstration projects to encourage walking |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | information systems |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Demonstration projects for teleworking villages in the UK |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Communications technology |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg teleworking, Internet shopping and banking |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Community networking/ co-ordination of local services) |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | community internet services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | support for local shops and facilities |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Land use planning guidance and regulations
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | to reduce the need for travel through encouraging higher densities and mixed development |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | planning that encourages walking and cycling |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg UK Planning Policy Guidance 13 A Guide to Better Practice: Reducing the nee to travel
through land use and transport (currently being revised) |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Corporate policy |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Employer policies in support of teleworking |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | development of company transport plans to reduce need for travel |
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Awareness/information |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Education and awareness |
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eg UK Are you doing your bit? - Government led campaign |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Consumer advice |
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What mode of transport should I use? |
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Availability of different transport options to required location |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | regulation of public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | standards for public transport coverage and frequency |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | to develop alternative technologies and improve transport planning and public transport
services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Land use planning regulation and guidance
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | encourage development in areas with good public transport or that facilitates the use of
public transport |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | support for integrated transport planning |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg Netherlands: Amsterdam Transferium - facility for 2,500 vehicles to direct transfer
to public transport |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Corporate policy: |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Employer policy |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg use of company transport plans, providing interest free loans for public transport
season tickets, provision of special buses for large employers |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Operator policy |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | support for development and introduction of alternative technology vehicles |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | co-operation with large employers to ensure adequate public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Economic incentives
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Incentives/ subsidies for transport operators to ensure provision of public transport |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg UK Quality Contracts for buses to ensure exclusive operation of certain routes with
financial support |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | industry collaboration to improve public transport services |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | commuter plans |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | car share schemes |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | development of integrated transport services |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg UK: Nottingham Commuter planners club bringing together 33 organisations actively
involved in the development of commuter plans |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | car pooling |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | operator and employer collaboration to provide special bus services or ensure public
transport services for employees |
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Price |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Economic incentives |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | fuel tax |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | NL: variabilisation strategy - higher fuel excise taxes leading to increased fuel prices |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | road user charging |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | introduction of road pricing for heavily used roads or for heavy goods vehicles |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | parking charges |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Spain: restriction on long duration parking in many cities |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | subsidised public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | government support for certain public transport routes to ensure services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | employer subsidised public transport travel or interest free loans |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | abolition of fiscal incentives for company cars |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg multi modal travel cards |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | regulation of public transport charges |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Marketing |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | special ticketing offers by public transport operators |
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Suitability - timetabling/facilities |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service design
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | improving the design of public transport services to encourage use |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | urban planning to increase reliability of public transport and high occupancy vehicles
on roads |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | low access buses, luggage facilities, bicycle storage areas on trains, easier cleaning |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | NL: high occupancy vehicle lanes - dedicated road lanes for buses, car poolers |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | traffic calming |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | integrated transport services both in terms of timetabling and facilitating interchanges |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | multi modal information systems |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | integrated timetabling |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | NL: Amsterdam transferium |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | development of IT systems to provide better information |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | tracking systems to provide real time information to passengers and to provide feedback
to operators to improve the scheduling |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | UK: Countdown real time electronic information displays at main bus stops in
London |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Widening involvement |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | passenger consultation programmes |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation of public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
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Reliability |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service design
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | improved infrastructure and urban planning to support public transport |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | bus lanes, zoning for restricting access in urban areas to favour public transport |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation, monitoring and enforcement of public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | integrated transport services both in terms of timetabling and facilitating interchanges |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | multi modal real time information systems |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | effective integrated timetabling |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | co-ordinated interchanges |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service information
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | provision of information on service quality |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | self imposed service standards for operators |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | operator performance reporting |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | passenger charters |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | development of IT systems to provide better information |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | tracking systems to provide real time information to passengers and to provide feedback
to operators to improve scheduling and service provision |
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Safety |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Standards
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Design and operating standards |
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Regulation
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | design and operating standards with monitoring and reporting |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service information |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | provision of information on safety performance |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | operator performance reporting |
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Perceived attributes eg status/comfort/convenience |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Marketing |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | improving perception of public transport services and to highlight environmental
benefits |
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Education/public awareness raising |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Government led promotions and campaigns |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service design
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | improving perception and status of public transport |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | provision of better facilities for all users on public transport, business or family
carriages on trains |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Service information
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Operator reporting |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | better information systems |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | information systems, travel information helplines |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation, monitoring and enforcement of public transport services |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | standards for service provision with financial penalties for poor performance |
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Should I choose to use a car, what make/model should I buy? |
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Availability of different models/ technologies |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Economic incentives
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Manufacturer/ retailer incentives to produce/supply energy efficient models |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | market support |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D to develop to improve energy efficiency and new technologies |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Corporate policy
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Manufacturer/ retailer environmental policy to develop and support alternative and
energy efficient technologies |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Agreement between EU and European car manufacturers (ACEA) to reduce CO2 emissions |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation of vehicle energy efficiency |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | prohibition of high energy use cars or energy efficiency standards |
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Cost - purchase and running |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Economic incentives: |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | differential/ increased purchase tax, road or parking charges for smaller/more energy
efficient vehicles |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | subsidies for energy efficient vehicles |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Dk:: high vehicle purchase tax |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | UK: annual increases in fuel duty of at least 6% above the rate of inflation (no longer
in place) |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | NL: variabilisation strategy |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | development of alternative and energy efficient technologies |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | decreasing production costs of alternative technologies |
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Regulation
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | regulation of vehicle pricing in favour of energy efficient vehicles |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | industry collaboration on R & D |
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Suitability |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Product design |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | vehicle design that incorporates new technologies but is also meet the users everyday
needs |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Widening involvement |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | consultation and participation of all stakeholders in development of new technologies |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | industry collaboration for provision of fuelling infrastructure to support alternative
technologies |
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Quality/safety |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | R & D |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Product design |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | improved safety of new designs |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Quality/safety standards |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation, monitoring and enforcement in relation to vehicle safety |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Product information |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | inclusion of safety information in product information |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | manufacturer HSE reports to include product safety information |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Perceived product attributes and awareness |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Green marketing to highlight energy efficiency and other environmental attributes |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Ecolabelling |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | eg fuel efficiency rating |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Volvo V70 Environmental Declaration |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Corporate policy
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Retailer policy for staff training in environmental attributes |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | promotion of environmental benefits of products |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | staff training to provide environmental information in sales |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Standards
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Product performance standards for new technologies |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Advice
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Producer helplines for consumers and retailers |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Public awareness campaigns and education |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Product information |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Manufacturer corporate environmental reporting |
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How do I drive my car? |
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Safety |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Regulation and enforcement
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | reducing speed limits especially in residential and urban areas |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | enforcement of speed limits |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Urban planning
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | traffic calming schemes in urban areas |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Education
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Environmentally friendly driving |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | public information campaign to increase awareness of road safety |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Finland and Sweden: Eco Driving scheme to teach safe and environmentally friendly
driving |
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Fuel costs |
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Enforcement of speed limits |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | NL: Highway speed limit enforcement programme |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Collaboration
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | to promote and support environmentally friendly driving |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Sweden: Eco Driving collaboration between National Road Administration and the Swedish
Association of Driving Schools |
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![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | Economic incentives
![](../../_themes/nyt-milj-/dot.gif) | government support of eco-driving schemes |
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