| Load |
Parameters |
Tools/ mechanisms |
Examples |
| Goods |
Is this journey required? |
|
| |
Availability/ location of suppliers/ customers |
 | Land use planning guidance and regulation
| to encourage mixed developments and optimise transport distances between suppliers and
customers in particular for commercial develop- ments |
| integrated transport planning |
|
|
| eg UK PPG13 |
|
| |
|
| Collaboration
| industry collaboration to reduce the need for transport in the supply chain |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy
| Retailer/ supplier policy to reduce transport demand |
|
|
| eg use of company transport plans and green procurement systems to optimise sourcing of
goods |
|
| |
Resource use (do I or my customers need supplies) |
| Product design to reduce materials use |
|
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy
| support for use of LCA/ EMS to increase resource use efficiency |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Economic incentives
| for more efficient production processes and packaging |
|
|
| tax on raw materials use |
|
| |
|
| Best practice information dissemination for efficient production processes |
|
|
| |
|
| R & D
| Use of IT tracking systems to improve transport logistics and load optimisation |
|
|
|
| |
Cost |
| Economic incentives: |
|
|
| |
|
| fuel taxes |
|
|
| |
|
| vehicle purchase tax |
|
|
| |
|
| road user charging |
|
|
| Goods |
What mode of transport? |
|
| |
Availability of different transport options to required location |
Land use planning guidance and regulation |
|
| |
|
| Collaboration and design of transport services
| Development of logistics centres for combined transport |
|
|
| eg freight villages, nodal centres, urban distribution centres |
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy |
|
|
| |
|
| use of corporate transport plans to determine optimum/ favoured transport options |
|
|
| |
|
| Industry collaboration |
|
|
| |
|
| integrated transport services both in terms of timetabling, interchanges and network
planning |
|
|
| |
Cost |
| Economic incentives |
|
|
| |
|
| fuel tax |
|
| NL: variabi- lisation strategy |
|
| |
|
| vehicle purchase tax |
|
|
| |
|
| road use charges |
|
| EU Enuro- vignette |
|
| |
|
| Regulation |
| regulation of freight transport charges |
|
|
| |
|
| Collaboration
| co-ordination of intermodal charging |
|
|
|
| |
|
| R & D
| Use of IT tracking systems to increase efficiency of non road/ intermodal fright
transport |
|
|
| eg NL: TRACE traffic control system for railways transmits data to and from rolling
stock with real time information on location and availability |
|
| |
Reliability |
| Collaboration
| integrated transport services - timetabling, interchanges and network planning |
|
|
| freight villages, nodal centres, urban distribution centres |
|
| |
|
| Product design |
|
| optimising trailer design to facilitate transfer between different modes |
|
| |
|
| Regulation |
|
| regulation of non road freight services including financial penalties for poor
performance |
|
| |
|
| R & D
| Use of IT tracking systems for tracking and monitoring freight to improve transport
logistics and providing real time information |
|
|
eg NL TRACE system |
| |
|
| Service information
| Operator performance reporting |
|
|
|
| |
Suitability - freight capacity, timetabling etc |
| Product design
| design of freight services for load optimisation |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Land use planning guidance and regulation
| to favour non road freight |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Collaboration
| integrated transport services - timetabling, interchanges and network planning |
|
|
| freight villages, etc |
|
| |
|
| R & D
| Use of IT tracking systems for tracking and monitoring freight to improve transport
logistics and providing real time information |
|
|
| eg NL TRACE system |
|
| |
|
| Wider involvement |
|
| consultation with freight customers and other operators to optimise the freight network |
|
| |
HSE Risk |
| Regulation, monitoring and enforcement |
|
|
| |
|
| Design and operation standards |
|
|
| |
|
| Operator and customer HSE policy to improve performance |
|
|
| |
|
| HSE corporate reporting to include transport of goods |
|
|
| |
Perceived product attributes |
| Green marketing to encourage uptake of non-road freight transport |
|
|
| |
|
| Education and awareness raising campaigns focused at business users |
|
|
| |
|
| Service design
| improving design of freight services to facilitate non road freight |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Service information
| Operator performance reporting and HSE reporting |
|
|
|
| People/ goods |
What fleet should we use? |
|
| |
Availability of different models/ techno- logies |
| Economic incentives
| Manufacturer/ retailer incentives to produce/ supply energy efficient models |
|
|
| market support |
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy
| Manufacturer/ retailer environmental policy to develop and support alternative and
energy efficient technologies |
| to require environmental attributes to be a factor in choosing a fleet |
|
|
| Agreement between EU and European car manufacturers (ACEA) to reduce CO2 emissions |
|
| |
|
Regulation of vehicle energy efficiency |
| prohibition of high energy use cars or energy efficiency standards |
|
| |
|
| R & D to develop to improve energy efficiency and new technologies |
|
|
| |
Cost - purchase and running |
Economic incentives: |
|
| |
|
| differential/ increased purchase tax, road or parking charges for smaller/ more energy
efficient vehicles |
| subsidies for energy efficient vehicles |
|
| Dk:: high vehicle purchase tax |
| UK: annual increases in fuel duty of at least 6% above the rate of inflation (no longer
in place) |
| NL: variabilisation strategy |
|
| |
|
| R & D
| to reduce production costs of alternative technologies |
| use of IT tracking systems to provide feedback and improve efficiency of goods transport |
|
|
| NL TRACE |
| Norway: ‘electronic road’ a database of the entire road system to provide
information to industry to optimise route planning |
|
| |
|
| Regulation
| regulation of vehicle pricing in favour of energy efficient vehicles |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Product design to improve capacity of freight systems |
|
| industry collaboration for provision of fuelling infrastructure to support alternative
technologies |
|
| |
Suitability |
| Product design |
|
| eg trailer design to increase capacity |
|
| |
|
| Widening involvement |
|
| consultation with business users and freight groups |
|
| |
|
| Collaboration
| industry collaboration for provision of fuelling infrastructure to support alternative
technologies |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy |
|
| eg to require environ- mental attributes to be a factor in choice of fleet |
|
| |
Perceived product status |
| Green marketing aimed at business users |
|
|
| |
|
| Ecolabelling |
|
| fuel efficiency rating |
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy
| Retailer policy for staff training in environmental attributes |
| promotion of environmental benefits of products |
| manufacturer policy to promote environmental attributes of products |
| Manufacturer HSE reporting to include product environmental performance |
|
|
| staff training to provide environ- mental information in sales |
|
| |
|
| Product quality standards for new technologies |
|
|
| |
|
| Education and public awareness campaigns |
|
|
| |
|
| Advice |
|
Producer helplines |
| |
Quality/ safety |
| R & D |
|
|
| |
|
| Product design |
|
| improved safety of new designs |
|
| |
|
| Quality/ safety standards |
|
|
| |
|
| Regulation, monitoring and enforcement in relation to vehicle safety |
|
|
| |
|
| Product information |
|
| inclusion of safety information in product information |
| manufacturer HSE reports to include product safety information |
|
| People/ goods |
How do I drive my car/lorry? |
|
| |
Safety |
| Regulation and enforcement
| reducing speed limits especially in residential and urban areas |
| enforcement of speed limits |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Urban planning
| traffic calming schemes in urban areas |
|
|
|
| |
|
| Corporate policy
| employer health and safety policy promoting safe driving |
|
|
|
| |
Fuel costs |
| Enforcement of speed limits |
|
| NL: Highway speed limit enforcement programme |
|
| |
|
| Collaboration
| to promote and support environ- mentally friendly driving |
|
|
| Sweden: Eco Driving collabo- ration between National Road Admini- stration, Swedish
Association of Driving Schools, public and private sectors |
|
| |
|
| Economic incentives
| government support of eco-driving schemes |
|
|
|
| |
Driver delivery schedule |
| R & D
| Use of IT systems for tracking and monitoring to increase efficiency of logistics and
load optimisation |
|
|
| eg Swedish Timber Industry |
|