Plant & Location |
Compound |
Influent |
Effluent after PS |
Effluent after FS |
Sludge |
Final effluent |
Rem/loss |
Remarks |
Ref. |
|
|
Conc. (ng/l) |
% |
|
|
Denmark:
Jeksen |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
(n=3) |
(Christiansen 2001) |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.5 |
|
Lyngby |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
2.8 |
|
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
Ormslev |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
1.3; 108 |
|
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4; 31 |
|
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.2; <1 |
|
Tåstrup |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
27 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
Randers |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.5-1.2 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Egå |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.3-1.2 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Viby |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
1.2-2.0 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Beder |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.5-1.1 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-0.6 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-1.4 |
|
Rønde |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.3-1.8 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-1.7 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Voel |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<1-6.1 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Balle |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.4; 2.5 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1 |
|
Ørum |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.3-2.7 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-2.5 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-4.7 |
|
Sweden: |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
~ 6 |
|
Continuously sampling in 72-h (n=1) |
(Larsson 1999) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
~ 1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
~ 4 |
|
Glucuronider |
|
|
|
|
<0.5 |
|
UK:
Southend STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
31-49 |
|
Analyses were only performed in sample
fractions with estrogenic activity. The concentrations may, therefore, be under estimated.
Discrete samples (n=3). |
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
28-54 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
Nd-7.4 |
|
Harpenden STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
4.6-9.7 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
3.1-8.1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
Nd |
|
Rye Meads STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
1.3-4.0 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.6-6.5 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
Nd |
|
Deephams STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
2.0-18 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
3.8-15 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
Nd |
|
Naburn STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
14-86 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
5.3-12 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.4-4.8 |
|
Horsham STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
5.5-12.5 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
3.6-6.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.1-0.9 |
|
Billing STW |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
1.3-11 |
|
(Desbrow 1998) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
6.1-8.0 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
Nd |
|
Chelmsford STW (1997-1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
15-220 (A)
27-56 (B) |
|
5 days composite samples; Taken at 12 pm
daily.
(n=4 in each of two trials A and B) |
(Rodgers-Gray 2000) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
7-88 (A)
4-8.8 (B) |
|
Nederlands:
STP A, B & C |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.4-47 |
|
Samples were collected over a 7-h period.
(n=2 from each plant ) |
Belfroid (1999) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.6-12 |
|
17a -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.1-5.0 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.2-7.5 |
|
Hormone glucuconides |
|
|
|
|
<1.4- 2.71 |
|
STP D & E |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.1-11 |
|
Samples were collected over a 7-h period.
(n=2 from each plant ) |
Belfroid (1999) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4-1.8 |
|
17a -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.1-2.1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.2-2.6 |
|
Hormone glucuconides |
|
|
|
|
<1.4-7.41 |
|
Eindh |
Estrone |
11; 42 |
|
|
|
2.7; 15 |
64; 75 |
Composite of samples collected every 30
min's kl. 7-15. (n=2) |
(Johnson 2000) |
17b -estradiol |
11; 14 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
Na; 92 |
Estriol |
No |
|
|
|
No |
Na |
17a -ethinylestradiol |
<0.5; <1.4 |
|
|
|
<0.5; <1.4 |
Na |
Kral |
Estrone |
18; 100 |
|
|
|
<0.4; 6.3 |
94; >98 |
17b -estradiol |
31 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
98 |
Estriol |
No |
|
|
|
No |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
<0.2; <1.4 |
|
|
|
<0.2; <1.8 |
Na |
West |
estrone |
87; 140 |
|
|
|
2.1; 47 |
66; 98 |
17b -estradiol |
9; 48 |
|
|
|
<0.6, 12 |
75; >94 |
estriol |
No |
|
|
|
No |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
1.3; 8.8 |
|
|
|
<0.2; <0.3 |
77; >98 |
Germany:
Frankfurt/Main (1997) |
Estrone |
27 |
>50 |
|
|
23 |
|
Flow proportional sampling. 6 days
composite samples (n=1) |
(Ternes 1999) |
17b -estradiol |
15 |
19 |
|
|
5.4 |
64 |
16a -hydroxyestrone |
13 |
15 |
|
|
4.4 |
68 |
17a -ethinylestradiol |
1.2 |
1.5 |
|
|
2.7 |
~ 0 |
Ulm & New Ulm (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
3-13 |
|
6-h sampling period (n=7) |
(Kuch 2000) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
1-13 |
|
Estriol |
|
|
|
|
<1-9 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1-5 |
|
Ulm & Neu-Ulm, Langeneau and
Blaubeuren (2000) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.35-18 |
|
Grab samples taken in the morning (n=16) |
(Kuch 2001) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.15-5.2 |
|
17a -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.15-4.5 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.1-8.9 |
|
Ditzingen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
24-h time-proportional sampling
(n=1 from each plant) |
(Spengler 2001) |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
4.2 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
Ludwigsburg-Eglosheim (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<1.8 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
Ludwigsburg-Poppenweiler (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.7 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
Stuttgart-Mühlhausen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.7 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
Stutgart-Möhringen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
6.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
Stuttgart-Büsnau (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
7.5 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
1.6 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.7 |
|
Hechingen (1998 & 1999)) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
22 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
No result |
|
Alstadt-Ebingen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<1.8 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
Sindelfingen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
Donaueschingen (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
4.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
Blaubeuren (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.4 |
|
Ulm (1998) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
5.1 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
Pforzheim (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
1.1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
Industrial STP 1 (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.7 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
<0.4 |
|
Industrial STP 2 (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
<0.7 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
7.1 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
No result |
|
Lahr (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
Waiblingen (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
1.7 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
Leutkirch (1999) |
Estrone |
|
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
<1.2 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
Israel |
Estrogenes |
48-141 |
|
|
|
7-50 |
20-88 |
|
(Shore 1993) |
Italy:
Cobis2 |
Estrone |
42-132 |
|
|
|
5.4-17 |
E1: 61 ± 38 %
E2: 87 ± 9 %
E3: 95 ± 6 %
EE2: 85 ± 14 % |
24-h flow proportional composite
samples. One per month over 5 months (n=5)
|
(Baronti 2000) |
Estradiol |
8.1-25 |
|
|
|
0.55-2.9 |
Estriol |
44-188 |
|
|
|
1.1-7.3 |
Ethinylestradiol |
0.45-13 |
|
|
|
Nd-1.0 |
Ostia2 |
Estrone |
33-67 |
|
|
|
13-82.1 |
17b -estradiol |
5.9-22 |
|
|
|
0.72-3.5 |
Estriol |
54-187 |
|
|
|
0.63-1.5 |
17a -ethinylestradiol |
0.52-4.8 |
|
|
|
Nd-1.1 |
Fregene2 |
Estrone |
41-87 |
|
|
|
2.5-6.5 |
Estradiol |
4.0-16 |
|
|
|
0.35-2.1 |
Estriol |
26-127 |
|
|
|
0.44-2.2 |
Ethinylestradiol |
0.44-6.8 |
|
|
|
Nd-1.7 |
Roma Nord2 |
Estrone |
30-49 |
|
|
|
6.4-40 |
Estradiol |
6.3-14 |
|
|
|
0.44-1.9 |
Estriol |
35-148 |
|
|
|
0.72-8.4 |
Ethinylestradiol |
0.46-6.8 |
|
|
|
Nd-0.56 |
Roma Sud2 |
Estrone |
25-48 |
|
|
|
8.7-51 |
Estradiol |
4.7-10 |
|
|
|
0.53-3.1 |
Estriol |
24-127 |
|
|
|
1.8-18 |
Ethinylestradiol |
0.43-6.1 |
|
|
|
Nd-1.2 |
Roma Est2 |
Estrone |
34-68 |
|
|
|
3.7-10 |
Estradiol |
6.3-11 |
|
|
|
0.62-0.82 |
Estriol |
33-146 |
|
|
|
0.43-1.4 |
Ethinylestradiol |
0.40-4.6 |
|
|
|
Nd-0.73 |
USA, California STP1 |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
2.75-4.05 |
|
Analyzed with ELISA
(n=1-4) |
(Huang 2001) |
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
1.54-2.42 |
|
California
STP2 |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.38-1.01 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.19-0.49 |
|
California
STP3 |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
0.72-2.655
<0.1-0.326 |
|
|
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
0.13-0.165
<0.16 |
|
|
|
California
STP 4 |
17b -estradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
17a -ethinylestradiol |
|
|
|
|
0.66 |
|
Japan:
27 STPs (1998-1999) |
17b -estradiol |
20-94 |
|
|
|
0.2-55 |
(7->99 in the winter) |
Range for 27 STPs |
(Nasu 2001) |
|
45 (583) |
66 |
20 |
|
204 |
|
Example of the fate |
Canada:
Burlington |
Estrone |
|
26; 53 |
|
|
6; 8 |
|
Grab or 24-h composite samples (n= 1-3) |
(Lee 1998a) |
17b -estradiol |
|
7; 14 |
|
|
<5; <5 |
|
Estriol |
|
128; 220 |
|
|
18; 33 |
|
Dundas |
Estrone |
|
68, 70 |
|
|
8, 10 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
8, 9 |
|
|
<5, <5 |
|
Estriol |
|
203; 243 |
|
|
<10; <10 |
|
Edmonton |
Estrone |
|
109 |
|
|
72 |
|
17b -estradiol |
|
<5 |
|
|
<5 |
|
Estriol |
|
209 |
|
|
<10 |
|
Guelph |
Estrone |
41-75 |
|
|
|
14-18 |
|
17b -estradiol |
<5; 15 |
|
|
|
<5; <5 |
|
Estriol |
158-250 |
|
|
|
30-37 |
|
Brazilian
Penha/Rio de Janeiro |
Estrone |
40 |
|
|
|
14 (T); 6.8 (AS) |
67 (T); 83 (AS) |
Random samples taken over 6 days and
combined (n=1) |
(Ternes 1999) |
17b -estradiol |
21 |
|
|
|
1.7 (T); 0.2 (AS) |
92 (T); 99.9 (AS) |
Ethinylestradiol |
6 |
|
|
|
2 (T); 1.3 (AS) |
64 (T); 78 (AS) |