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Feminisation of fish

Contents

Preface
  
1. Summary (English)
  
2. Resumé (dansk)
  
3. Reproductive disturbances in feral and caged fish from sewage effluent affected aquatic environments
3.1 The freshwater environment
3.1.1 Feral fish
3.1.2 Cage experiments and other controlled sewage effluent exposure studies
3.2 The marine environment
  
4. Quantification of the estrogenicity of sewage effluent using in vitro assays and the TIE approach.
  
5. Occurrence of estrogens and xenoestrogens in sewage effluent and occurrence and fate in the aquatic environment
5.1 Estrogens
5.1.1 Occurrence in sewage effluent
5.1.2 Occurrence in surface water
5.1.3 Fate and behaviour in the environment
5.2 Alkylphenols
5.2.1 Concentrations in sewage effluent
5.2.2 Concentrations in surface water
5.2.3 Fate and behaviour in the environment
5.3 Bisphenol a
5.3.1 Concentrations in sewage effluent
5.3.2 Concentrations in surface water
5.3.3 Fate and behaviour in the environment
  
6. Established dose-response relations between the estrogens/xenoestrogens and their feminising potential.
6.1 17b-estradiol
6.2 Estrone
6.3 Estriol
6.4 Ethinylestradiol
6.5 Alkylphenols
6.5.1 Nonylphenol
6.5.2 Octylphenol
6.5.3 Bisphenol A
6.5.4 Phthalates
  
7. Relation between environmental levels of estrogens/xenoestrogens and known effect concentrations.
  
8. Consequences of feminisation on the reproductive success/fertility of male fish.
  
9 .Effects of (xeno-)estrogens on the reproductive success/fertility of female fish.
  
10. Potential sources of estrogens and xenoestrogens
10.1 Estrogens
10.1.1 Men
10.1.2 Women
10.1.3 Metabolism
10.1.4 Hormone therapy
10.2 Release of estrogens
10.2.1 Other sources
10.3 Alkylphenols
10.3.1 Nonylphenolethoxylates
10.3.2 Other derivatives of alkylphenols
10.4 Release of alkylphenols
10.4.1 Release from processing/formulation
10.4.2 Release from use
10.4.3 Release from disposal
10.5 Bisphenol A
10.5.1 Polycarbonate
10.5.2 Epoxy resins
10.5.3 Phenoplast resins
10.5.4 Can coating manufacture
10.5.5 Thermal paper
10.5.6 PVC
10.5.7 Other uses
10.5.8 Brake fluid
10.5.9 Tyre manufacture
10.5.10 Fire retardant
10.6 Release of bisphenol A
10.6.1 Release from processing
10.6.2 Release during use
10.6.3 Release from disposal
10.6.4 Release from recycling
  
11. Fate in municipal sewage treatment plants
11.1 Estrogens
11.1.1 Biodegradation in sludge of STPs
11.1.2 Sorption to sludge particles
11.1.3 Fate in STPs
11.2 Alkylphenols
11.2.1 Biodegradation in sludge of STPs
11.2.2 Sorption to sludge particles
11.2.3 Fate in STPs
11.3 Bisphenol A
11.3.1 Biodegradation in sludge of STPs
11.3.2 Sorption to sludge particles
11.3.3 Fate in STPs
  
12. Influence of the type of treatment plants on the removal efficiency of estrogens and xenoestrogens
12.1 Estrogens
12.2 Alkylphenols
12.3 Bisphenol A
   
13. Advanced treatment processes
  
14. Possible non-sewage effluent related sources of estrogens to the aquatic environment
  
15. Conclusions (English)
  
16. Konklusion (dansk)
  
17. Reference List
  
18. Appendix A

 

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