Country |
Compound |
Conc. (ng/l)1 |
LOD (ng/l) |
Method |
Comments |
Ref. |
Denmark |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 2.5
< LOD 6.1
< LOD 4.7 |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
Measured in effluent from 8 STPs in
Aarhus County (n = 3 for each). STPs all had mechanical and biological treatment steps
with a nitrification step. Some had additional denitrification, filter and chemical steps.
E2 detected in 2, E1 in 22 and EE2 in 2 of 24 samples. |
(2) |
Denmark |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD
< LOD 5.2
< LOD |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
Measured in effluent from seven low-technology
sewage treatment works. |
(2) |
Denmark |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 11 (<
1)
< LOD 63 (< 1)
4.9 - 7.0 ( 6.3) |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
Detected in effluent from four STPs in
Copenhagen |
(141) |
England |
17bestradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
LOD 0.9
LOD 3.4
LOD 0.2
< LOD |
-
-
-
- |
GC-MS |
Effluent from two STPs in North London |
(142) |
England |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
1.6 7.4
6.4 29
2.0 4.0
< LOD |
-
-
-
- |
GC-MS |
Three STP effluents. All used activated
sludge processes. |
(139) |
England |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 7.97
0.8 2.45
0.56 |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
Three STPs; two with activated sludge
treatment and one with a percolating filter process. |
(35) |
England |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
5
18
< 0.1 |
-
-
- |
GC-MS |
One STP. Mean concentrations |
(34) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
0.15 5.2 (0.4)
0.35 18 (1.5)
0.1 8.9 (0.7) |
0.15
0.1
0.1 |
HRGC-(NCI)-MS |
Results from three municipal STPs sampled
over 5 months (total n = 16). The plants all used a three step treatment of wastewater
consisting of preliminary clarification, an activated sludge step and final clarification.
The plants had a capacity of 15,000- 350,000 P.E. Mix of domestic and industrial or
domestic and agricultural sewage. E2, E1 and EE2 were detected above the LOD in 14, 15 and
14 of 16 samples, respectively. |
(138) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 21
< LOD
< LOD
< LOD - 62 |
1
1
1
1 |
GC-MS |
20 STPs. E2 detected above 10 ng/l in 2
and EE2 in 15 of the 20 samples. |
(143) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 3 (<
LOD)
< LOD 70 (9)
< LOD 15 (1) |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
16 municipal STPs treating mainly
domestic sewage. All STPs used at least three treatment steps: preliminary and final
clarification and an aerator tank.
E2, E1 and EE2 was detected in 8, 14 and 9 of 16 samples,
respectively. |
(144) |
Sweden |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
1.1
5.8
4.5 |
0.5
0.5
2 |
GC-MS |
STP processing primarily domestic sewage
from 3500 people. It had chemical and biological treatment steps no anaerobic
denitrification step. |
(3) |
Nether- lands |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< 0.8
< 0.3 11
< 0.3 2.6 |
0.8 1.5
0.3 0.6
0.3 0.6 |
GC-MS/MS |
Municipal effluent from five STPs (n=10) |
(6) |
Nether- lands |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 12
< LOD 47
< LOD |
0.1 1.8
0.1 1.8
0.1 1.8 |
GC-MS/MS |
Three STPs sampled twice. All were based
on activated sludge systems. |
(146) |
Nether- lands |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< 0.6 - 12 (0.9)
< 0.4 - 47 (4.5)
< 0.2 7.5 (< LOD)
< 0.4 - 1.8
< 0.1 - 11
< 0.2 - 2.6 |
0.5-2.4
0.3-1
0.3-1.8 |
GC-MS/MS |
Measured in effluent from three STPs
receiving primarily domestic sewage (sampled twice). Total capacity of 300,000
560,000 P.E.
Measured in two industrial STPs with a capacity of 100,000 P.E.
All STPs had activated sludge systems |
(140) |
Italy |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
0.35 3.3 (1.0)
2.5 82.1 (9.3)
0.43 18
< LOD 1.7 (0.45) |
0.2
0.08
0.2
0.3 |
LC-ESI-MS/MS |
From six Roman STPs (n=5 for each).
The STPs received sewage from 40,000 1,200,000 inhabitants |
(145) |
Italy |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 7
< LOD 54
< LOD 28
< LOD 2.2 |
0.1 1.8
0.1 1.8
o.1 1.8
0.1 1.8 |
GC-MS/MS |
Five roman STPs (n= 2-3 for each). All
based on activated sludge systems. |
(146) |
Israel |
Sum of
17b-estradiol and estrone |
6.5 50.1 |
1.91 |
RIA |
Tel Aviv STP (n =3) |
(140) |
USA |
17b-estradiol
ethinylestradiol |
0.48 3.66
< LOD 0.76 |
0.107
0.053 |
RIA |
Effluent from four municipal STPs
E2 detected at all sites and EE2 at 3 of 4. |
(147) |
USA |
17b-estradiol
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 4.05
< LOD 2.42 |
0.1
0.1 |
ELISA |
Effluent from four STPs (each sampled 4
times over a period of up to two years) with varying degrees of treatment up to very
advanced. |
(148) |
Canada |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol |
< LOD
6 - 8
< LOD - 33 |
5
5
10 |
GC-MS |
From four STPs (n=2 for each)
High detection limits |
(149) |
Canada |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol |
< LOD 64 (6)
< LOD 48 (3)
< LOD 42 (9) |
1
1
1 |
GC-MS/MS |
Ten municipal STPs treating mainly
domestic sewage. All STPs used at least three treatment steps: preliminary and final
clarification and an aerator tank.
E2, E1 and EE2 was detected in 8, 8 and 9 of 10 samples, respectively. |
(144) |