Country |
Compound |
Conc. (ng/l) |
LOD (ng/l) |
Method |
Comments |
Ref. |
Denmark |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 0.8
0.2 3.0
< LOD 1.5 |
0.4
0.4
0.5 |
GC-MS/MS |
Concentrations in two lakes and three
streams which receive no or little sewage effluent.
Little non-treated effluent might come from sparse settlements. |
(2) |
England |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
<LOD 7.1
0.2 17
< LOD 3.1
< LOD |
-
-
-
- |
GC-MS |
Six sites on the river Thames sampled
once.
Low levels of estrogens were also found at a relatively unpolluted stretch of the Thames. |
(139) |
England |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< o.4 8.76
< o.4 12.22
< 0.5 4.6 |
0.4 - 1
0.4 - 1
0.5 - 1 |
GC-MS/MS |
River Nene and Lea sampled for 28 and 14
consecutive days, respectively |
(35) |
Netherlands |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< 0.3 5.5 ( <
LOD)
< 0.1- 3.4 (0.3)
< 0.1- 4.3 (< LOD) |
0.3 0.6
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2 |
GC-MS/MS |
Water samples from 11 coastal /estuarine
and freshwater locations (n=3 for each). Highest concentrations detected at the freshwater
locations River Rhine and Meuse.
E2, E1 and EE2 detected in 4,7 and 3 of the sites, respectively. |
(145) |
Netherlands |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< 0.8 1.0
< 0.3 7.2
< 0.3 0.4 |
0.8 1.5
0.3 0.6
0.3 0.6 |
GC-MS/MS |
Surface water from numerous streams,
rivers, lakes, canals and marine areas (n = 97). E1 detected in 40-50 % of all samples. E2
and EE2 only detected above detection limit at each one site. |
(6) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD
< LOD 1.6
< LOD |
0.5
0.5
0.5 |
GC-MS/MS |
15 German rivers and streams
Only E1 detected (in 3 of 15 samples) |
(144) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
ethinylestradiol |
0.15 3.6 (0.30)
0.10 4.1 (0.40)
0.10 5.1 (0.40) |
0.15
0.1
0.1 |
HRGC-(NCI)-MS |
31 water samples were analysed from the
River Donau, and the Creeks Nau and Blau approximately 1 km downstream of STP effluent
sites and from River Iller and three creeks. E2 , E1 and EE2 were detected above the LOD
in 14, 29 and 15 of the 31 samples. |
(138) |
Germany |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD
< LOD
< LOD
< LOD - 4 |
1
1
1
1 |
GC-MS |
Five rivers. EE2 detected in 4 of 5
rivers. |
(143) |
Italy |
17b-estradiol
estrone
estriol
ethinylestradiol |
0.11
1.5
0.33
0.04 |
0.02
0.008
00.2
0.03 |
LC-ESI-MS/MS |
Measured in the Tiber River downstream of
small towns whose sewages are treated by perculating filter STPs or directly into the
river. No estrogens were detected in the river downstream of the city of Rome despite
outlets of sewage from a number of STPs. |
(146) |
USA |
17b-estradiol
ethinylestradiol |
< LOD 2.67
< LOD - 0.52 |
0.1 07
0.053 |
RIA |
Water samples from 8 locations on Detroit
river and 5 on Lake Mead, Michigan
E2 detected in 10 and EE2 in 4 of 13 locations |
(147) |
USA |
17b-estradiol
ethinylestradiol |
0.08 0.80
< LOD |
0.05
0.05 |
ELISA |
Sacramento Delta and Colorado river |
(148) |