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Survey and assessmens of chemical substances in glass and porcelain colours
4 Survey of constituent substances in glass and porcelain colours
4.1 Pigments
4.2 Binders
4.3 Fluid/Vehicle
4.4 Additives
The survey of constituent substances is based on information from producers, suppliers and other relevant sources. As a starting point available information has been obtained from safety data sheets and
other product information from suppliers and producers. Furthermore it has been tried, after agreement with the suppliers, to obtain additional information from the producers. All producers have, as a
minimum, been contacted by letter, either via the Danish supplier or directly. With this contact the producers have also received an accompanying letter from DEPA with product information and reference to
the responsible in DEPA. The request has been followed up by phone and in writing. Two producers have given additional information on constituent substances which is not in the safety data sheets.
However, the survey has not been so extensive that it allowed a very comprehensive collection of data.
Furthermore, a list of constituent substances in a number of glass and porcelain colours has been obtained from the consultant Chemtox. The information covers products in relation to possible registration in
the Product Register and the elaboration of safety data sheets.
It is thus safety data sheets on glass and porcelain colours, product information from suppliers and producers and the previously mentioned gross list which are the basis of the survey. All together it has been
assessed that this information gives a satisfactory overview of the constituent substances in glass and porcelain colours.
As a minimum, safety data sheets must contain information on dangerous substances as defined in the Statutory Order no. 559 of the Danish Working Environment Service dated 4 July 2002 on special
requirements to producers, suppliers and importers etc. of substances and materials according to law on working environment. In some cases, the data sheets also have information about other substances in
the product. In total, data sheets or other information from eight products have been used in this survey. For two products there is no information. The result of the survey has also been presented to the
Danish Council for Creative and Hobby Materials. The Council has confirmed conformity with the Council's information and the result of the survey.
The constituent substances are divided into the categories:
- Pigments
- Binders
- Diluent/Vehicle
- Additives
4.1 Pigments
Several of the used pigments are both used in other paints and other product types for colouring of e.g. textiles. It is shown in Table 4.1 that both inorganic and organic pigments are used in the glass and
porcelain colours.
Of organic pigments azopigments and polyclyclic pigments have been found. There has only been found one pigment, copper phthalocyanine, which contains a dangerous heavy metal. None of the inorganic
pigments contain environmentally hazardous heavy metals.
Table 4.1 Pigments in glass and porcelain colours and their physical-chemical properties (data from 26, 16 and 17). "-": the value is unknown. "ir": irrelevant.
| Subtance (formula) |
Trivial name / synonym |
CAS nr. |
C.I. nr. |
Conc. (%) |
Used in cosmetic products 1) |
MW |
S (g/l) |
LogKow |
| Anthraquinone (C14H8O2) |
(medium product) |
84-65-1 |
- |
- |
No |
208,2 |
< 1 |
3,39 |
| Carbon black |
Pigment black 7 |
1333-86-4 |
77266 |
0-2 |
1 |
12,0 |
insoluable |
ir |
| Diarylide (C32H26Cl2N6O4) |
Pigment yellow
12 |
6358-85-6 |
21090 |
0-2 |
* |
629,5 |
< 1 |
5-7 |
| Dioxazine (C34H22Cl2N4O2) |
Pigment violet 23 |
6358-30-1 |
51319 |
0-2 |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
| Isoindolinone |
Pigment yellow 110 |
5590-18-1 |
56280 |
- |
No |
- |
- |
- |
| Copper phthalocyanine (C32H16CuN8) |
Pigment blue 15 |
147-14-8 |
74160 |
- |
1 |
576,0 |
< 1 |
6,6 |
| Mica |
Pigment white 20 0g 16 |
12001-26-2 |
77019 |
- |
* |
- |
- |
ir |
| Iron(II)oxide (FeO) |
Ironoxide |
1345-25-1 |
77489 |
- |
1 |
71,8 |
- |
ir |
| Iron(III)oxide (Fe2O3) |
Pigment red 101 |
1309-37-1 |
77491 |
0-2 |
1 |
159,7 |
insoluable |
ir |
| 2-Naphthol (C10H8O) |
(medium product) |
135-19-3 |
- |
- |
No |
144.2 |
0,755 |
2,70 |
| Phthalocyanine (C32H16N8) |
Pigment blue 16 |
574-93-6 |
74100 |
0-2 |
4 |
512,5 |
< 1 |
- |
| N-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4-[[2-methoxy-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-carboxamide (C33H27ClN4O6) |
Pigment red 146 |
5280-68-2 |
12485 |
- |
No |
- |
- |
- |
| 2,2'-((3,3'-dichloro-(1,1'-bisphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)-bis-(azo)-bis(N-4'-chloro-2,5-dimethyloxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-butanamide
(C36H32Cl4N6O8) |
Pigment yellow 83 |
5567-15-7 |
21108 |
- |
4 |
818,5 |
7,6 x
10-10 |
-7,54 |
| 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-N-[2-(4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-indene-2-yl)-8-quinolyl]phthalimide (C26H6Cl8O8) |
Pigment yellow 138 |
30125-47-4 |
56300 |
- |
No |
- |
- |
- |
| Quinacridone (C20H12N2O2) |
Pigment violet 19 |
1047-16-1 |
73900 |
0-2 |
4 |
312,3 |
insoluable |
- |
| Quino[2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione, 5,12-dihydro-2,9-dimethyl (C22H16N2O2) |
Pigment red 122 |
980-26-7 |
73915 |
- |
4 |
340,4 |
- |
- |
| Titaniumdioxide (TiO2) |
Pigment white 6 |
13463-67-7 |
77891 |
0-2 |
1 |
79,9 |
insoluable |
ir |
1) The numbers in this column shows how the pigments may be used in cosmetic products.
1: Pigments allowed in all cosmetic products.
2: Pigments allowed in all cosmetic products with the exception of cosmetic products used around the eye, especially eye make-up and cleansing products for eye area.
3: Pigment only allowed in cosmetic products which do not get in contact with the mucous membranes.
4: Pigments only allowed in cosmetic products which have short skin contact.
* May be used in cosmetics, but not as a pigment.
Of pigments and medium products, only 2-napthol is on the List of Dangerous Substances in the danger classes harmful to health and dangerous to the environment and with the classification
Xn;R29/22, N;R50. Isoindolinon is on the recommended list for self classification in the danger class dangerous to the environment and with N;R51/53.
4.2 Binders
Acrylate and polyurethanpolymer are used as binders in glass and porcelain colours. Acrylates and metacrylates are used broadly as binders in both water soluble colours and solvent middle based colours.
Poly(met)acrylates represent a large group of substances and the composition may vary depending on the desired properties. /25/. Termoplastic (met)acrylates are often used as binders. Acrylates consist of
acryl acid and metaacryl acid ant their methyl, ethyl and botylesters (2).
Table 4.2 shows a list of binders in glass and porcelain colours.
Table 4.2 Binders and residual monomers in glass and porcelain colours and their physical-chemical properties (data from 26, 16 and 17). "-": the value is unknown.
| Substance (formula) |
Content (%) |
CAS no. |
MW |
S (g/l) |
LogKow |
Danger class |
Classification |
| Acrylis acid (C3H4O2) |
- |
79-10-7 |
72,1 |
> 100 |
0,35 |
Flammable, harmful, corrosive, dangerous to the environment |
R10 Xn;R20/21/22 C;R35 N;R50 |
| Polyurethane polymer |
- |
68400-67-9 |
- |
- |
- |
No |
No |
4.3 Fluid/Vehicle
All of the found glass and porcelain colours are water based - with the exception of one product.
4.4 Additives
According to the information there is a number of additives in glass and porcelain colours.
In Table 4.3 is shown the additives used in glass and porcelain colours and selected physical-chemical properties.
Table 4.3 Additives in glass and porcelain colours and their physical-chemical properties (data from 26, 16 og 17) and classification. "-" : the value is unknown, "ir": irrelevant.
| Substance (formula) |
Content (%) |
CAS no. |
MW |
S (g/l) |
LogKow |
Danger class |
Classification 1) |
| Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) |
- |
21645-51-2 |
78,0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Barium sulfate (BaSO4) |
- |
7727-43-7 |
233,4 |
unsolv. |
|
- |
- |
| Benzylalkohol (C7H8O) |
- |
100-51-6 |
108,8 |
42,9 |
1,1 |
Harmful |
Xn;R20/22 |
| Benzoic acid p-hydroxy methylester (C8H8O3) |
- |
99-76-3 |
152,1 |
2,5 |
1,96 |
- |
- |
| Benzoic acid p-hydroxy propylester (C10H12O3) |
- |
94-13-3 |
180,2 |
<1 |
3,04 |
- |
- |
| 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (C3H6BrNO4) (Bronopol) |
- |
52-51-7 |
200,0 |
>100 |
-0,64 |
Harmful, irritant, dangerous to the environment |
Xn;R21/22 Xi;R37/38-41 N;R50 |
| 2-butanoneoxime (C4H9NO) |
< 0,5 |
96-29-7 |
87,1 |
100 |
0,63 |
harmful , carcinogenic, irritant, sensitizing |
Xn;R21 Carc3;R40 Xi;R41 R43 |
| 2-(2-Buthoxyethoxy)ethanol (C8H18O3) |
- |
112-34-5 |
162,2 |
>100 |
- |
Irritant |
Xi;R36 |
| 5-Chlor-2-methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one (C4H4ClNO) |
<0,0012 |
26172-55-4 |
149,6 |
- |
- |
Sensitizing |
R43 |
| 1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride (C9H16Cl2N4) |
< 0,5 |
4080-31-3 |
251,2 |
> 100 |
-5,92 |
- |
- |
2-Dimethyl-
aminoethanol (C4H11NO) |
1-1,5 |
108-01-0 |
89,14 |
1000 |
-0,94 |
Flammable, harmful, corrosive |
R10 Xn;R20/21/22 C;R34 |
| Dipropyleneglycol (C6H14O3) |
- |
25265-71-8 |
134,2 |
> 100 |
-1,07 |
- |
- |
| Formaldehyde (CH2O) |
- |
50-00-0 |
30,0 |
400 |
0,35 |
Toxic, corrosive, carcinogenic, sensitizing |
T;R23/24/25 C;R34 Carc3;R40 R43 |
| Naphtha (petroleum) hydrosulphorized, heavy |
|
64742-82-1 |
- |
unsolv. |
- |
carcinogenic, harmful |
Carc2;R45 Xn;R65 Anm. Ae,H,P,4 |
| Isocyanic acid (CHNO) |
|
75-13-8 |
43,0 |
- |
0,24 |
- |
- |
| 2-Methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one (C4H5NOS) |
<0,0004 |
2682-20-4 |
115,1 |
- |
- |
Sensitizing |
R43 |
| 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO) |
1-5 |
872-50-4 |
99,1 |
> 100 |
-0,38 |
Irritant |
Xi;R36/38 |
| Polypropylene glycol |
- |
25322-69-4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Propylene glycol (C3H8O2) |
1-5 |
57-55-6 |
76,1 |
> 100 |
-0,92 |
- |
- |
| Siliciumdioxide (SiO2) |
|
7631-86-9 |
60,08 |
- |
ir |
- |
- |
| Siliciumdioxide, amorphous (SiO2) |
|
112945-52-5 |
|
- |
ir |
- |
- |
| Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3) |
- |
102-71-6 |
149,2 |
> 100 |
-1,0 |
Sensitizing |
R43 |
1) According to List of dangerous substances (in bold) or from the recommended list for own classification (italic).
The most widespread preservative in glass and porcelain colours are isothiazolinones, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol (bronopol) and formaldehyde, but also other preservatives are used as listed in the
table. For example the parabenes benzo acid p-hydroxy methylester and benzo acid p-hydroxy propylester and the formaldehyde releaser, 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triasa-1-azoniaadamantan chloride
(Quartenium-15). These substances have also been found in CE labelled products.
The two isothiazolinones 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one (cas no. 26172-55-4) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one (Cas no. 2682-20-4) which are marketed under the name Kathon, are often found in
glass and porcelain colours. This also applies for 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and formaldehyde, which often derives from impurities in the used raw materials or from release of formaldehyde releasers
(preservatives).
The two isothiazolinone derivatives are both in a low concentration in glass and porcelain colours and are under the de minimis limit according to the safety data sheets for the examined products. The
substances are also present in for example cosmetic products, where the permitted limit is 0,0015%.
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