Potential measures for reduction of releases of heavy metals, POPs, HCFCs, BRFs and industrial greenhouse gases with particular reference to Russia, Ukraine and China

Potential measures for reduction of releases of heavy metals, POPs, HCFCs, BFRs and industrial greenhouse gases with particular reference to Russia, Ukraine and China

2 Methodology

2.1 Release sources and reduction measures
2.2 International agreements
2.3 Ongoing activities
2.4 Paradigm

In the following the applied methodology for the review is shortly described.

2.1 Release sources and reduction measures

The main global release sources and reduction measures have been shortly reviewed based on the literature; mainly authorised reports from international or governmental institutions. The use of the substances and releases in Russia, Ukraine and China has been reviewed on the basis of information in English obtained from the Internet and literature. Additionally the information concerning Russia has been supplemented by literature and Internet Search in Russian. For most of the substances only scattered and incomplete information on the use and releases in Russia, Ukraine and China has been available. By combining the scattered information with the information on Global trends it has been attempted to establish a first view of the situation in the countries.

A list of main technical measures for reduction of the use, formation and releases of the substances was developed on the basis of information from literature and the general knowledge of the authors. For the technical reduction measures being effective there is in general a need for development of adequate regulation, development of guidelines, enforcement of regulation and promotion of alternative solutions. These additional measures are considered implicit for all proposed technical measures.

2.2 International agreements

The international agreements addressing the substances have been assessed, and a summary table indicating how the major release source categories and use areas are addressed by the agreements has been prepared. The aim of the table is to demonstrate the source categories or use areas of international concern, the applied types of reduction measures and the time perspective.

2.3 Ongoing activities

Information on ongoing and tendered activities was searched via the Internet April/May 2005 from the web-sites of the organisations listed in table 2-1. It is in the table indicated to what extent the list of relevant projects identified can be considered comprehensive.

Besides projects specifically addressing the substances, projects addressing hazardous waste management and reduced use of fossil fuels have been identified. Energy-related projects, which indirectly may reduce the releases of a number of the substances have not been listed unless directly relevant to the proposed options for additional initiatives.

Table 2-1 Organisations scanned for ongoing projects in Russia, Ukraine and China

Organisation	Full name	Comprehen- sive list generated	Project database identified	Comments
GEF	Global Environment Facility	+	+
WB, IBRD	World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development	+	+
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme	+	no
UNIDO	United Nations Industrial Development Organisation	+	+
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme	probably	no
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations	probably	no
EBRD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development	+	+
EIB	European Investment Bank	+	+
EU TACIS	European Union Technical assistance to Commonwealth of Independent States	+	+	Project for the period 2000 - 2005 searched by use of "Tenders Electronic Daily"
EU TACIS BISTRO	Small-scale TACIS projects (with a duration of no more than six months and a budget of up to 100,000 EUR)	no	no	Projects generally not listed in the project database. Projects known by the authors are included
ADB	Asian Development Bank	+	+
ACAP	Arctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution of the Arctic	+	+
NEFCO	Nordic Environment Finance Corporation	no	no
DANCEE/DANCEA	Danish Co-operation for Environment in Eastern Europe; Danish Co-operation for Environment in the Arctic	+	no	The dataset including the DANCEE projects at web-site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is no longer available
DANIDA	Danish International Development Assistance	probably	no	No environmental projects in Russia, Ukraine and China
US AID	United States Agency for International Development	probably	+ Russia, Ukraine no (China)	US AID has apparently no environmental project in China
US EPA - OIA	United States Environmental Protection Agency - Office of International Affairs	no	no
CIDA	Canadian International Development Agency	+	+
SIDA	Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency	Russia, Ukraine: probably China: no	+ no (China)	Country programmes scanned. Probably energy programmes in China not identified
NORAD	Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation	no	no	Country fact sheets scanned. Probably energy programmes in China not identified
FINNIDA	Finnish International Development Agency	no	no
BMZ	Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Germany)	no	no
GTZ	Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit	+	+
IMET	Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory. Sino-Italian cooperation Program for Environment Protection	+	+
Japan's ODA	Japans Official Development Assistance	no	no	Energy projects in China
AusAID	The Australian Agency for International Development	Probably	no
DFID	The Department for International Development (UK)	Probably	no
DGIS	The Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation	Probably	no	China is not partner country

2.4 Paradigm

As a first phase of the study, a paradigm for the assessment and reporting was developed using mercury as example. The paradigm was presented for the Steering Committee, revised in accordance with the comments obtained and applied on the remaining substances.