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Survey and Health Assement of the exposue of 2-year-olds to chemical substances in Consumer Product

5 Survey

• 5.1 Delimitation
• 5.2 General conditions of the survey
  • 5.2.1 Contacts
  • 5.2.2 Sizes
• 5.3 Outdoor clothes
  • 5.3.1 Legislation
  • 5.3.2 Delimitation
  • 5.3.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.3.4 Survey of the range of outdoor clothing
    • 5.3.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.3.5 Survey results
    • 5.3.5.1 Products
    • 5.3.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.3.5.3 Result of surveying via the web
    • 5.3.5.4 Results of shop visits
    • 5.3.5.5 Product list
    • 5.3.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.3.5.7 Selected products
    • 5.3.5.8 Product prices
    • 5.3.5.9 Selected products
• 5.4 Footwear
  • 5.4.1 Legislation
  • 5.4.2 Delimitation
  • 5.4.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.4.4 Survey of the range of footwear
    • 5.4.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.4.5 Results of survey
    • 5.4.5.1 Products
    • 5.4.5.2 Results of survey via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.4.5.3 Result of surveying via the web
    • 5.4.5.4 Results of shop visits
    • 5.4.5.5 Product list
    • 5.4.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.4.5.7 Selected products
• 5.5 Pacifiers[13]
  • 5.5.1 Legislation
  • 5.5.2 Delimitation
  • 5.5.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.5.4 Survey of the range of pacifiers
    • 5.5.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.5.5 Results of survey
    • 5.5.5.1 Products
    • 5.5.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.5.5.3 Result of surveying via websites
    • 5.5.5.4 Results of shop visits
    • 5.5.5.5 Product list
    • 5.5.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.5.5.7 Selected products
• 5.6 PVC bath soap packaging
  • 5.6.1 Legislation
  • 5.6.2 Delimitation
  • 5.6.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.6.4 Identifying the range of bath soap packaging
    • 5.6.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.6.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.6.5.1 Products
    • 5.6.5.2 Result of surveying large retail chains
    • 5.6.5.3 Result of surveying via the web
    • 5.6.5.4 Result of surveying via shops
    • 5.6.5.5 Product list
    • 5.6.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.6.5.7 Selected products
• 5.7 Non-slip figures and bath mats
  • 5.7.1 Legislation
  • 5.7.2 Delimitation
  • 5.7.3 Description of product types in use
  • 5.7.4 Survey of the range of non-slip figures and mats for bath tubs
    • 5.7.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.7.5 Results of survey
    • 5.7.5.1 Products
    • 5.7.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.7.5.3 Result of surveying via websites
    • 5.7.5.4 Results of shop visits
    • 5.7.5.5 Product list
    • 5.7.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.7.5.7 Selected products
• 5.8 Soft toys
  • 5.8.1 Legislation
  • 5.8.2 Delimitation
  • 5.8.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.8.4 Survey of the range of soft toys
    • 5.8.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.8.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.8.5.1 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.8.5.2 Result of surveying via websites
    • 5.8.5.3 Results of shop visits
    • 5.8.5.4 Product list
    • 5.8.5.5 Selected products
• 5.9 Diapers
  • 5.9.1 Legislation
  • 5.9.2 Delimitation
  • 5.9.3 Description of the product group in use
  • 5.9.4 Survey of the range of diapers
    • 5.9.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.9.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.9.5.1 Products
    • 5.9.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.9.5.3 Result of surveying via websites
    • 5.9.5.4 Results of shop visits
    • 5.9.5.5 Product list
    • 5.9.5.6 Product prices
    • 5.9.5.7 Selected products
• 5.10 Sunscreens
  • 5.10.1 Legislation
  • 5.10.2 Delimitation
  • 5.10.3 Description of product type in use
  • 5.10.4 Survey of the range of sunscreens
    • 5.10.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.10.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.10.5.1 Products
    • 5.10.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.10.5.3 Product list
    • 5.10.5.4 Exctracts from the Access database
    • 5.10.5.5 Selected products
• 5.11 Moisturising creams/ oil-based creams/lotions.
  • 5.11.1 Legislation
  • 5.11.2 Delimitation
  • 5.11.3 Description of product types in use
  • 5.11.4 Survey of the range of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions
    • 5.11.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.11.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.11.5.1 Products
    • 5.11.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.11.5.3 Product list
    • 5.11.5.4 Extracts from the Access database
• 5.12 Bed linen
  • 5.12.1 Legislation
  • 5.12.2 Delimitation
  • 5.12.3 Description of product types in use
  • 5.12.4 Survey of the range of bed linen
    • 5.12.4.1 Procedure
  • 5.12.5 Results of the survey
    • 5.12.5.1 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains
    • 5.12.5.2 Result of surveying via websites
    • 5.12.5.3 Result of surveying via shop visits
    • 5.12.5.4 Product list
    • 5.12.5.5 Product prices
    • 5.12.5.6 Selected products

Twelve product groups were selected based on knowledge of previously examined substances and products.

The aim of the survey has been to:

• Add to existing knowledge/surveys of products used daily by 2 year-old children.
• Identify within each product type the products most used by 2-year-olds.
• Find out what materials the individual product types are made from.
• Attempt to gather together all information available on the materials – including constituent substances.
• Obtain products for chemical analysis.

The survey comprises the following 12 product groups:

• Outdoor clothes made from impregnated textiles, e.g. jackets, which are marketed as being waterproof, or water-resistant (PVC rain wear are also included if the articles appear as part of the survey).
• Mittens of the same material as all-in-one suits.
• Footwear in the form of rubber clogs.
• Footwear in the form of unlined rubber boots.
• Pacifiers, primarily those in which the plastic part is made of polycarbonate.
• Bath soap packaging shaped like popular figures/animals as well as other containers for children’s soap made from PVC.
• Non-slip figures and bath mats.
• Soft toys.
• Diapers.
• Sun cream.
• Moisturising cream/oil-based creams/lotions.
• Children’s bed linen.

The product groups have been chosen according to; exposure, expected content of substances, relevant reporting arenas, and existing product information.

A complete survey of all products within the individual product groups has not been undertaken although it includes as many of the most sold products/brands as possible. This has been achieved partly through contact with trade associations and other retail organisations to gather information on which shops carry the greatest range for each product group, and partly by contact with individual shops (retail and internet), and talking to employees about which products/models sell best.

The following first describes the general delimitation and then general conditions of the survey. Subsequently, the product types will be described individually.

5.1 Delimitation

The survey focusses exclusively on consumer products for 2-year-old children.

This survey only covers products that are marketed in Denmark, either through retail outlets, or in Danish web shops.

5.2 General conditions of the survey

The premise is that, in relation to the rest of the population, parents of small children are frequent net shoppers and that it is mostly mothers who purchase the products for their 2-year-olds.

5.2.1 Contacts

Initially, a number of trade associations and large supermarket chains, toy chains and other outlets were contacted to find out which products, out of the individual product groups and product categories in the survey, were the most sold products on the Danish market.

5.2.2 Sizes

Childrens’ clothing products were purchased in sizes 92-98 and shoe sizes 23-26, which are considered to be average sizes for 2-year-olds.

Retailers were also contacted and asked in advance, whether they considered the soft toys and bath toys that were to be sampled in the survey, to be suitable for 2-year-olds.

5.3 Outdoor clothes

The survey focuses on outdoor clothes made with impregnated textiles, i.e. outdoor clothes which are marketed as being waterproof, water-resistant, or dirt-resistant.

As the campaign week for the project was originally set for week 25, i.e. during the summer, it was aimed at finding clothing suitable for that time of year (windcheaters and other lightweight outdoor clothing). However, as the survey actually took place in October, it was impossible to find that type of clothing in the shops, so lined jackets and winter jackets were added to the samples.

Mittens made from impregnated material and marketed as being waterproof, water-resistant, or dirt-resistant are also included.

5.3.1 Legislation

Legislation applying to outdoor clothing has different limitations on use of substances such as brominated flame retardants, impregnation substances, PFOS and its derivatives, heavy metals, nickel, etc. These are described further in section 4.2 Textiles.

5.3.2 Delimitation

The survey includes impregnated outdoor clothes, for instance, textile jackets or coats suitable for season changes (spring/autumn) and lined jackets/winter jackets.

Mittens made from the same material as all-in-one suits were also included. The survey focuses on outdoor clothes and mittens, which are marketed as being either waterproof, or water resistant.

Skiwear is not included in the survey.

Rainwear is not generally included in the systematic survey, but is included whenever the survey encountered PVC rainwear. Internet searches were made for PVC rainwear and during shop visits enquiries were made as to whether the retailer stocked PVC rainwear.

5.3.3 Description of product type in use

The types of impregnated jackets and coats that were originally targeted in the survey were primarily those that could be used during spring and autumn, however, this type of clothing can also be used during the winter months in situations in, which all-in-one suits are inappropriate, e.g. car journeys.

As mentioned previously, it was not possible to find this type of clothing during visits to retailers in October, so lined jackets and winter jackets for normal outdoor use were also included in the survey.

Two-year-old children are primarily exposed to substances in their outdoor clothes and mittens either by sucking cuffs and mittens, or by sucking/playing with hanging parts - reflectors, zips etc.

5.3.4 Survey of the range of outdoor clothing

5.3.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked, Jysk and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains (baby chains) specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

A number of retailers in the Århus area were visited for the survey on jackets and mittens. These included the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• BabySam
• BabyVest (not nation wide, but has shops in Jylland and on Fyn)
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• H&M
• Magasin
• Salling (not nation wide, but has shops in Aalborg and Århus)
• Kære Børn
• Name It
• Zara
• Lego Shop (shop in the Århus area)
• Krutter (shop in the Århus area)
• Made in (shop in the Århus area)
• Hønsefødder (shop in the Århus area)
• Kits (shop in the Århus area)
• Millemarengs (shop in the Århus area)
• Okker Gogger (shop in the Århus area)
• Prinsessen og Ridderen (shop in the Århus area)

In addition, catalogues, advertisements etc, were also surveyed.

The Google search engine was used, using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done in order to gain a general impression of the market for impregnated jackets and mittens and to find net vendors and retailers which stock these products.

The search also included a number of specific websites.

5.3.5 Survey results

5.3.5.1 Products

This survey focuses on outdoor clothes made with impregnated textiles, i.e. clothes which are marketed as being waterproof, water-resistant, or dirt-resistant.

The products are generally supplied with information on the construction of outer material and lining. In most cases, the product has washing instructions.

In the survey of impregnated jackets, information from stockists on product materials was registered. This concerned jackets with an outer material of 100% nylon, coated cotton, beaver nylon, 100% cotton, 100% Eco-Tex certified wool, polyester and polyamide/polyurethane.

With mittens, outer materials of nylon, polyamide, polyester and cotton were registered.

Textiles marketed as being waterproof can be impregnated or coated, typically with PU (polyurethane).

To become waterproof, or water-resistant, clothes can have:

• Impregnated outer surfaces.
• Plastic coatings on the outer surface or rear.
• Membranes on the rear, or as a laminate in between the outer and inner materials.

The impregnation will most probably contain fluorine (certain exceptions can be use of a silicone compound to provide the water-resistant effect). Most common will be fluorocarbon compounds, but fluorotelomers can also be found. There is also a probability that membranes will contain fluoro-polymer compounds. Plastic coatings can be of polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride and perhaps other types of polymer, which may also contain fluoro-compounds.

5.3.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to contribute information to the survey. The organisation says that companies cannot be expected to furnish information on which products sell best, as this could mean that these products would almost certainly be selected for analysis and possibly "exposed". The Danish Chamber of Commerce therefore suggested that contact be made directly with the larger baby retailers.

Coop

No reply was received to our inquiry about trade names and market share. Information was received that waterproof coatings are used.

Dansk Supermarked

No replies were received to our request.

Baby chains

No replies were received to our request.

5.3.5.3 Result of surveying via the web

Jackets

Several websites were visited and, using Google, eight relevant online webshops were found.

Six different search criteria were used. "Windcheaters children" returned around 8,290 results, "spring/autumn jackets children" returned around 4,540 results, "windcheaters baby" returned around 10,900 results and "anorak children" returned around 108,000 results.

With the first search criterion, "windcheaters children", the first 11 pages were further examined for possible vendors. Each page contained 10 results, i.e. 110 results in all. This was done either via the search engine’s short summaries, or by visiting the individual websites.

The number of visited pages fell in the subsequent searches, as there were many repeats from previous searches.

Mittens

Several websites were visited and, using Google, and eleven relevant online webshops were identified.

"Waterproof mittens" - returned 13,000 results. The first 11 pages were examined for possible vendors. Each page contained 10 results, i.e. 110 results in all. This was done either via the search engine's short summaries, or by visiting the individual websites.

5.3.5.4 Results of shop visits

Jackets

It proved impossible to find thin, impregnated jackets in the shops during the actual period of the survey (October 2008), which would have been possible during the originally planned campaign week (week 25, 2009). Shop personnel reported that they just did not stock that type of clothing at this time of year.

A number of winter jackets were examined during the shop visits.

One retail chain reported that they no longer stocked PVC rainwear and that PVC had been phased out in their shops a number of years previously. The retailer doubted that it would at all be possible to find PVC rainwear for children these days. When asked if they stocked PVC rainwear, all the other shops visited also replied that they did not.

Mittens

The general picture is that supermarkets stock one brand, which can be found in a range of colours and possibly, designs.

5.3.5.5 Product list

Product list - jackets

Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 present a range of products registered during the course of the survey.

Table 5.1 Examples of waterproof/water-resistant jackets from the survey - webshops

Click here to se Table 5.1

The following list shows products which have been registered during visits to retailers. All products are of sizes suitable for 2 year-olds.

Table 5.2 Examples of jackets from survey - shop visits

5.3.5.6 Product prices

During the survey, jackets were registered in a price range from 100 – 1,299 kr.

5.3.5.7 Selected products

There is no information on whether the examined jackets were impregnated or not, but all were marketed as either waterproof, or water-resistant. As mentioned previously, jackets that are marketed as waterproof, or water-resistant can be either impregnated or coated – sometimes both. It is not possible to see whether a jacket is impregnated, or not.

Five products were selected from the product group for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select popular brands from a wide price range.

Product list - mittens

Table 5.3 and Table 5.4 show a range of products registered in connection with the survey.

Table 5.3 Examples of waterproof/water-resistant mittens from survey - webshops

The following list shows products which have been registered during visits to retailers. All products are of a size suitable for 2 year-olds.

Table 5.4 Examples of waterproof/water-resistant mittens from survey - webshops

At all shop visits in Table 5.4 (except those at Bilka and Føtex), information was available on whether the mittens were waterproof, or water resistant. At Bilka and Føtex, however, it was not possible to find staff who knew anything about children’s clothes.

The sales assistant in the children’s department at Magasin said that all mittens are waterproof to a certain extent. The most waterproof are Reima-tec, then Ticket, Cup Cake and Molo. There are also standard Reima mittens, although these are not as waterproof as Reima-tec. The sales assistant said, without being asked, that mittens are often made of the same material as all-in-one suits, but are coated with a substance that makes them waterproof.

H&M say that four of the types of mitten they sell are water-resistant and 100% polyester. All types are unnamed. Three of them are termed "ski-mittens" on the H&M website, while the fourth is simply "mittens". Hello Kitty mittens are not stated as water-resistant on the H&M website, even though on a shop visit they were said to be so.

Mikk-line mittens are made of Kaporous material, which is a registered trade name like Teflon, Gore-tex, etc. Kaporous material is claimed to be wind and waterproof.

Coop says that their waterproof mittens have a PU coating.

5.3.5.8 Product prices

The survey registered mitten prices varying from 40 kr. per pair (2 pack 79.95) and 299 kr. per pair.

5.3.5.9 Selected products

There is no information on whether the mittens in the survey are of the same material as the all-in-one suits (according to product specifications, all-in-one suits are made of various materials, although are often stated as being 100% nylon).

The survey has only looked at mittens where the material "looks like" that of all-in-one suits and where the shop personnel have stated that the mittens were either waterproof, or water-resistant.

In all, five products were selected for detailed study from the product group – mittens.

Every effort was made to select popular brands from a wide price range.

5.4 Footwear

The survey focuses on footwear which could be expected to be worn during the campaign period for the project (originally week 25), which is during the summer. Thus, two types of footwear were examined; rubber boots and rubber clogs.

5.4.1 Legislation

The legislation applicable to footwear has different limitations on use of substances such as PFOS and its derivatives, heavy metals, nickel, etc.

5.4.2 Delimitation

In the survey, rubber boots are defined as waterproof boots made from either plastic or rubber. The survey is limited to rubber boots without lining.

The expression "rubber clogs" describes a clog-like product, probably of a thermo-plastic material (TPE), for example, an EVA-type.

5.4.3 Description of product type in use

Rubber boots are presumed to be used primarily in spring, summer and autumn, although unlined boots, often worn with thick woollen socks, are also likely to be worn in the milder winter months.

Rubber boots are probably also only worn for a limited number of hours, or at a maximum, during the 120 rainy days which the DMI (Danish Meteorological Institute) says is normal for Denmark.

Rubber clogs are worn both indoors and outdoors, during the summer, but during the winter, primarily as indoor shoes. Some models have a detachable lining.

Children are mainly exposed to the substances used in rubber boots and rubber clogs if they wear them with bare feet, or if the material comes into contact with bare legs (edges of rubber boots). If the children sweat, there is an even greater risk of migration from the product. It is also quite conceivable that 2 year-olds may suck their rubber clogs – especially if they are being used indoors at home.

5.4.4 Survey of the range of footwear

5.4.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop and Dansk Supermarked were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they stocked, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

An enquiry was made to Crocs Danmark concerning: the material the footwear is made from; which models are available and stocked in Denmark for 2 year-old children; and if similar products are available.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• H&M
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• Tops Sko
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Deichmann sko
• Intersport
• Magasin

In addition, catalogues, advertisements etc, were also surveyed.

Google was used for the survey, using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to find general details of rubber clogs and rubber boots on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling them.

A number of specific websites were also searched.

5.4.5 Results of survey

5.4.5.1 Products

On their website, Crocs state that their clogs are made from "Croslite TM with closed cells which are neither plastic, nor rubber". This could indicate that they are made from a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), for example an EVA type.

Crocs Danmark say that the content of Crocs is secret and that they cannot reveal any more details of the composition of the material.

Rubber boots, on the other hand, are usually made from natural rubber, although an alternative can be chloroprene, PVC and polyurethane.

5.4.5.2 Results of survey via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to contribute information to the survey. The organisation says that companies cannot be expected to furnish information on which products sell best, as this could mean that these products would almost certainly be selected for analysis and possibly "exposed". The Danish Chamber of Commerce therefore suggested that contact be made directly with the larger baby retailers.

Coop

No replies were received to our enquiry.

Dansk Supermarked

No replies were received to our enquiry.

Baby chains

No replies were received to our enquiry.

Crocs

Reply to enquiry: Crocs Danmark say that the content of Crocs is secret and that they can not reveal any more details of the composition of the material.

5.4.5.3 Result of surveying via the web

A number of website were visited and 17 relevant online webshops were found using Google.

Rubber clogs

The search words "Crocs children" were used, which gave around 380,000 results. The first 11 pages were examined for possible retailers. Each page contains 10 results, which is 110 results in all. The survey was carried out using Google's short summaries, or by visiting the actual website. In addition, a search for "clogs children" gave around 1,910 results, out of which two webshops selling Crocs-like products to the age group were found.

Rubber boots

Four different search criteria have been used:

• "Unlined rubber boots children" - returned approx. 71 results.
• "Textile lined rubber boots" - returned approx. 8 results.
• "Textile lined rubber boots children" - returned 5 results.
• "Rubber boots children lined" - returned approx. 62,000 results.

Using the search words "unlined rubber boots children", around 20 websites were visited and the rest were checked using the Google short summaries. Using the search words "textile lined rubber boots", 6 out of 8 hits were visited and with "textile lined rubber boots children", two websites were visited. Using the search words "rubber boots children lined", the first 11 pages were checked for possible retailers. Each page contained 10 results, giving 110 results altogether. This survey was done using the Google short summaries or by visiting individual websites.

5.4.5.4 Results of shop visits

Rubber clogs

There were only a few shops at this time of year that stocked rubber clogs in children’s sizes. Kvickly stocked one model with a detachable lining, as did Deichmann Sko.

At Bilka, rubber clogs (without name) were found in a box with left-over items at reduced price.

In their direct-mail catalogue for week 41, Kvickly advertise a rubber clog with detachable lining for 69.96 kr.

A rubber clog called "iplay" was found at Layette baby articles in Allerød.

Rubber boots

Tops Sko registered many different types of rubber boot. The sales assistant said they had a large range, but could not really say which the best were. They did not, however, sell many of the small sizes in the Hunter range (a relatively expensive boot, retailing at 499.75 kr).

Ecco Sko stocked only one model. The sales assistant said they hardly ever sold rubber boots. In spite of a reduction in price from 499 kr to 299 kr. they still did not sell "People get them cheaper at Føtex".

5.4.5.5 Product list

The following tables; Table 5.5 and Table 5.6 present a list of products within the product group rubber clogs registered during the survey. All the products were sold in sizes suitable for a 2 year-old (23-26).

Table 5.5 Examples of rubber clogs from the survey - webshops

Table 5.6 Examples of rubber clogs from the survey - shop visits

Table 5.7 and Table 5.8 present a range of products from the product group - rubber boots registered during the course of the survey. All products stocked in sizes suitable for 2 year-olds (23-26).

Table 5.7 Examples of rubber clogs from the survey - webshops

Table 5.8 Examples of rubber clogs from the survey - shop visits

5.4.5.6 Product prices

The survey registered rubber clogs at prices from 10 kr. per pair (on offer) to 399 kr. per pair.

The survey registered rubber boot prices from 49.95 kr. per pair to 499 kr. per pair.

5.4.5.7 Selected products

Five products were selected within the product group rubber clogs for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select popular brands from a wide price range.

Five products were selected within the product group rubber boots for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select popular brands from a wide price range.

5.5 Pacifiers^[13]

A pacifier comprises a teat, a coverage and a ring, or knob in various shapes and combinations.

Pacifiers are sold in "sizes"; from 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-18 months or 3-36 months.

5.5.1 Legislation

The legislation relevant for pacifiers is the EU directive concerning the release of nitrosamines and nitrosatable substances from teats and pacifiers, and the various limitations on use of certain substances such as heavy metals, nickel etc. These are described further in Chapter 4.

5.5.2 Delimitation

The survey primarily focuses on pacifiers with polycarbonate coverage.

As the survey showed that many pacifiers are produced with a polypropylene coverage, these were also included.

Pacifiers with no information regarding the composition of the coverage were also included.

As a general rule, teat material is always stated (usually latex or silicone).

This survey is only concerned with pacifiers for 2 year-olds.

5.5.3 Description of product type in use

Pacifiers are used as a comfort substitute for a mother's breast and can be used both day and night.

How much pacifiers are used varies with the child, although most 2 year-old children use pacifiers at some time or another.

Children go through many pacifiers and some may have more than one at the same time.

The Pharmacy writes: "Use: As comfort and substitute for breast or bottle from 0 – 3 years. From 3 years, is it recommended that the child be weaned off the pacifier so as not to hinder the development of teeth".

2 year-olds are directly exposed to the substances in the pacifier when they suck on it. Many children go round for long periods holding their pacifier, so it is not only the teat which comes into contact with the child.

5.5.4 Survey of the range of pacifiers

5.5.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they stocked, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Matas
• H&M
• Pharmacies
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Irma
• Magasin

In addition, catalogues, advertisements etc, were also surveyed.

Google was used for the survey, using various search words and combinations of these. This was done to find general details of the range of pacifiers on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling them.

A number of specific websites were also searched for.

5.5.5 Results of survey

5.5.5.1 Products

In more or less all the pacifiers in the survey, information was available on the composition of the teat. This was however not always the case with the coverage and the ring, and even less so if the pacifier had a knob.

As a general rule, teat material is always stated (usually latex or silicone).

Where information on the composition of the coverage or ring was available, it was usually either polycarbonate or polypropylene. There were also pacifiers in which the coverage was of polypropylene and the knob of polycarbonate.

Polypropylene is a cheaper plastic material than polycarbonate.

As polycarbonate is an amorphous thermoplastic, it can be produced in a transparent version, whereas polypropylene can not. Polycarbonate is also stronger.

Polycarbonate can contain residues of catalysts and solvents from the polymerisation process. These can be triethylamine and tributylamine which are catalyst residues, as well as dichloromethane and monochlorobenzene, which are solvents.

Polypropylene can contain residues of catalysts such as oxides of zirconium, vanadium and chromium.

Silicone rubber, which is peroxide vulcanised, can contain residues of peroxides and their by-products. Platinum vulcanised silicone rubber is regarded as being very clean and free from harmful substances. This is why platinum-catalysed types are often used in medical utensils, food production and pharmaceutical products.

Latex and natural rubber can contain residues of sulphur vulcanisation agents and their by-products, such as dithiocarbonates, dibutyl amine and other aliphatic amines and nitrosamines.

The products are available as neutral pacifiers in white, pale blue or pale pink and with designs (soft toys, skulls, crossbones, and teeth), name, photo, free text or company logo.

5.5.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to contribute information to the survey. The organisation says that companies cannot be expected to furnish information on which products sell best, as this could mean that these products would almost certainly be selected for analysis and possibly "exposed". The Danish Chamber of Commerce therefore suggested that contact be made directly with the larger baby retailers.

Coop

Coop has stated that they stock Bibs, Nuk, MAM, Tommee Tippee.

Matas

No available information

Dansk Supermarked

Dansk Supermarked have stated they do not have a common buying policy and enquiries should be addressed to the individual subsidiary chains, e.g. Føtex, Bilka, Netto, Tøj & Sko, Salling and A-Z.

5.5.5.3 Result of surveying via websites

A number of relevant websites were visited and 17 relevant online webshops were found using Google.

Five different search criteria have been used:

• "Pacifiers" - returned approx. 2,250 results
• "Pacifiers - 36 months" - returned approx. 400 results
• "Polycarbonate pacifiers" - returned approx. 250 results
• "Polycarbonate pacifiers" - returned approx. 650 results
• "Polypropylene pacifiers" - returned just under 40 results.

Over 200 websites were surveyed. The survey was performed through the search engine's short results or by visiting individual sites.

The www.bambino-mam.se/dk website states the following: "Pacifiers with a silicon teat are becoming more and more popular. But there are still those who think that silicon feels hard and smooth. After many years research, MAM is therefore launching a new silicon surface which completely replaces the old one. Silk Teat TM is as soft and supple as a mother's skin".

5.5.5.4 Results of shop visits

There is a strong convergence of brands seen in the shops visited, although Matas markets its own brand, as do pharmacies.

The Avent brand was stocked by many of the shops visited. In both BabyVest and BabySam they stated that it was the best-selling brand. However, this brand has not been included further in the project because it is aimed at ages up to 18 months and therefore falls outside the project target group.

5.5.5.5 Product list

Table 5.9 and

Table 5.10 present a range of products registered in the course of the survey.

Table 5.9 Examples of pacifiers from the survey - webshops:

Click here to see Table 5.9

Table 5.10 Examples of pacifiers from survey - shop visits

5.5.5.6 Product prices

There is a relatively large price range for pacifiers. Primarily, there are two factors which seem to influence price: the decoration on the coverage (if a photo, name or other personalisation appears, the price is higher than neutral pacifiers) and the number of pacifiers contained in the pack (the more there are, the lower the price per item.)

5.5.5.7 Selected products

As none of the substances selected (i.e. potential endocrine disrupters or allergens) were expected to be found in polypropylene products, focus was placed solely on products with polycarbonate coverages.

Five products were selected from the pacifier product group for detailed studies.

5.6 PVC bath soap packaging

2-year-old children can be exposed to chemicals in the bath from soap and toys. Such exposure is diluted by the bath water. Soap is regulated by the statutory order on cosmetics, and bath toys by the statutory order on toys. The new rules on phthalates (REACH, annex XVII, entry 51 and 52 and BEK 855, 2009) also covers toys. But the packaging of soap for children (body shampoo or bath foam) can be shaped as figures - such as a car, Mickey Mouse or Cinderella - and therefore they do not necessarily fall under the definition of a toy, even though they are ideal for use as a toy in the bath - and maybe even for small children to suck on.

A previous survey by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency "Survey of chemical substances in cosmetic products for children" showed that many of these packagings were made of PVC and had a high content of phthalates (Poulsen and Schmidt, 2007). This represents a grey zone, as it concerns cosmetic products shaped in such a way that in many cases they are perceived as toys.

The Danish Safety Technology Authority (DSTA) decides whether such products are toys, and some of them were categorised by the DSTA in the previous project for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The figures in question were exclusively 3-dimensional, e.g. a Winnie the Pooh figure with an umbrella, with a head which formed the cap of the bottle.

5.6.1 Legislation

As mentioned, there is a grey zone for this type of product in some instances. If the DSTA categorises the products as toys, the statutory order on toys as well as legislation concerning phthalates in toys, apply. Otherwise, the various limitations on the use of different substances such as PFOS and their derivates, heavy metals, cosmetics, etc. apply. See chapter 4 for further details.

5.6.2 Delimitation

This product group is limited to bath soap packaging made of PVC (or of soft plastic with a view to establishing whether they contain PVC), as it is the phthalate content which is relevant with regard to the exposure of 2-year-olds.

Consequently, only children's body shampoo/soap/foam bath products in soft plastic packaging shaped as different figures or animals, or ordinary children's body shampoo for which the packaging code indicates that the packaging is made of PVC (triangle with the number 3 = code for PVC), or moulded figure packaging which was not categorised as toys in DEPA's earlier project: "Identifying chemical substances in cosmetic products for children" were surveyed.

5.6.3 Description of product type in use

Many children - including 2-year-olds - love to bathe and play in the bath. That's why children often spend a long time in the bath, perhaps 10-30 minutes. How often parents bathe their children can vary. Two-year-olds do not need to be bathed every day. The “Bogen om Barnet” published by Politikens Forlag states that children between the ages of 3-6 do not need to bathe every day (Manniche, 2005). A survey by the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association, which focused exclusively on children with eczema, showed that 11% of parents bathe their children every day and approx. 70% bathe them twice a week (Danish Asthma and Allergy Association, 2007).

Two-year-olds can therefore be exposed to phthalate content in bath soap packaging for up to two hours per week, either by sucking on or touching the products directly, or by indirect transfer via the bath water, if playing with the products in the bath.

5.6.4 Identifying the range of bath soap packaging

5.6.4.1 Procedure

The survey of bath soap packaging primarily used the findings of the aforementioned survey of cosmetic products for children as its starting point, in which bath soaps, body shampoo, foam bath products and the like (all for children) were identified (Poulsen og Schmidt, 2007).

The earlier project built a database of over 200 cosmetic products for children (including body shampoo/bath gels and foam bath products). An extract from this database shows that the bath soap products bearing a triangular symbol with the figure 3 in them, which indicates the packaging is made of PVC, were all shaped as a certain figure (see Table 5.11).

Table 5.11 List of packaging made of PVC (Poulsen and Schmidt, 2007). Extract from database of cosmetic products for children from an earlier DEPA survey project.

During the same project, a large number of bath soap figures were bought in shapes such as a zebra or an ice cream cone. Six of these were analysed for phthalate content and all contained minimum 26% DEHP or 26% DINP (both are phthalates and are covered by a ban in toys - see section 4.1.2). It was therefore investigated where these figures were bought in the earlier project. The retailers concerned were thus visited again with regard to establishing whether it was still possible to find PVC bath soap packaging in the shops (autumn 2008).

Foam bath products and bath soap packaging figures were only found via a few websites in the earlier project (Poulsen and Schmidt, 2007). The same sites were therefore visited again and the Google search engine was searched using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to find a number of webshops selling foam bath figures.

5.6.5 Results of the survey

5.6.5.1 Products

Ordinary children's bath soap packaging, e.g. cubic/oval with text, are typically manufactured from pure polyethylene (packaging code 2), polyethylene and polypropylene, or another type of plastic – although not PVC (packaging code 3). This was confirmed by checking the packaging codes on the bottom of various children's soap packaging types in a wide range of shops, e.g. Bilka, Matas, Netto, pharmacies, Fakta, Kvickly and Irma.

Children's body shampoo/foam bath products shaped as a certain figure, such as Winnie the Pooh or Barbie, were found with packaging code 3, i.e. they are made of PVC. Only Disney and Barbie figures were found with PVC packaging in the survey.

5.6.5.2 Result of surveying large retail chains

Coop

The retail store Coop has stated that they have previously bought bubble bath or similar products, occasionally with bottles shaped as a figure, animal or similar. Such products are rarely purchased, since the contents have proven to be problematic with regard to perfumes and preservatives.

Matas

Matas stated that the packaging of their own brand of children's bath product is not made of PVC.

5.6.5.3 Result of surveying via the web

Foam bath products and bath soap packaging figures were only found via a few websites in the earlier project (Poulsen and Schmidt, 2007). These sites were visited once more to see if they still sold foam bath product figures. The survey showed that none of the sites in question sold such products any longer.

A general search was also performed on Google for foam bath product figures, which yielded very modest results. Two different Danish websites sell the same foam bath product figures in soft plastic. No larger bath soap packaging shaped as different figures were found on the web. The web-based market for such figures seems to be smaller than it was in 2006, when the survey on cosmetic products for children was performed (Poulsen and Schmidt, 2007).

5.6.5.4 Result of surveying via shops

A number of physical outlets were visited, such as general stores and perfumeries. Children's body shampoo/foam bath products shaped as certain figures and soft plastic foam bath products figures were primarily found in perfumeries and specialist retailers.

5.6.5.5 Product list

Table 5.12 lists the outlets where PVC bath soap packaging (most probably) is found.

Table 5.12 Examples of PVC bath soap packaging (most probably) from the survey - webshops

Table 5.13 Examples of PVC bath soap packaging (most probably) from the survey - shop visits

5.6.5.6 Product prices

It was found that the range of different children's soap packaging made of PVC was small. The price of the small foam bath products figures in soft plastic varies between 5.50 kr. and 19 kr. The larger packs of harder plastic were exclusively found in one shop during the survey, at 70 kr. each.

5.6.5.7 Selected products

Five products were selected from the bath soap packaging product group for detailed studies.

5.7 Non-slip figures and bath mats

2-year-old children can be exposed to chemicals in the bath from soap and toys. Exposure to soap is diluted by the bath water. Bath toys are regulated by the statutory order on toys and, under the new rules on phthalates, which cover a ban on content of certain phthalates (REACH, annex XVII, entry 51 and 52 and BEK 855, 2009). But non-slip mats are not toys or baby articles and are not therefore covered by these statutory orders. Non-slip bath items can be perceived as toys due to their appearance, but it will be up to the DSTA to decide whether they are toys or not. It can, however, be expected that children will perceive them as toys, regardless of whether they are categorised as such. Ordinary non-slip bath mats cannot be expected to be used as toys.

5.7.1 Legislation

Legislation that applies to non-slip figures and bath mats imposes differing limitations on use of various substances such as PFOS and their derivates, heavy metals, nickel, etc.. See chapter 4 for further details.

5.7.2 Delimitation

Only figures and mats in soft plastic or rubber have been included in the survey. Hard plastic tiles - which for example can be clicked together to cover an entire bathroom floor - have not been included.

The survey has primarily focused on figures and mats of such a size that they can fit in a bath tub or bowl, which can be placed in a shower cabin or niche. It was presumed that 2-year-olds are rarely washed while standing up or showered in a shower cabin - most prefer to sit down and play in the water.

5.7.3 Description of product types in use

Many children - including 2-year-olds - love to bathe and play in the bath. That's why children often spend a long time in the bath, perhaps 10-30 minutes. How often parents bathe their children can vary and 2-year-olds do not need to be bathed every day. The “Bogen om Barnet” published by Politikens Forlag states that children between the ages of 3-6 do not need to bathe every day (Manniche, 2005). A survey by the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association, which focused exclusively on children with eczema, showed that 11% of parents bathe their children every day and approx. 70% bathe them twice a week (Danish Asthma and Allergy Association, 2007).

Two-year-olds can therefore be exposed to chemicals from non-slip figures and mats for up to two hours per week. Such figures for the bath can be shaped in a range of figures and perceived as toys. Apart from children sitting on them, 2-year-olds will also play with them (hence holding them in their hands above the water) and maybe even suck on them. Ordinary non-slip bath mats are not intended to be used as toys, but there is skin contact, as children sit on them in the bath.

5.7.4 Survey of the range of non-slip figures and mats for bath tubs

5.7.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts within trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked, Jysk and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Several retail outlets were visited, including the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Jysk
• Matas
• Ikea
• Ilva
• Idé møbler
• LIC
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Magasin
• Salling
• Silvan
• Bauhaus
• Jem & fix
• XL-byg
• Stark
• Harald Nyborg
• Brødrene Kier AS in Århus
• Frede Andersen vvs in Århus
• Imerco
• Kop og Kande
• Inspiration
• Sinnerup
• Trøjborg Isenkram in Århus
• Borgportens Isenkram in Århus
• Alstrøm Isenkram in Valby (via telephone).

In addition, catalogues, advertisements, etc. were also surveyed.

The Google search engine was searched using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to obtain general details on non-slip figures and mats for bath tubs on the market and to find a number of shops stocking them.

A number of specific websites were also searched.

5.7.5 Results of survey

5.7.5.1 Products

In some instances, details of the materials used in the products were registered in the survey. The materials concerned are 100% rubber, 100% synthetic rubber, 100% PVC and PVC-free.

An antimicrobial agent is expected to have been added to mats made of softened PVC, such as an organotin compound, in order to prevent bacteria and mould.

5.7.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to provide any details stating that companies cannot be expected to inform which products they sell most of, as doing so will ensure that their products are selected for analysis and thus place them in the public spotlight. The Danish Chamber of Commerce suggested direct contact to the major baby article chains, which was subsequently taken up.

Coop

Coop has stated that they stock non-slip mats with the Bibs brand name.

Matas

Matas has stated that they do not stock non-slip figures and/or mats.

Jysk

Jysk has stated that they can regrettably not take part in the survey. The reason given is the very tight deadlines of the project.

BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest

No replies were received to our request.

5.7.5.3 Result of surveying via websites

5 relevant online webshops were found using the Google search machine and the websites of presumed retailers.

The first 3, BABYHOME, Lavprisvvs.dk and dreamchild.dk (see Table 5.14) were found by entering the search criteria "Non-slip mat bath tub", which returned 1,340 results and "mat bath tub", which returned 68,500 results. It can be presumed that this product group has a very low profile on Danish webshops or is only stocked by a few retailers.

5.7.5.4 Results of shop visits

A very limited selection of the product group of non-slip figures and mats was registered in the shops visited.

Non-slip figures and mats were only registered in three of the shops visited (Jysk, Silvan and Kvickly).

Two (possibly three - may be the same material in two different sizes) different non-slip mats were stocked by Jysk. Silvan stocked three different mats, Kvickly and BabySam each stocked two different mats.

In other shops visited where non-slip mats were registered, only one type was stocked.

5.7.5.5 Product list

Table 5.14 and Table 5.15 present a range of products registered in the survey.

Table 5.14 Examples of non-slip figures and mats from survey - webshops

Table 5.15 Examples of non-slip figures and mats from survey - shop visits

5.7.5.6 Product prices

Non-slip figures and mats were registered at prices ranging from 29.95 kr. to 179.95 kr. during the survey.

5.7.5.7 Selected products

Five products were selected from the non-slip figure and mat product group for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select non-slip products in the form of figures and mats. Similarly, every effort has been made to select products made of PVC, and products sold as being PVC-free.

5.8 Soft toys

Soft toys come in many sizes - from very small to those a 2-year-old can ride on. They can be in the shape of a wide range of animals and fantasy animals including models that make a sound, can change colour, emit a scent, change into balls, etc.

5.8.1 Legislation

The following legislation applies to soft toys: The statutory order on soft toys, the statutory order on phthalates, and various regulations on the use of substances such as brominated flame retardants, impregnation substances, PFOS and its derivatives, heavy metals, nickel, etc. These are described further in sections 4.1 Toys and 4.2. Textiles.

5.8.2 Delimitation

Soft toys cover a very wide product area and are therefore very resource-intensive to survey. During the survey it became apparent that scented soft toys do not represent a large area, hence soft toys were surveyed in general. Due to the enormous range, it was decided to register all the soft toys that were encountered during shop visits and searching the Internet.

5.8.3 Description of product type in use

Soft toys are typically used extensively by infants. Some children play with them, others sleep with them, and there are those who are so closely attached to them that they are carried around most of the time. Most 2-year-olds must however be presumed to have one or more soft toys which they will cuddle or suck on during the night. As such, exposure occurs when the child is holding the soft toy, and at possible release of various chemical substances.

5.8.4 Survey of the range of soft toys

5.8.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked, Jysk and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Trade association 'Legetøjsfabrikanter i Norden' (Nordic toy manufacturer's association) was contacted and promised to forward our request to Top Toy, KE Mathiesen, Mattel and others.

In addition, catalogues, advertisements, etc. were also surveyed.

The Google search engine was searched using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to find general details of soft toys on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling soft toys.

A number of specific websites were also searched.

Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Jysk
• Ikea
• H&M
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• Toys’R’Us
• BR
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Magasin

5.8.5 Results of the survey

5.8.5.1 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to provide any details stating that companies cannot be expected to inform which products they sell most of, as doing so will ensure that their products are selected for analysis and thus place them in the public spotlight. The Danish Chamber of Commerce suggested direct contact to the major baby article chains, which was subsequently taken up.

Legetøjsfabrikanter i Norden and others.

No replies were received to our request.

Coop

No replies were received to our request.

Føtex

No replies were received to our request.

BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest

No replies were received to our request.

5.8.5.2 Result of surveying via websites

Scented soft toys were found at the following webshops:

• http://www.netgiraffen.dk/produkter/Baby%200-2%20%C3%A5r/Dukker%20og%20Bamser%20(baby)/
• http://www.tingtiltumlinger.dk/ShopItems.aspx?n=1&mcat=6&scat=69
• http://www.4-all.dk/group.asp?group=126&sub=126
• http://mariehonen.dk/product.asp?product=1769&sub=0&page=1
• http://ordre.money4you.dk/bamseslottet_39_da/
• http://ordre.money4you.dk/bamseslottet/beddy_bear_81_da.html
• http://bluz.fdf.dk/cms_artikel.php?id=965
• http://24.dk/user/lizz81/perma/2007/02/19/Hot_Teddy.

5.8.5.3 Results of shop visits

Shop visits have shown that scented soft toys - for heating up in a microwave oven - are currently primarily sold through webshops. Neither Magasin, BabySam, BR Legetøj nor Build a Bear sell scented soft toys, or soft toys for heating in microwave ovens.

As such, the product group covers soft toys in general.

At inquiry in the shop, the shop personnel stated that they did not know the age groups to which individual soft toys were sold. They explained that they did not know because customers do not tend to ask for help or advice when choosing a soft toy.

5.8.5.4 Product list

Table 5.16 presents soft toys for heating in microwave ovens registered during the survey via shop visits.

Table 5.16 Examples of soft toys for heating from the survey - shop visits

Table 5.17 shows soft toys registered during the survey via shop visits.

Table 5.17 Examples of soft toys from the survey - shop visits

As such, a wide range of soft toy brands have been registered, but there are many more.

5.8.5.5 Selected products

Five products were selected from the soft toy product group for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select soft toys from brand stockists, retail chains and from supermarkets. Similarly, every effort was made to select soft toys which can be heated in a microwave oven, as these will probably release the highest levels of chemical substances.

5.9 Diapers

Diapers are worn for many hours at a time, because many 2-year-olds wear them both day and night. When diapers are worn there is skin contact with the inside and the edges of the diaper. If the child touches the diaper, then there will also be contact with the exterior surface.

5.9.1 Legislation

Legislation relevant to diapers imposes different limitations on use of different substances such as PFOS and their derivates, heavy metals, nickel, etc. See chapter 4 for further details.

5.9.2 Delimitation

The survey concentrated exclusively on paper diapers - i.e. textile diapers were not included.

Diaper sizes approx. 11-16 kg were surveyed, depending on diaper type, and the survey covered standard diapers, those with Velcro fastenings and "Up & Go" diapers.

5.9.3 Description of the product group in use

Most 2-year-olds wear diapers around the clock and are thus exposed to any chemical substances they contain for 24 hours a day. However, exposure is primarily from that part of the diaper in direct contact with the skin. Two-year-old children will typically use between 3-5 diapers per day.

5.9.4 Survey of the range of diapers

5.9.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked, Jysk and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Super Brugsen
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Fakta
• Aldi
• SuperBest
• Irma.

In addition, catalogues, advertisements etc. were also surveyed.

The Google search engine was searched using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to find general details of soft toys on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling diapers.

A number of specific websites were also searched.

5.9.5 Results of the survey

5.9.5.1 Products

Paper diapers consist of different plastic materials (e.g. polypropylene, absorbent polyacrylate, thermoplastic elastomers and polyethylene). The innermost absorbent core is however manufactured from cellulose fibre.

5.9.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to provide any details, stating that companies cannot be expected to inform which products they sell most of, as doing so will ensure that their products are selected for analysis and thus place them in the public spotlight. The Danish Chamber of Commerce suggested direct contact to the major baby article chains, which was subsequently taken up.

Coop

Coop has stated that they stock Coop, Libero, Huggie and Moltex paper diapers.

Matas

No replies were received to our request.

5.9.5.3 Result of surveying via websites

Six relevant online webshops were found using the Google search machine and the websites of presumed vendors.

"Diapers" - returned approx. 239,000 results. The first 11 pages presented were surveyed for dealers. Each page contains 10 search results – i.e. 110 results in total. The survey was performed through the search engine's short results or by visiting individual sites.

5.9.5.4 Results of shop visits

Diapers are often sold on special offer. Most of the shops visited stated that Pampers and Libero are the two big brands, but that consumers generally buy diapers on special offer.

5.9.5.5 Product list

Table 5.18 and Table 5.19 present a range of products stocked in sizes suitable for 2-year-olds.

Table 5.18 Examples of paper diapers from the survey - webshops

Table 5.19 Examples of paper diapers from the survey - shop visits

5.9.5.6 Product prices

As mentioned above, diapers are sold on offer and the price therefore varies from shop to shop, as well as week by week. However, Vibelle from Aldi is generally a very cheap diaper.

5.9.5.7 Selected products

Five products were selected within the diaper product group for detailed studies.

Every effort was made to select popular brands, organic/non-organic brands and expensive and cheap brands.

5.10 Sunscreens

Sunscreens are used frequently by 2-year-old children. Throughout the summer, there is long-term and direct exposure via the skin.

There are two main groups of sunscreens: Lotion/oil-based cream or spray.

There are a number of UV filters on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors. These UV filters have been compared with the annex of the statutory order on cosmetics, on permitted UV filters in cosmetics. A number of parabens are also suspected of having endocrine disrupting effects including:

• UV filters of which two in particular permitted in cosmetic products are suspected of being endocrine disruptres:
  • CAS 15087-24-8 – 3-benzylidene camphor
  • CAS 5466-77-3 – Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate.
• Parabenes (preservatives) permitted in cosmetic products:
  • CAS 99-76-3 – Methylparaben
  • CAS 120-47-8 – Ethylparaben
  • CAS 94-13-3 – Propylparaben
  • CAS 94-26-8 – Butylparaben
  • CAS 4247-02-3 – Isobutylparaben (not on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors).
• Perfume and aroma compounds (the 26 mandatory declaration perfume and aromatic compounds).

The Swan symbol criteria for cosmetics includes a requirement that none of the ingredients can be regarded as a potential endocrine disruptor in accordance with the official lists in any of the Nordic countries or EU (Nordic Environmental Marking, 2007 (Requirement K4)). If new substances are listed on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors, they will not be permitted in Swan labelled cosmetics. Since 1 May 2008, it should therefore have been possible to phase out “new” substances listed on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors (DG Environment, 2007) in Swan labelled cosmetics. However, there will still be some products on the shelves containing some EU-listed substances, as the manufacturers have been granted permission to sell products in stock produced before 1/5-08. As such, the EU-listed UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) will still temporarily be available in the shops. Swan labelled products for the 2009 summer season will have been manufactured without OMC or other substances on the candidate list (personal communication with Miljømærkning Danmark, September 2008). Other products that do not have the Swan symbol, may also be free of parabens and substances suspected to be endocrine disruptors. If cosmetic products do contain parabens, for example, this will be apparent from the symbol.

5.10.1 Legislation

The statutory order on cosmetics applies to sunscreens. This is described in detail in section 4.3 Statutory order on cosmetics.

5.10.2 Delimitation

We have exclusively focused on sunscreens sold specifically for children, i.e. marked with "kids", "children", "børn", "baby" or "junior". Sunscreens used for children, even though they do not specifically state they are for children, have been included, such as those for the whole family; those with the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association’s symbol; or the Environment symbol, and bought for children. For example Sol Lotion and Dermas sunscreen range from the pharmacies (the Swan symbol and declaration in collaboration with the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association).

5.10.3 Description of product type in use

Sunscreen is primarily used during the summer period, from June to August/September. During this period, it is typically used every day on 2-year-old children. An agreement often exists with nurseries/day-care centres that sunscreen is applied before the children are dropped off in the morning and once again by the centre personnel after lunch. Primarily, it will be the child's face, arms, legs and feet to which sunscreen is applied daily during the summer, but the whole body will also be covered if the children are allowed to play in a paddling pool or at the beach.

Sunscreens can of course also be used at other times of the year during holidays abroad (beach or skiing).

Kræftens Bekæmpelse (Danish Cancer Society) writes on its website that use of copious amounts of sunscreen is recommended, i.e. children should use a child's handful (approx. 20 ml). It also states that 20 grams of sunscreen should be used per m2 skin. (Kræftens Bekæmpelse, 2008). As such, children will be exposed daily via their skin to the maximum amount of sunscreen applied during the times of year it is necessary.

5.10.4 Survey of the range of sunscreens

5.10.4.1 Procedure

The Trade Association for Soap, Perfume and Technical/Chemical Articles (SPT) was contacted to establish what sunscreens are found on the Danish market, as well as to obtain an explanation on the list of ingredients, because many of the sunscreen products had been removed from the shelves when the survey was performed in October.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

Information on the various types of sunscreen on the web was sought via Google. This was done to find general details of sunscreens on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling them.

The primary method of surveying the market for sunscreens has however been physical purchase of the products in various shops, such as perfumeries, supermarkets and pharmacies. Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Super Brugsen
• SuperBest
• Fakta
• Netto
• Irma
• Matas
• Pharmacies
• Magasin
• Victoria’s
• Lotus
• Douglas
• Helsemin
• The Body Shop
• Søstrene Grene.

The lists of ingredients were studied and the ingredients entered into an Access database to aid fast searches and provide an overview.

SPT has stated that the composition of sunscreens changes regularly, and that the products that are included in the project will not necessarily contain the same substances today. The lists of ingredients list the substances contained in the sunscreens.

5.10.5 Results of the survey

5.10.5.1 Products

Sunscreens are typically found in two variants: Lotion/oil-based cream or spray. They either contain a physical UV filter (often titanium dioxide), a chemical UV filter, or a combination of both for protection against UV radiation from the sun.

5.10.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

Trade association SPT

The SPT was contacted concerning which sunscreens were found on the Danish market; for details of the list og ingredients; and for concentrations of UV filter substances (if relevant). As agreed with SPT, the association sent an e-mail to selected members selling/stocking sunscreens, on behalf of the project group.

The association stated that often a new formulation is used for sunscreens every year. This means that the sunscreens bought for this survey will be out of date next year, at the time of the information campaign. We therefore enquired about the list of ingredients for sunscreens on the market in 2009. Focus has also been placed on the two UV filters suspected of being endocrine disruptors, in the hope of provoking reactions to their use on the market in 2009.

Individual companies made contact by phone to ask for more details on the project, but none have supplied information. The manufacturer of Derma products – Derma Pharm - has offered help, but the lists of ingredients for these products are already available via the web.

Coop

Coop has sent the lists of ingredients on their current range of products. These were entered into the database.

Matas

The lists of ingredients for formulations for 2009 could not be included in the survey, but Matas sunscreens have awarded the Nordic Environmental Label (the Swan symbol) and do not contain substances that are found on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors nor the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds subject to mandatory declaration.

Derma Pharm

Derma Pharm have confirmed that all their products can and are used by 2-year-olds, including those products not in their baby range. The lists of ingredients are found on their website and have been entered into the database. Derma Pharm states that they strive to ensure that their baby sunscreens in particular contain the minimum amounts of chemical solar filters, and to keep the number of ingredients to a minimum.

Pharmacies

Two pharmacies were visited to purchase sunscreens, one of which stated that the Vichy and La Roche Posay sunscreens were the best sellers.

5.10.5.3 Product list

Table 5.20 lists the sunscreens surveyed in the project. Unfortunately, late September/early October is not a good time for surveying sunscreens, as many stockists have removed them from the shelves. We did however manage to visit several shops and find a total of 28 different sunscreens for children/babies.

Table 5.20 Sunscreens found in shops and webshops

5.10.5.4 Exctracts from the Access database

An extract from the Access database reveals the following:

Sunscreens containing UV filters suspected of being endocrine disruptors

An extract from the Access database shows that none of the 28 sunscreens contain the UV filter 3-benzylidene camphor^[15] but that two of them contain the UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate. They are:

• Nivea Sun Children's Sun Spray
• Eau Thermale Avène High Protection Lotion for children SPF40.

Sunscreens containing parabens

Seven sunscreens containing parabens were found:

• Seven sunscreens containing methylparaben.
• Two sunscreens containing ethylparaben.
• Five sunscreens containing propylparaben. They are:
  • Nivea Sun Children's Sun Spray (found in a perfumery).
  • Nivea Sun Children's Sun Lotion 15 (found in a supermarket).
  • Cosmea Børne sollotion SPF25 (found in a pharmacy)
  • Junior Intensive Protection Lotion SPF 25 (found at www.med24.dk).
  • Eau Thermale Avène High Protection Lotion for children SPF40 (found in a pharmacy).
• One sunscreen containing butylparaben. This is:
  • Eau Thermale Avène High Protection Lotion for children SPF40 (found in a pharmacy).

Apotekernes A.m.b.a., which sells Eau Thermale Avène sun lotion states that the product will not be sold in Denmark in 2009, and that all parabens will be removed form the product in 2010.

Sunscreens containing the 26 allergenic perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory.

Six sunscreens containing one or more of the 26 allergenic perfume and aromatic compounds at a concentration at which they must be declared on the product were found. They are:

• Nivea Sun Children's Sun Lotion 15 (contains 10 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Nivea Sun Children's Sun Spray (contains 8 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Dr. Hauschka Sunscreen Cream Children (contains 8 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Lavera Sun Sensitive Baby & Children Solcreme SPF30 – Sunblock (contains 7 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Lavera Sun Sensitive Kids Sol Spray SPF25 – Sunblock (contains 7 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Clarins Paris - Sun Care Cream High Protection (contains 5 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).

A list of all the ingredients found in these 28 sunscreens is contained in Appendix A.

5.10.5.5 Selected products

On the basis of the survey that revealed that two sunscreens contain the potential endocrine disruptor UV filters, it was decided to perform a quantitative analysis of the UV filter in:

• Nivea Sun Children's Sun Spray
• Eau Thermale Avène High Protection Lotion for children SPF40.

The manufacturers were subsequently contacted to find out the volume of the UV filter used in these two products.

The co-operative trade company Apotekernes A.m.b.a., which stocks Eau Thermale Avène sunscreen, has contacted the French manufacturer, who could not state the precise concentration of the UVfilter. The manufacturer states that the contents are within the permitted limit stated in the statutory order on cosmetics (10%). Apotekernes A.m.b.a. state that the product will not be on the market in 2009, and that the UV filter will be phased out from sunscreen products in 2010.

Beiersdorf, which stocks Nivea sunscreens, has stated that the sunscreen bought during the survey is no longer manufactured. It has been replaced by Nivea Sun Children Spray SPF 20 with a new formula with no ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate UV filter content. This filter is, however, still found in the spray product with SPF 50, but this is not sold in Denmark.

5.11 Moisturising creams/ oil-based creams/lotions.

Moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions for children can be frequently used on 2-year-olds. This may depend on the habits of the adult (particularly women) and whether the child suffers from eczema. In the case of the latter, when use of moisturising creams and oil-based creams is extensive, there will be long-term and direct exposure all year round via the skin.

With regard to the prioritised relevant chemical substances in this project, moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions are relevant in relation to parabens and perfume and aromatic compounds. There are also a number of parabens suspected of having endocrine disruptor effects including:

• Parabenes (preservatives) permitted in cosmetic products, but suspected of being endocrine disruptors:
  • CAS 99-76-3 – Methylparaben
  • CAS 120-47-8 – Ethylparaben
  • CAS 94-13-3 – Propylparaben
  • CAS 94-26-8 – Butylparaben
  • CAS 4247-02-3 – Isobutylparaben (not on the EU's candidate list of potential endocrine disruptors).
• Perfume and aromatic compounds (the 26 mandatory declaration perfume and aromatic compounds).

The Swan symbol criteria for cosmetics includes a requirement that none of the ingredients can be regarded as being a potential endocrine disruptor in accordance with the official lists in any of the Nordic countries or EU (Nordic Environmental Marking, 2007 (Requirement K4)).

5.11.1 Legislation

The statutory order on cosmetics applies to creams. This is described in detail in section 4.3 of the Statutory order on cosmetics.

5.11.2 Delimitation

We have focused exclusively on moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions sold specifically for or used by children. This means the focus was on moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions stated on the labels as being specifically for "kids", "children", "baby", or equivalent. In addition, products have been included in particular from pharmacies which stock a range of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions recommended for children – for general skin care and for children with eczema.

We had decided in advance not to perform any analyses of this product group, but details have been collected of their ingredients, either by contacting the manufacturer or by buying the products (and reading the INCI names on the list of ingredients).

5.11.3 Description of product types in use

Moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions can be used on 2-year-olds all year round. Some will have moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions applied daily, others only after a bath, eczema-sufferers in particular will have them applied up to twice daily all year round, whilst others do not have any applied at all. Moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions can of course also be used at other times of the year, for example on the face during the winter against chapping. Exposure is thus direct, via skin contact.

5.11.4 Survey of the range of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions

5.11.4.1 Procedure

The Trade Association for Soap, Perfume and Technical/Chemical Articles (SPT) was contacted to establish which moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions are available on the Danish market, as well as for an explanation on the list of ingredients.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked and Matas were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, what were the best selling brands and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

Information on the various types of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions on the web was sought via Google. This was done to find general details of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions on the market and to identify a number of webshops selling them.

The primary method of surveying the market for moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions has however been physical purchase of the products in various shops, such as perfumeries, supermarkets and pharmacies. Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Super Brugsen
• SuperBest
• Fakta
• Netto
• Irma
• Matas
• Pharmacies
• Magasin
• Victoria’s
• Lotus
• Douglas
• Helsemin
• The Body Shop
• Søstrene Grene.

The lists of ingredients were studied and the ingredients entered into an Access database to aid fast searches and provide an overview.

SPT has stated that the composition of sunscreens changes regularly, and that the products that are included in the project will not necessarily contain the same substances today. The lists of ingredients identify the substances contained in the sunscreens.

5.11.5 Results of the survey

5.11.5.1 Products

During the survey, the following types of moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions were found:

• Face creams
• Body lotion/skin lotion
• Moisturising creams
• Oil-based creams

The difference between body lotion, moisturising creams and oil-based cream variants is typically a question of oil-content. Lotions are more viscous and contain less oil than moisturising creams and oil-based creams. Oil-based creams have a paste-like consistency and a high oil content.

5.11.5.2 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Trade Association SPT

The SPT was contacted on the issue of what moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions were available on the Danish market, as well as for details of the list of ingredients. As agreed with SPT, the association sent an e-mail on behalf of the project group to selected members that sell/stock moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions.

Contact with the SPT resulted in individual companies making contact by phone to ask for more details on the project, but none have supplied information. The manufacturer of Derma products – Derma Pharm - offered help, but the lists of ingredients for these products are already available via the web.

Coop

Coop forwarded the lists of ingredients on their current range of products. These were entered into the database. Coop states that their own brand of babycare products account for most of their sales, but other than that Natusan is the brand that sells most.

Derma Pharm

Derma Pharm have confirmed that all their products can and are used by 2-year-olds, including those products not in their baby range. The lists of ingredients are available on their website and have been entered into the database.

Pharmacies

Moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions were purchased from two pharmacies. In one of the pharmacies it was stated that the brands Dermalog and Decubal were the most sold products for general skin care, whereas A-derma was the bestselling product for eczema treatment.

5.11.5.3 Product list

Table 5.21 lists the 32 moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions surveyed in the project.

Table 5.21 moisturising creams/oil-based creams/lotions found in shops and webshops

5.11.5.4 Extracts from the Access database

An extract from the Access database reveals the following:

Moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing parabens

Seven moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing parabens were found:

• Seven moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing parabens.
• Four moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing ethylparaben.
• Six moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing propylparaben. These moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions are:
  • Baby Care Hudlotion (found in a supermarket).
  • Baby Care Ansigtscreme (found in a supermarket).
  • Baby Care Creme (found in a supermarket).
  • Body Lotion - Giraffen Gerald (found at www.oriflame.dk).
  • Crabtree & Evelyn Pudycat comfort cream (found in a perfumery)
  • Decubal Recover Cream (found in a pharmacy).
• One moisturising cream, oil-based cream or lotion containing butylparaben. This is:
  • Crabtree & Evelyn Pudycat comfort cream (found in a perfumery)
• One moisturising cream, oil-based cream or lotion containing isobutylparaben. This is:
  • Crabtree & Evelyn Pudycat comfort cream (found in a perfumery) However, this was a discontinued product which is being withdrawn from the market to be replaced by a new product.

Moisturising creams, oil-based creams or lotions containing the 26 allergenic perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory.

Six moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions containing one or more of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory in a concentration at which they must be declared on the product were found. They are:

• Body Lotion - Giraffen Gerald (contains 2 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds).
• Earth Friendly Baby - Organic Chamomile Body Lotion (contains 2 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Organic Children Toptotoe Lotion & Aftersun (contains 2 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Earth Friendly Baby - Organic Lavender Body Lotion(contains 3 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Weleda Baby - Calendula Body Lotion (contains 3 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).
• Weleda Baby - Calendula Moisturising Body Cream (contains 5 of the 26 perfume and aromatic compounds whose declaration is mandatory).

A list of all ingredients found in these 32 moisturising creams, oil-based creams and lotions is contained in Appendix B.

5.12 Bed linen

Two -year-old children can be expected to use a duvet with a duvet cover primarily at night, but in many cases also when they take a nap. As such, the child has skin contact with the bed linen for many hours at a time.

5.12.1 Legislation

Legislation applying to bed linen has different limitations on use of substances such as brominated flame retardants, impregnation substances, PFOS and its derivatives, heavy metals, nickel etc. These are described further in section 4.2. Textiles.

5.12.2 Delimitation

Bed linen for 2-year-olds are defined as junior bed linen, i.e. size 90 x 140 cm/100 x 140 cm.

5.12.3 Description of product types in use

Two-year-olds sleep under a duvet covered by a duvet cover or sometimes under the cover alone (i.e. without the duvet). As such, they are exposed to the chemical substances possibly contained in the bed linen for the many hours they are asleep. There can be direct skin contact if they sleep without nightclothes in the summer. The possibility of direct ingestion of various substances exists if the children suck on a corner of a sheet, for example.

5.12.4 Survey of the range of bed linen

5.12.4.1 Procedure

An enquiry was made to The Danish Chamber of Commerce for contacts with trade associations.

Coop, Dansk Supermarked and Ikea were contacted to ask which brands and trade names they carried, which were the best sellers and how large a proportion of total sales in Denmark they accounted for.

A number of retail chains specialising in baby articles were also contacted, including BabySam, Ønske Børn and BabyVest.

Several retail outlets were visited. These include the following:

• Føtex
• Netto
• Bilka
• Kvickly
• Jysk
• Ikea
• LIC (Lærernes indkøbscentral – a purchasing cooperative for teachers)
• Toys’R’Us
• BabySam
• BabyVest
• Magasin

In addition, catalogues, advertisements, etc. were also surveyed.

The Google search engine was searched using various search words and combinations of the same. This was done to find general details of junior bed linen on the market, and to identify a number of webshops selling junior bed linen.

A number of specific websites were also searched.

5.12.5 Results of the survey

5.12.5.1 Results of surveying via trade associations and large retail chains

The Danish Chamber of Commerce

The Danish Chamber of Commerce did not consider itself able to provide any details stating that companies cannot be expected to inform which products they sell most of, as doing so will ensure that their products are selected for analysis and thus place them in the public spotlight. The Danish Chamber of Commerce suggested direct contact with the major baby article chains, which was subsequently taken up.

Coop

Coop has stated that they the junior bed linen they stock are mainly own brand (ID) and brands they sell under license.

Jysk

Jysk has stated that they can regrettably not take part in the survey. The reason given is the very tight deadlines of the project.

5.12.5.2 Result of surveying via websites

8 relevant online webshops were found using the Google search machine and the websites of presumed retailers.

"Junior bed linen" - returned approx. 12,900 results. The first 7 pages presented were surveyed for dealers. Each page contains 10 search results – i.e. 70 results in total. The survey was performed through the search engine's short results or by visiting individual sites.

5.12.5.3 Result of surveying via shop visits

The largest range of junior bed linen registered from the shops visited was at Ikea, but Jysk also stocked a large range.

The Disney brand was stocked by many of the shops visited.

Prices registered at LIC (a purchasing cooperative) are typically 100-150 kr. under market price (according to details in the shop).

All bed linen registered at Ikea were 100% cotton.

5.12.5.4 Product list

Table 5.22 and Table 5.23 present a range of products registered during the survey.

Table 5.22 Examples of junior bed linen from the survey - webshops

Click here to see Table 5.22

Table 5.23 Examples of junior bed linen from the survey - shop visits

5.12.5.5 Product prices

The survey registered junior bed linen prices from between 69.95 kr. per set to 649 kr. per set.

5.12.5.6 Selected products

Five products were selected from the junior bed linen product group for detailed studies.

[13] www.varefakta.dk/73/oversigt-narresutter_med_varefakta

[14] According to netdoktor.dk, 2-year olds weigh between 11.0 and 16.3 kgs, with an average of 13.3 kgs.

[15] A scan was also performed for 4-MBC, which should now have been removed from Danish sunscreen products. None of the 21 sunscreens contained 4-MBC (4-methylbenzylidene camphor)

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Version 1.0 November 2009, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency