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Survey and Health Assessment of Products for Interior Car Care

5 Screening of compounds

In connection with the 26 products selected for screening (section 2.5.1), it was initially investigated which compounds they contain in order to estimate if there is a possible content of health hazardous substances that should be investigated closer in exposure scenarios and a more precise quantitative analysis.

The results of the initial screening cannot be used directly as it only is a semi-quantitative analysis, but they can be used to give an impression of the magnitude of the content of the identified compounds and to compare the individual products.

5.1 Applied analysis methods for screening

The chemical screening that was carried out was based on GC/MS analyses. An extraction/dilution with dichloromethane for semi-quantitative GC/MS screening of the products was carried out to identify the product content of semi-volatile organic compounds. In order to identify very volatile compounds, e.g. propellants, a SPME-GC/MS screening was carried out of the headspace of all of the products.

The specific parameters of the applied methods are described in the following.

5.1.1 Semi-quantitative GC/MS screening

A sample amount (app. 2 g) was weighed and a known amount of dichloromethane (50 ml) was added containing internal standards. The extracts were subsequently analysed gas chromatographically (GC/MS). In connection with product 32 and 40, 1 complete tissue was used.

The results of this analysis cover the semi-volatile compounds but not propellants nor volatile solvents. In connection with the screening that was carried out the detected compounds were merely identified by comparing the mass spectra of each compound with a library (NIST MS library, NIST02 Version 2.0) containing more than 150.000 mass spectra of organic substances.

The detection limit of the analysis method is estimated to be 0.01 mg/g and the measuring uncertainty is estimated to be ± 20%, however, higher for some compounds as only semi-quantification was carried out against an internal standard, bromobenzene.

Table 5.1 GC/MS analysis parameters
GC/MS instrument Agilent HP 5973 ALS
GC parameters Column: Zebron ZB-1, 20 m x 0.18 mm id., 0.18 μm film thickness
Carrier gas: Helium, constant flow at 0.8 ml/min.
Oven program: 40 ºC. for 2 min., 15 ºC. /min. at 300 ºC.
Injection: 275 ºC. , split 1:10.
MS parameters Scan mode: 35-550 m/z
Solvent delay: 2 min.

5.1.2 Qualitative SPME-GC/MS screening

A sample amount, app. 0.2 g, was weighed directly in a headspace glass. The gas phase was subsequently analysed gas chromatographically by SPME-GC/MS.

The results of this analysis mainly cover the content of propellants, solvents and the most volatile compounds. In connection with the screening that was carried out, detected compounds were merely identified by comparing with a NIST MS library (NIST02 Version 2.0). AMDIS was applied as deconvulation software by means of which compounds with identical retention times could be identified.

The detection limit of the analysis method is estimated to be 0.001 mg/g but will depend on the vapour pressure and affinity of the individual compound for the applied SPME fibre. The results are qualitative and therefore no analysis uncertainty is stated.

Table 5.2 SPME-GC/MS analysis parameters
GC/MS instrument Finnigan Focus GC-DSQ
GC parameters Column: Zebron ZB-1, 30 m x 0.25 mm id., 1,0 μm film thickness
Carrier gas: Helium, constant flow at 0.8 ml/min.
Oven program: 40 ºC.for 1 min., 10 ºC/min. at 275 ºC, 275 ºC for 10 min.
Injection: 275 ºC, split 20 ml/min.
SPME parameters Fibre: 85 μm Carboxen/PDMS
Absorption: 35 ºC, 15 min.
Desorption: 3 min.
MS parameters Scan mode: 35-450 m/z
Ion source 225 ºC

5.2 Results of screening

The substances identified in connection with the performed screenings are summarized in the following tables. The results have been organized according to product type and analysis method. All identified substances have a CAS no. In connection with some compounds, reasonable identification was not obtained with NIST MS library and it can be a similar compound – therefore, the stated CAS no. is only advisory (marked at the specific compound in the table with a note).

5.2.1 Results of the semi-quantitative screening

For each identified compound an estimated content has been stated and it was calculated against an internal standard, bromobenzene. The detection limit is estimated to be 0.01 mg/g sample.

Table 5.3 Results of vinyl make-up, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
1 2 15 25 29
Hydrocarbons *   400 540 25 - 480
1,3-dimethyl benzene 108-38-3 0.08 - - - -
1-Acetonaphthon 941-98-0 - 0.05 - - -
Alkyl-benzenes eg xylenes**   1.1 - - - -
1-methyldodecyl-benzene 4534-53-6 3.4 - - - -
1-ethyldecyl-benzene 2400-00-2 0.74 - - - -
1-methyltridecyl-benzene 4534-59-2 1.4 - - - -
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-ethanol 111-90-0 5.2 - - - -
α-pinen 80-56-8 1.1 - - - -
β-pinen 127-91-3 4.0 - - - -
N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamin 112-18-5 - - - - 0.36
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 - 0.06 - - 0.07
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 - - - 0.25 -
Phthalates   0.27 - - - -
Diisooctyl 1,2-benzene dicarboxylacid 27554-26-3 2.7 - - - -
Siloxanes – silicone oil***   - 57 - 2.4 56
Silicium or fluorine containing oil****   30 - - - -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* This group covers several different aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons corresponding to the boiling point from heptane to dodecane.
** This group covers several different compounds where it has not been possible to obtain acceptable identification by means of the NIST library.
*** Product no. 2 and 29 are similar, while other types of siloxanes are present in product no. 25.
**** Requires other techniques to be identified.

Table 5.4 Results of glass cleaner, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
23 24 37
Hydrocarbons *   - - 280
Alkyl-benzenes**   - - X
1-methoxy-2-propanol*** 107-98-2 X - -
2-butoxy-ethanol 111-76-2 - 21 -
1-butoxy-2-propanol 5131-66-8 - 14 -
5-methyl-3-heptanone 541-85-5 0.02 - -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* This group covers several different aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons corresponding to the boiling point from heptane to undecane.
** This group covers several different compounds where it has not been possible to obtain acceptable identification by means of the NIST library. The compounds are on top of the hydrocarbons and therefore it is not possible to state a possible result.
*** It has not been possible to state a possible result as the top is just at the beginning of the MS programme and therefore it is not included in its full size.

Table 5.5 Results of fabric waterproofing, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
5 12 41*
Hydrocarbons **   400 - -
Alkyl-benzenes***   0,10 17 -
Butyl acetic acid ester 123-86-4 45 - -
α-pinen 80-56-8 0.16 - -
β-pinen 127-91-3 0.89 - -
Limonene 5989-27-5 5.6 - -
Terpene   0.38 - -
(Pentadecafluoroctanal )****   - 0.01 -
Fluorine compound****   - 0.01 -
Hexafluor propene**** 116-15-4 0.16 - -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* Organic compounds were not detected in product no. 41.
** This group covers several different aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons corresponding to the boiling point from heptane to octane.
*** This group covers several different compounds where it has not been possible to obtain acceptable identification by means of the NIST library.
**** The identification of these compounds by means of the applied GC/MS technique is very poor. Another analysis method is required to determine whether a content of fluorinated compounds exists and to determine the quantitative content.

Table 5.6 Results of fabric cleaner, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
7 9 22 30
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-ethanol 111-90-0 - 42 55 -
1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol, 2-(2-hydroxyproxy)-1-propanol or similar compounds** 20324-32-7, 106-62-7, 13429-07-7 etc. 4.6 - - -
β-pinen 127-91-3 - 0.02 0.01 -
Limonene 5989-27-5 0.16 0.60 0.16 -
Methyl paraben 99-76-3 - X* 26 -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* Methylparaben was detected in sample no. 9 but is below the estimated detection limit.
** This group covers several different compounds where it has not been possible to obtain acceptable identification by means of the NIST library.

Table 5.7 Results of odour remover, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
8 14
Hydrocarbons*   - 0.61
Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 0.79 -
Propylene glycol 57-55-6 - 3.5
Triethylen glycol 112-27-6 0.20 -
Eucalyptol 470-82-6 - 0.03
Fluorine compounds**   0.01 -
4-amino heptane 16751-59-0 0.02 -
N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamin 112-18-5 0.85 -
N,N-dimethyl-1-tetradecanamin 129-24-3 0.21 -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* This covers one or several unidentified hydrocarbons (cyclic, alcohols) with a boiling point corresponding to decane.
** The identification of these compounds by means of the applied GC/MS technique is very poor. Another analysis method is required to determine whether a content of fluorinated compounds exists and to determine the quantitative content.

Table 5.8 Results of vinyl cleaner, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
10 27
1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol, 2-(2-hydroxyproxy)-1-propanol or similar compounds 20324-32-7, 106-62-7, 13429-07-7 etc. - 14
α-pinen 80-56-8 0.01 -
β-pinen 127-91-3 X* -
D-Limonene 5989-27-5 0.24 -
3-caren 13466-78-9 0.04 -
Diethyl phthalates 84-66-2 0.05 -

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* The content is below the estimated detection limit.

Table 5.9 Results of leather cleaner, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
13 35
Hydrocarbons *   40 -
Eicosane, heacosane, noncosane **   0.25  -
Butylhydroxy toluene (BHT) 128-37-0 0.32 -
Dodecane acid 143-07-7 - 0.28
D-Limonene 5989-27-5 - 0.02
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 - 0.06

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* This group covers several different aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons corresponding to the boiling point from heptane to undecane.
** It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.10 Results of cleaning tissues, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
32 40
Benzaldehyde * 100-52-7 - 0.02
Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 - 0.01
Ethyl paraben 120-47-8 0.07 -
Butyl paraben * 94-26-8 0.03 -
N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamin 112-18-5 - 0.18
N-methyl-N-benzyltetradecanamin* 83690-72-6 - 0.02

’ - ’ Means that the compound was not detected in the product in question.
* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.11 Results of anti-mist products, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
33
1,1'-oxybis-2-propanol * 110-98-5 0.25
1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol, 2-(2-hydroxyproxy)-1-propanol * 20324-32-7, 106-62-7, 13429-07-7 0.39
2-(phenylmethylene)-octanal 101-86-0 0.14
Sum of esters *   0.17
D-Limonene 5989-27-5 0.18

* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.12 Results of detergent, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
34
No substances detected   -

Table 5.13 Results of synthetic materials sealant, semi-quantitative GC/MS, mg/g sample
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
38
Hydrocarbons *   408
Ethyl butanacid ester 105-54-4 0.08

* This group covers several different aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons and alcohols, corresponding to the boiling point from decane to hexadecane.

5.2.2 Results of qualitative screening of volatile organic compounds

In connection with the performed SPME GC/MS screening, no assessment of the amount of the identified substances in the product was carried out. The identified substances were marked with ”X”.

The substances are shown according to a rough volatility scale as they are shown according to retention time. Therefore, substances found at the beginning of the table must to a higher degree be expected to be emitted to the air with the risk of being absorbed via the respiratory passages.

Table 5.14 Results of vinyl make-up, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
1 2 15 25 29
Propane 74-98-6 X        
Isobutane 75-28-5 X X   X  
Butane 106-97-8 X X     X
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 X        
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X     X X
Pentane 109-66-0 X     X  
Dimethoxy methane 109-87-5 X        
2,2-dimethyl butane 75-83-2 X     X  
Cyclo pentane 287-92-3       X  
2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane 107-83-5, 96-14-0 X     X X
Hexane 110-54-3 X X   X  
1-butanol 71-36-3         X
Cyclo hexane 110-82-7 X X     X
2-methyl hexane, 3-methyl hexane 591-76-4, 589-34-4 X X     X
2,3-dimethyl hexane 584-94-1 X X      
Heptane 142-82-5 X X     X
Methyl-cyclo hexane 108-87-2 X X     X
Xylenes 95-47-6, 108-38-3, 106-42-3 X        
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-ethanol 111-90-0 X        
α-pinen 80-56-8 X        
2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl heptanes 13475-82-6   X     X

Table 5.15 Results of glass cleaner, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
23 24 37
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 X    
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X X  
Acetic formic anhydride 2258-42-6   X  
2-butanone 78-93-3 X    
2,3-butandiol 513-85-9   X  
1-methoxy-2-propanol 107-98-2 X    
Ethyl benzene 100-41-4     X
Xylene 95-47-6, 108-38-3, 106-42-3     X
2-methyl octane, 3-methyl octane 3321-61-2, 2216-33-3     X
Nonane 111-84-2     X
1-butoxy-2-propanol 5131-66-8   X  
1-(1-methylpropoxy)-butane 999-65-5   X  
Alkyl benzenes eg (1-methylethyl)-benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene * 98-82-8, 611-14-3     X
3-methylnonane, 2-methylnonane 5911-04-6, 871-83-0     X
2-ethyl-1-hexanol 104-76-7   X  
5-ethyl-2-methyl-heptane 13475-78-0     X

* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.16 Results of fabric waterproofing, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
5 12 41*
Butane 106-97-8 X    
2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane 107-83-5, 96-14-0 X    
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 X    
2,4-dimethyl pentane 108-08-7 X X  
1-butanol 71-36-3 X    
3,3-dimethyl pentane 562-49-2 X X  
Cyclo hexane 110-82-7 X    
2-methyl hexane, 3-methyl hexane 591-76-4, 589-34-4 X X  
2,3-dimethyl hexane 584-94-1   X  
Dimethylcyclo pentane 2452-99-5, 1759-58-6 X X  
Heptane 142-82-5 X X  
Methyl-cyclo hexane 108-87-2 X X  
Ethylcyclo pentane 1678-91-7   X  
Butyl acetate 123-86-4 X X  
D-limonene 5989-27-5 X    

* No volatile organic compounds were detected in product no. 41.

Table 5.17 Results of fabric cleaner, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
7 9 22 30
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 X      
1-(2-methoxypropoxy)- 2-Propanol 13429-07-7 X      
Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6       X
2-ethyl-1-hexanol 104-76-7 X      
D-limonene 5989-27-5 X X X  
a-LinaloolLinalool 78-70-6 X      
Acetic acid linalool ester 115-95-7 X      
Nerol acetate or geraniol acetate* 141-12-8, 16409-44-2 X      
1-hexadecanol or similar 36653-82-4       X

* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.18 Results of odour remover, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
8 14
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X  
1,2-propandiol 57-55-6   X
D-limonene 5989-27-5 X  
a-LinaloolLinalool 78-70-6 X  
3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol (linalool tetrahydrid) 78-69-3   X
Acetic acid benzyl ester 140-11-4 X  
p-menth-1-en-8-ol or other terpene* 98-55-5 X  
2-phenylethyl acetic acid ester 103-45-7   X
2-tert-butyl cyclo hexanol 13491-79-7   X
a-Ionon 14901-07-6   X

* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.19 Results of vinyl cleaner, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
10 27
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X  
1-methoxy-2-propanol 107-98-2   X
α-pinen 80-56-8 X  
dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether* 20324-32-7   X
dipropylene glycol* 110-98-5   X
α-pinen 80-56-8 X  
p-menthane, 1,4-epoxy 470-67-7 X  
Cymen 99-87-6 X  
D-limonene 5989-27-5 X  
a-LinaloolLinalool 78-70-6 X  
p-menth-1-en-8-ol or other terpene* 98-55-5 X  
Citral 5392-40-5 X  
1R-α-pinen 7785-70-8 X  
α-citral 106-26-3 X  
Isobornyl acetate 125-12-2 X  
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 X  
α-hexyl cinnemaldehyd 101-86-0 X  

* It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library. The compound could be a similar compound.

Table 5.20 Results of leather cleaner, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
13 35
Octane 111-65-9 X  
2,6-dimethyl heptanes 1072-05-5 X  
C10-C12 alkane - X  
2-methyloctan, 3-methyl octane 3321-61-2, 2216-33-3 X  
1-ethyl-3-methyl cyclo hexane 198489-10-2 X  
Nonane 111-84-2 X  
Decane 124-18-5 X  
D-limonene 5989-27-5   X
butylated hydro toluene 128-37-0 X  
Diethyl 84-66-2   X

Table 5.21 Results of cleaning tissue, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
32 40
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5   X

Table 5.22 Results of anti-mist product, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
33
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X
2-tert-butyl cyclohexanol 13491-79-7 X

Table 5.23 Results of detergent, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no.
34
Xylene 95-47-6, 108-38-3, 106-42-3 X
Allyl heptanoat 142-19-8 X
Tetralin 119-64-2 X
2-tert-butyl cyclo hexanol 13491-79-7 X
4-tert-butyl cyclohexyl acetate 32210-23-4 X

Table 5.24 Results of synthetic materials sealant, SPME-GC/MS
Identification CAS no. Sample no..
38
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 X
2,2,6-trimethyl octane 62016-28-8 X
2,2,7,7-tetramethyl octane 1071-31-4 X
2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl heptanes 13475-82-6 X
2,3,6,7-tetramethyl octane 52670-34-5 X
5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-heptane 62199-06-8 X
3-methylun decane 1002-43-3 X
2,6-dimethyl decane 13150-81-7 X
2,3-dimethyl decane 1312-44-6 X
Tetra decane 629-59-4 X

5.2.3 Conclusion of screening results

The content of many of the product compounds stated on labels or safety data sheets (see Table 2.1Table 2.1) were detected and so were other organic compounds. In the following, the substantial results of the initial screening of each product type are listed:

  • Vinyl make-up (5): A high content of different hydrocarbons was found in several of the products and one product contains terpenes (fragrances).
  • Glass cleaner (3): They are dominated by different types of alcohols and glycol ethers. One single product contained alkyl benzenes and hydrocarbons.
  • Fabric waterproofing (3): A high content of different hydrocarbons and limonene (perfume) was found in one product.
  • Fabric cleaner (4): The products are dominated by glycol ethers and several of the products contain limonene (perfume).
  • Odour remover (2): The products consist of alcohols, glycols and perfume.
  • Vinyl cleaner (2): In the one product there was a content of glycol ether while the other contained isopropyl alcohol and perfume.
  • Leather cleaner (2): In the one product a number of hydrocarbons and BHT were detected and in the other limonene (perfume) and a phthalate were detected.
  • Cleaning tissue (2): One product contained parabens and the other benzyl chloride – both are preservatives.
  • Anti-mist product (1): The product contains glycol ether and limonene (perfume).
  • Detergent (1): Fragrances were detected.
  • Synthetic materials sealant (1): The product has a high content of different hydrocarbons.

By comparing the results, the following similarities between some of the products appear:

  • Product no. 2 and 29 (vinyl make-up) contain many of the same substances. Almost identical products might be in question.
  • Product no. 5 and 12 (fabric waterproofing) are very much alike. However, there is perfume and several volatile compounds in sample no. 5.
  • Product no. 9 and 22 (fabric cleaner) are very much alike. It is possible that almost identical products are in question.
  • Product no. 7 and 27 (fabric cleaner and vinyl cleaner, respectively) are very much alike. However, product no. 7 has a content of perfume.
  • · Product 5, 12 and 8 (fabric cleaner and odour remover, respectively) might contain some fluorinated compounds. The identification of these compounds by means of the applied GC/MS technique is very poor.

5.3 Screening for the effects of compounds – related to health

Based on the identified compounds during the different screening analyses, screening for possible health hazardous substances was carried out. The screening took its starting point in the classification of the List of Dangerous Substances supplemented with the Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s advisory list for self classification (both available on www.mst.dk), and the list of limit values of the Danish Working Environment Authority, DWEA, (available on www.at.dk), (the Danish Working Environment Authority, 2007). A dash indicates that the substance has no classification or limit value. The table lists the classification of the substances according to the List of Dangerous Substances.

The identified compounds are summarised in Table 5.Table 5.25. In the light of the screening results, 15 products were selected for closer quantification of compounds and 4 products were selected for emission tests to measure the actual concentration under realistic application conditions.

Compounds marked with grey were only identified via the qualitative GC/MS screening and therefore there are no content levels but only an ascertainment of the presence of the compounds. The remaining products were identified via semi-quantitative GC/MS and for a few compounds the highest measured concentration has been stated.

Table 5.25 Complete list of the compounds in investigated car care products (identified by screening) and their classification.
Substance name CAS no. Classification according to the List of Dangerous Substances Advisory classification according to DEPA self classification Possible limit value (DWEA) Highest measured value
Dimethoxy methane 109-87-5 - - 1000 ppm 3100 mg/m³ -
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 F;R11  - 1000 ppm 1900 mg/m³ -
Propane 74-98-6 Fx;R12  - 1000 ppm 1800 mg/m³ -
Pentane 109-66-0 Fx;R12 XN;R65 R66 R67 N;R51/53  - 500 ppm 1500 mg/m³ -
Nonane 111-84-2 - N;R50 200 ppm 1050 mg/m³ -
Heptane 142-82-5 - - 200 ppm 820 mg/m³ -
Methyl-cyclohexane 108-87-2 F;R11 XI;R38 XN;R65 R67 N;R51/53  - 200 ppm 805 mg/m³ -
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 F;R11 XI;R36 R67 - 200 ppm 490 mg/m³ -
Cyclo pentane 287-92-3 F;R11 N;R52/53  - 300 ppm
850 mg/m³		 -
Cyclo hexane 110-82-7 F;R11 Xi;R38 Xn;R65 R67 N;R50/53 - 50 ppm 172 mg/m³ -
1-butanol 71-36-3 R10 XN;R22 XI;R37/38-41 R67  - 50 ppm (LH) 150 mg/m³ -
Octane 111-65-9 - - 200 ppm
935 mg/m³		 -
Butyl acetic acid ester 123-86-4 R10 R66 R67  - 150 ppm
710 mg/m³		 45 mg/g
Butyl acetate 123-86-4 R10 R66 R67  - 150 ppm
710 mg/m³		 -
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 F;R11 XI;R36 R66 R67 - 150 ppm
540 mg/3		 -
Xylene 95-47-6, 108-38-3, 106-42-3 R10 XN;R20/21 XI;R38  - 25 ppm (H) 109 mg/m³ -
Alkyl-benzenes 95-47-6, 108-38-3, 106-42-3 R10 XN;R20/21 XI;R38  - 25 ppm (H) 109 mg/m³ 1.1 mg/g
1-butoxy-2-propanol 5131-66-8 XI;R36/38  - Tentative GV on 100 ppm 14 mg/g
1-methoxy-2-propanol 107-98-2 R10  - 50 ppm
185 mg/m³		 -
Decane 124-18-5 - N;R50/53 45 ppm
250 mg/m³		 -
Tetraline 119-64-2 R19 XI;R36/38 N;R51/53  - Tentative GV: 25 ppm -
1,3-dimethyl benzene 108-38-3 R10 XN;R20/21 XI;R38  - 25 ppm (H)
109 mg/m³		 0.08 mg/g
Hexane 110-54-3 F;R11 XI;R38 XN;R48/20-65 REP3;R62 R67 N;R51/53  - 25 ppm
90 mg/m³		 -
Cymene 99-87-6 - N;R51/53 25 ppm
135 mg/m³		 -
2-butoxy-ethanol 111-76-2 XN;R20/21/22 XI;R36/38  - 20 ppm (H)
98 mg/m³		 21 mg/g
5-methyl-3-heptanon 541-85-5 R10 XI;R36/37  - 10 ppm
53 mg/m³		 0.02 mg/g
Acetic acid benzyl ester 140-11-4 - - 10 ppm
61 mg/m³		 -
Butylhydroxy toluene (BHT) 128-37-0 - Xn;R22 N;R50/53 10 mg/m³ 0.32 mg/g
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7 REP2;R60-61 - 3 mg/m³ 0.25 mg/g
Diisooctyl 1,2-benzene dicarboxyl acid 27554-26-3 - - 3 mg/m³ 2.7 mg/g
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 - - 3 mg/m³ -
Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 CARC2;R45 XN;R22-48/22 T;R23 XI;R37/38-41  - 1 ppm (LK)
5 mg/m³		 0.79 mg/g
Alkyl benzenes eg (1-methylethyl)-benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene 98-82-8,
611-14-3		 R10 XI;R37 XN;R65 N;R51/53 
or no classification		 - 20 ppm (H) 100 mg/m³ or - -
Benzaldehyd 100-52-7 XN;R22  - - 0.02 mg/g
Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 XN;R20/22  - - -
Hexafluor propene 116-15-4 XN;R20 XI;R37  - - 0.16 mg/g
Citral 5392-40-5 XI;R38 R43 - - -
D-Limonene 5989-27-5 R10 XI;R38 R43 N;R50/53  - - 5.6 mg/g
Isobutane 75-28-5 Fx;R12  - - -
Butane 106-97-8 Fx;R12  - - -
Ethyl benzene 100-41-4 F;R11 XN;R20  - - -
2-butanon 78-93-3 F;R11 XI;R36 R66 R67   - -
Allyl heptanoat 142-19-8 - Xn;R22 N;R50/53 - -
Dimethylcyclo pentane 2452-99-5, 1759-58-6 - Xn;R22 N;R51/53 - -
N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamin 112-18-5 - R43 N;R50/53 - 0.85 mg/g
3-caren 13466-78-9 - N;R51/53 - 0.04 mg/g
a-Ionon 14901-07-6 - N;R51/53 - -
4-tert-butyl cyclohexyl acetate 32210-23-4 - N;R51/53 - -
1-hexadecanol or similar 36653-82-4 - N;R51/53 - -
Tetra decane 629-59-4 - N;R51/53 - -
Butyl paraben 94-26-8 - N;R51/53 - 0.03 mg/g
β-pinene 127-91-3 - N;R50/53 - 4.0 mg/g
Nerol acetate or geraniol acetate 141-12-8, 16409-44-2 - N;R50/53 - -
α-pinen 80-56-8 - N;R50/53 - 1.1 mg/g
α-citral 106-26-3 - R43 - -
3-methylnonan, 2-methylnonan 5911-04-6, 871-83-0 - N;R50/53 - -
2-methyl octane, 3-methyl octane 3321-61-2, 2216-33-3 - -
N;R50/53		 - -
2-(phenylmethylene)-octanal 101-86-0 - - - -
cinnemaldehyd, α-hexyl 101-86-0 - - - -
Ethyl butan acid ester 105-54-4 - - -  
2,6-dimethyl heptane 1072-05-5 - - - -
2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane 107-83-5, 96-14-0 - - - -
2,4-dimethyl pentane 108-08-7 - - - -
1,1'-oxybis-2-propanol 110-98-5 - - - -
dipropylene glycol or similar 110-98-5 - - - -
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-ethanol 111-90-0 - - - -
Triethylenglycol 112-27-6 - - - -
Acetic acid linalool ester 115-95-7 - - - -
Ethyl paraben 120-47-8 - - - -
Isobornyl acetate 125-12-2 - - - -
N,N-dimethyl-1-tetradecanamin 129-24-3 - - - -
2,3-dimethyl decane 1312-44-6 - - - -
2,6-dimethyl decane 13150-81-7 - - - -
2-Propanol, 1-(2-methoxypropoxy)- 13429-07-7 - - - -
5-ethyl-2-methyl-heptane 13475-78-0 - - - -
2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl heptane 13475-82-6 - - - -
2-tert-butyl cyclohexanol 13491-79-7 - - - -
Dodecane acid 143-07-7 - - - -
4-amino heptane 16751-59-0 - - - -
Ethylcyclo pentane 1678-91-7 - - - -
1-ethyl-3-methyl cyclo hexane 198489-10-2 - - - -
dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether or similar 20324-32-7 - - - -
1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol, 2-(2-hydroxyproxy)-1-propanol and similar compounds 20324-32-7, 106-62-7, 13429-07-7 etc. - - - -
acetic formic anhydride 2258-42-6 - - - -
1-ethyldecyl-benzene 2400-00-2 - - - -
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 - - - -
1-methyltridecyl-benzene 4534-59-2 - - - -
1-methyldodecyl-benzene 4534-53-6 - - - -
p-menthan, 1,4-epoxy 470-67-7 - - - -
Eucalyptol 470-82-6 - - - -
2,3-butandiol 513-85-9 - - - -
2,3,6,7-tetramethyloctan 52670-34-5 - - - -
3,3-dimethylpentan 562-49-2 - - - -
Propylene glycol 57-55-6 - - - -
1,2-propandiol 57-55-6 - - - -
2,3-dimethyl hexane 584-94-1 - - - -
2-methyl hexane, 3-methyl hexane 591-76-4, 589-34-4 - - - -
2,2,6-trimethyl octane 62016-28-8 - - - -
5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-heptane 62199-06-8 - - - -
2,2-dimethyl butane 75-83-2 - - - -
3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol linalool tetrahydrid 78-69-3 - - - -
a-LinaloolLinalool 78-70-6 - - - -
N-methyl-N-benzyltetra-decanamin 83690-72-6 - - -  
p-menth-1-en-8-ol 98-55-5 - - - -
1-(1-methylpropoxy)-butane 999-65-5 - - - -
3-methylun decane 1002-43-3 - - - -
Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester 103-45-7 - - - -
2-ethyl-1-hexanol 104-76-7 - - - -
2,2,7,7-tetramethyl octane 1071-31-4 - - - -
1-Acetonaphthon 941-98-0 - - - -
Methyl paraben 99-76-3 - - - -

H Means that the compound is skin permeable.
L Means that the limit value is a threshold value that never must be exceeded.
Fx Extremely flammable.
F Highly flammable.
Xi Irritant.
Xn Harmful.
N Dangerous for the environment.
T Toxic.
CARC Carcinogenic (classified as carcinogenic group 1 (substances that are carcinogenic to humans), group 2 (substances that probably are carcinogenic to humans) or group 3 (substances that possibly are carcinogenic to humans).
REP Can cause heritable genetic damage (classified as reproductive toxin group 1, 2 or 3).
R10 Flammable.
R11 Highly flammable.
R12 Extremely flammable.
R19 May form explosive peroxides.
R20 Harmful by inhalation.
R20/21 Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin.
R20/22 Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed...
R20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R22 Harmful if swallowed.
R23 Toxic by inhalation.
R36 Irritating to eyes .
R36/37 Irritating to eyes and respiratory system .
R36/38 Irritating to eyes and skin .
R37 Irritating to respiratory system .
R37/38 Irritating to respiratory system and skin .
R38 Irritating to skin .
R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes .
R43 May cause sensitisation by skin contact .
R45 May cause cancer .
R48/20 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation .
R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed .
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms .
R50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment .
R51/53 Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R52/53 Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment .
R60 May impair fertility .
R61 May cause harm to the unborn child .
R62 Possible risk of impaired fertility .
R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed .
R66 Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking .
R67 Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness .

As a starting point, products with danger classified compounds are relevant in relation to quantitative analysis of compounds in the products and in relation to the emission tests and the final health assessment. However, not all classifications are equally relevant. When selecting products for closer analysis, regard was only given to danger classifications of relevance in relation to inhalation and skin contact. Danger classifications in relation to e.g. danger of fire and environmental danger are irrelevant in relation to the investigations carried out in this project and such classifications have not been considered when selecting products for quantitative analysis.

5.4 Products and compounds selected for quantification and emission tests

As described in chapter 4 (Description of the exposure scenarios) the main ways of exposure to interior car care products are inhalation and skin contact. Product intake has not been considered. It is anticipated that consumers use gloves or wash hands immediately after application of the products, so the products are not consumed e.g. by sucking the fingers.

Even though gloves are not used when applying the products for interior car care, skin contact will presumably be minimal as the main part of the product will be on the cloth used for application. Therefore, it is expected that the most substantial way of exposure is via inhalation.

When selecting compounds for quantitative analysis, great importance was attached to products with a content of volatile substances, and compounds with a relevant health classification and/or a limit value[4].

15 products were selected for further quantitative analysis of compounds and 4 products were selected for analysis of the emission of volatile substances in the climate chamber.

The products selected for quantitative analysis are stated below. It has been taken into account that some of the products, as stated in the chapter ”Screening of compounds”, are very much alike and in some cases they might be identical.

If products are very much alike, the product was selected that contains perfume – if the product exists with as well as without perfume.

Products containing compounds with a relevant health classification and/or limit value are:

  • Product 1 - Vinyl make-up
  • Product 2 - Vinyl make-up
  • Product 25 - Vinyl make-up
  • Product 23 – Glass cleaner
  • Product 24 – Glass cleaner
  • Product 37 – Glass cleaner
  • Product 5 – Fabric waterproofing
  • Product 7 – Fabric cleaner
  • Product 8 – Odour remover
  • Product 10 – Vinyl cleaner
  • Product 13 – Leather cleaner
  • Product 40 – Cleaning tissue
  • Product 33 – Anti-mist product
  • Product 38 – Synthetic materials sealant
  • Product 34 – Detergent.

The 4 below products were selected for the emission tests. The products were selected as there is a wide range of these products and they are believed to be the product types that are used most often. In addition, the products were selected to represent different product types and finally the below products are interesting in relation to the emission tests as they (according to screening and safety data sheets) contain large amounts of compounds with a health classification and/or a limit value.

  • Product no. 1 - Vinyl make-up (many volatile substances)
  • Product no. 5 – Fabric waterproofing (many volatile substances)
  • Product no. 10 – Vinyl cleaner – (many volatile substances)
  • Product no. 24 – Glass cleaner (several different solvents).

[4] The occupational threshold limit values have been determined either in the light of the irritative effects of the substances or in the light of the special harmful effects of the substances. The limit values have been determined to protect people who work with the substances everyday. A technical/economic assessment of the limit value level can also form part of the determination of the level (Danish Working Environment Authority, 2008) (DWEA, 2007).

 

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Version 1.0 December 2010, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency