Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

Table 4.11 Overview of toxicological properties of selected alternatives
Name of substance CAS No. Acute toxicity
O: oral LD50
D: dermal LD50
I: inhalation LC50
Local effects / sensitisation Subchronic / chronic Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity / genotoxicity Reproductive toxicity Other
ASE 91082-17-6 O: 26,380-31,650 mg/kg
D: > 1,055 mg/kg
I: ND
Skin: No irritation
Eye: No irritation
NOAEL, 90 days:
228 mg/kg/day (m)
282.6 mg/kg/day (f)
(increased kidney weight)
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
No reliable data. -
ATBC 77-90-7 O: > 30 g/kg
D: ND
I: ND
Skin: No or slight irritation
Eye: No or slight irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 90 days:
300 mg/kg/day
(increased kidney weight)
NOAEL, 2 years:
100 mg/kg/day
(conservative)
NOAEL, 13 weeks:
100 mg/kg/day (m)
300 mg/kg/day (f)
(reduced body weight gain, increased liver weights, hepatic hypertrophy)
(No carcinogenicity observed in 2 year oral repeated dose toxicity study)
No guideline study available. Existing study reliable with restrictions (lack of detail).
Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells, in vivo/in vitro UDS test)
Reliable (with some restrictions) guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
Not considered toxic to reproduction (2-generation study)
NOAEL: 100 mg/kg/day (parental, offspring)
Reliable data available for both reproductive and developmental toxicity. Data for developmental toxicity lack some details.
Weak signs of neurotoxicity
COMGHA 330198-91-9 D: > 2,000 mg/kg Skin: No irritation
Eye: No irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 90 days: < 3 ml/kg/day ND Negative
(Ames, chromosomal aberration test)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
ND -
DEGD 120-55-8 O: 4,198 mg/kg
D: > 2,000 mg/kg
I: > 200 mg/L
Skin: No irritation
Eye: Slight irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 13 week:
1,000 mg/kg/day
(reduced body weight gain, haemosiderosis in spleen, hepatocyte hypertrophy)
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells, chromosomal aberration test)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
Developmental tox:
NOEL: 1,000 mg/kg/day
(maternal)
NOAEL: 500 mg/kg bw/day
(prenatal dev.)
NOEL: 250 mg/kg bw/day
(foetal growth)
Reproductive tox.:
NOAEL: 10,000 ppm (500 mg/kg bw/day)
(F0 and F1 parents)
NOAEL: 3,300 ppm (165 mg/kg bw/day)
(offspring)
NOEL: 10,000 ppm (500 mg/kg bw/day)
(reproductive)
Reliable guideline studies with GLP for both developmental and reproductive toxicity..
No estrogenic activity up to 2,000 mg/kg/day (Endpoints: vaginal cornification and uterotrophic response)
DGD 27138-31-4 O: 3,914 mg/kg
D: > 2,000 mg/kg
I: > 200 mg/L (4h)
Skin: No irritation
Eye: Slight irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 13 week:
1,000 mg/kg/day
(reduced body weight gain, haemosiderosis in spleen, hepatic hypertrophy)
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells, chromosomal aberration test)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
Developmental tox:
NOEL: 1,000 mg/kg/day
(maternal)
NOAEL: 500 mg/kg/day
(prenatal dev.)
NOEL: 250 mg/kg/day
(foetal growth)
Reproductive tox.:
NOAEL: 10,000 ppm
(F0 and F1 parents)
NOAEL: 10,000 ppm
(offspring)
Reliable guideline studies with GLP for both developmental and reproductive toxicity..
No estrogenic activity up to 2,000 mg/kg/day (Endpoints: vaginal cornification and uterotrophic response)
DEHT / DOPT 6422-86-2 O: > 5,000 mg/kg
D: > 19,670 mg/kg
(guinea pig)
I: no deaths in mice exposed to saturated vapour (4h)
Skin: Slight irritation
Eye: Slight irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 90 days, 21 days
500 mg/kg/day
(increased relative liver weight)
NOEL, 104 weeks, 1500 ppm (79 mg/kg/day (m) and 102 mg/kg/day (f))
2-year study: No signs of tumorigenicity (unreviwed study, few details)
104 week: NOEL: ³12000 ppm (666 mg/kg bw/day (m) and 901 mg/kg bw/day (f)) - highest dose tested (industry data)
No data on guidelines for the studies. The industry study appears to follow established guidelines.
Negative
(Ames, chromosomal aberration test)
Reliable studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
Developmental tox:
NOEL: 458 mg/kg/day
(maternal)
NOEL: 747 mg/kg/day
(developmental)
Reproductive tox.:
NOAEL: 500 - 700 mg/kg/day (m)
800 - 1,000 mg/kg/day (f)
NOAEL, tox:
150 - 200 mg/kg/day (m)
250 - 300 mg/kg/day (f) (parental, offspring)
Reliable guideline studies with GLP for both developmental and reproductive toxicity..
No estrogenic activity (Uterotrophic assay)
DINA 33703-08-1 O: > 5,000 mg/kg
D: > 3,160 mg/kg
Skin: No irritation
Eye: No irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 13 week (dog):
274 mg/kg/day
(reduced body weight gain, increased liver weight, elevated enzyme levels, liver and kidney histopathology)
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells)
Reliable studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
No data -
DINCH 166412-78-8 O: > 5,000 mg/kg
D: > 2,000 mg/kg
Skin: Slight irritation
Eye: No irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 28 days:
318 mg/kg/day (m)
342 mg/kg/day (f)
(liver and kidney clinical chemistry)
NOAEL, 90 days:
107.1 mg/kg/day (m)
389.4 mg/kg/day (f)
(kidney weight changes, degenerated epithelial cells in urine (m))
NOAEL, 12 months:
 40 mg/kg bw/day (m) and 200 mg/kg bw/day (f) - l(iver and kidney weight (m) changes)
No findings of relevance for carcinogenicity in humans in combined chronic tox. and carc. test.
Reliable guideline study.
Negative
(Ames, signs of chromosomal aberration - but considered non-genotoxic). Not found to be clastogenic or aeuploidogenic in micronucleus test.
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity and in vivo mammalian micronucleus test.
No developmental toxicity at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day
Not considered toxic to reproduction (2-generation study up to 1,000 mg/kg/day)
NOAEL, tox.: 100 mg/kg/day (F1)
Reliable guideline/combined guideline studies for both developmental (rat and rabbit) and reproductive (rat) toxicity. in
-
GTA 102-76-1 O: > 2,000 mg/kg
D: > 2,000 mg/kg
I: > 1,721 mg/m³
Skin: No irritation
Eye: No irritation
Not sensitising
Combined repeat dose /dev. screening:
No effects at tested doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day
90 days, inhalation: No signs of toxicity up to 2,220 mg/m³
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells, chromosomal aberration test, in vivo mouse nucleus)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity and in vivo mammalian micronucleus test.
Combined repeat dose / dev. screening: No significant adverse effect on reproductive parameters or offspring
NOAEL(Dev/Repr.): 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Reliable guideline study.
-
TXIB 6846-50-0 O: > 3,200 mg/kg
D: > 2,000 mg/kg
I: > 5.3 mg/L (6h)
Skin: Slight irritation (guineas pigs)
no irritation (rats and humans)
Eye: No irritation
Not sensitising
NOAEL, 103 days, rat:
0.1% in diet
(slight increase in relative and absolute liver weight)
ND Negative
(Ames, mammalian cells)
Reliable guideline studies for in vitro mammalian mutagenicity/genotoxicity. No in vivo studies available.
Combined repeat dose / dev. screening:
NOEL,parental and F1: 750 mg/kg/day
No effects on reproduction
Combined study:
NOAEL: repr., dev.:
276 mg/kg/day (m)
359 mg/kg/day (f)
Reliable guideline studies for both developmental and reproductive toxicity..
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Version 1.0 November 2010, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency