Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

References

[Data sources for the environmental and health assessment are included in Annex 3]

Andersson, M. 2002. Formidlingsprojekt om alternativer til blød PVC i byggebranchen. Arbejdsrapport fra Miljøstyrelsen Nr. 24/2002. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.

Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e.V., 2006. Plasticiser market data. January 2006, accessed August 2009 at http://www.agpu.com/fileadmin/user_upload/information_
herunterlade/Marktdaten
%20Weichmacher_230106.lin_en.pdf

ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Di-n-octylphthalate (DNOP). 1997. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp95-c4.pdf

Baitz, M. , J. Kreißig, E. Byrne, C. Makishi, T. Kupfer, N. Frees, N. Bey, M.S. Hansen, A. Hansen, T. Bosch, V. Borghi, J. Watson and M. Miranda. 2004. Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials. PE Europe GmbH and others for the European Commission.

BASF, 2009. Technical leaflet on Plastomoll DNA, BASF, accessed June 2009 at: http://www.plasticizers.basf.com/icms/streamer?fid=217082

BASF, 2009: Product information on Hexamoll DINCH, accessed August 2009 at http://www.hexamoll.com/icms/basf_6/en/dt.jsp?setCursor=1_216770

BBP Information Centre. 2009. An information resource on the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). An initiative of the European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates (ECPI), Brussels.

Biedermann-Brem, S., M. Biedermann, S. Pfenninger, M. Bauer, W. Altkofer, K. Rieger, U. Hauri, C. Droz, K. Grob. 2008. Plasticisers in PVC toys and childcare products: What succeeds the phthalates?. Market Survey 2007. Chromatographia 68: 227-234.

Brandt, U.K. and E. Hansen. 2009. Ftalater i afgiftsbelagte produkter [phthalates in products subject to tax]. COWI for Danish Environmental Protection Agency (unpublished).

Buck Jensen, M. 2009. Højteknologifonden støtter udvikling af alternativ til phthalater (in Danish; Hi-tech foundation supports development of alternative to phthalates). Ingeniøren, June 2009. Accessed July 2009 at http://ing.dk/artikel/99245-hoejteknologifonden-stoetter-udvikling-af-alternativ-til-phthalater?highlight=castor+olie

Cadogan, D. 2006. Plasticisers: An update. Presentation at: Plasttekniske Dager, Oslo, 8-9 November 2006. Cadogan on behalf of European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates (ECPI).

Christensen, C.L., L. Høibye and E. Hansen. 2007. Forbrug af phthalater i Danmark i historisk perspektiv [Consumption of phthalates in a historic perspective]. COWI A/S for Danish Environmental Protection Agency (unpublished).

COWI, 2000. Kortlægning og vurdering af substitutionsmuligheder for phthalater i udvalgte produkter (Survey and assessment of substitution options for phthalates in selected products; in Danish). Environmental project no. 560, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.

COWI. 2009a. Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use. COWI in cooperation with Entec and IOM for European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki.

COWI. 2009b. Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use. COWI in cooperation with Entec and IOM for European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki.

COWI. 2009c. Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use. COWI in cooperation with Entec and IOM for European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki.

Danisco, 2009. Personal communication. 2009.

Danisco, 2009b. Product description "COMGHA - The sustainable plasticiser for PVC". Danisco April 2008. Received from Danisco, 2009.

Eastman, 2006. Eastman TXIB formulation additive for vinyl plastisols. Acessed August 2009 at http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/L/L231.pdf

Eastman, 2009c. Eastman Plasticizers, Selector Chart. Accessed 2009 at http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/L/L174.pdf

Eastman, 2009f. Eastman product data sheet for TXIB, accessed June 2009 at: http://ws.eastman.com/ProductCatalogApps/PageControllers/
ProdDatasheet_PC.aspx?Product=71066420&sCategoryName=Generic

Eastmann. 2001. Eastmann 425 plasticiser. For vinyl plastisols and vinyl compounds. Eastmann Chemical Company, Kingsport. Accessed at: http://www.eastman.com/NR/rdonlyres/FCB732B0-9A7A-483C-B76D-B8C481EC346B/0/L230.pdf

ECB. 2003. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10- branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-“isononyl” phthalate (DINP). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra.

ECB. 2004. European Union Risk Assessment Report: dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra.

ECB. 2007. European Union Risk Assessment Report: Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra

ECB. 2008. European Union Risk Assessment Report: bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra.

ECPI. 2009. Information from the website of the European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates (ECPI), Brussels at: www.ecpi.org

Exxon Mobil. 2009. Jayflex plasticisers. http://www.exxonmobilchemical.com./Public_Products/Oxo/Plasticisers
/Worldwide/Jay_ProductFrontPage.asp

ExxonMobil (2009). Personal communication, 2009.

ExxonMobil (2009b). Jayflex DINA sales specifications, accessed June 2009 at: http://www.exxonmobilchemical.com/Public_Files/Oxo/Plasticizers/
NorthAmerica/Jayflex_DINA_datasheet.pdf
:

FCPSA. 2008a. Weekmakers in speelgoed- en kinderverzorgingartikelen. VERVOLGONDERZOEK 2008. The Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. (Deel)projectnummer: ND072201, 7 maart 2008 [In Dutch] Accessed at: http://www.vwa.nl/cdlpub/servlet/CDLServlet?p_file_id=31625

FCPSA. 2008b. Weekmakers in speelgoed- en kinderverzorgingartikelen. The Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. October 2008 [In Dutch] Accessed at: http://www.vwa.nl/cdlpub/servlet/CDLServlet?p_file_id=31627

Genovique, 2009. Personal communication. 2009.
Genovique, 2009b. Product information on Benzoflex 2088 and 9-88 accessed August 2009 at http://www.genovique.com/cms.aspx?TabID=29

Hoffmann, L. 1996. Massestrømsanalyse for phthalater [Substance flow analyis of phthalates]. Environmental Project 320. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.

Karbæk, K. 2003. Evaluation of plasticisers for PVC for medical devices. Environmental Projekt Nr. 744. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen

Krauskopf, L.G. and A. Goodwin. Plasticisers. In; C.E. Wilkes, C. A. Daniels and J.W. Summers. PVC Handbook. Hanser Gardener Publ. Cincinnati.

Laxness, 2009. Personal communication. 2009.

Laxness, 2009b. Product data sheet on Mesamoll from Lanxess.

Melitek, 2006. Environmental Product Declaration, Meliflex. Received from Melitek, 2009.

Melitek, 2009. Personal communication.

MPW, 2008. Phthalates controversy shows no sign of slowing. By John Clark. November 14th, 2008, accessed at http://mpw.plasticstoday.com/node/15774:

Nilsson, N.H., J. Lorenzen and O.C. Hansen. 2002. Substitution af phthalatblødgjort PVC-vandmadras hos Akva Waterbeds [Substitution of phthalate softened PVC water mattress by Akva Waterbeds]. Environmental Projekt Nr. 739 2002. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen. (In Danish)

Nordic Eco-labelling, 2007. About Swan labelling of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) and Intravenous (IV) sets - Draft for review 14 March 2007 - Background to ecolabelling.

Pedersen, L.B., 1999. Plast og Miljø (Plastic and environment; in Danish), Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1999. As cited in (Nordic Eco-labelling, 2007).

Postle, M., C. Corden, M. van den Berg and T. Sanderson. 2000. The availability of substitutes for soft PVC containing phthalates in certain toys and childcare articles. RPA and Ritox for the European Commission.

SCENIHR. 2008. Opinion on the safety of medical devices containing DEHP-plasticized PVC or other plasticiser s on neonates and other groups possibly at risk. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). European Commission, Brussels.

Sears J.K. and Darby J.R., 1982. The technology of plasticizers. Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.

SPIN. 2008. Substances in Preparations in Nordic Countries. Database based on data from the Product Registries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. At: http://195.215.251.229/DotNetNuke/default.aspx

Stripple, H. R. Westman and D. Holm.2008. Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care - an environmental evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2008;16: 1764 - 1776

Stuer-Lauridsen, F., S. Mikkelsen, S. Havelund, M. Birkved and L.P. Hansen. Environmental and health assessment of alternatives to phthalates and to flexible PVC. Environmental Project No. 590. 2001. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.

TURI. 2006. Five chemicals study. Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), University of Massachusetts Lowell, for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Chapter on alternatives to DEHP available at: http://www.turi.org/library/turi_publications/five_chemicals_study/
final_report/chapter_7_dehp
#7.3

Vertellus, 2009. Personal communication. 2009.

Vertellus, 2009b. Morflex Tech Bulletin 101, received from Vertellus, 2009)

Wilson, 1995. Plasticisers - Principles and practices. The Institute of Materials, London, 1995. Citing BP Chemicals.

 



Version 1.0 November 2010, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency