| Forside | | Indhold | | Forrige | | Næste |

Vurdering af MTBE og alternative additiver - erfaringer, miljøvurdering og forsyningssikkerhed

7 Referencer

- Ahmed, F.E. (2001): Toxicology and human health effects following exposure to oxygenated or reformulated gasoline. Review. Toxicology Letters, Vol.123, pp. 89-113.

- Air Resources Board, ARB (1995): Emissions from Vehicles Using Low-Oxygenate Gasoline Blends, Research Notes, No. 95-28, California Environmental Protection Agency.

- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (2004): Cleaner fuels make cleaner cars, http://www.autoalliance.org

- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (2004): What really affects fuel economy? The Facts on Consumers and Fuel Economy.

- American Petroleum Institute (2001): U.S. Refining Industry: A System stretched to the Limit, http://api-ep.api.org

- Barker, J. (1995): MTBE: A Gasoline Additive Caught in an Environmental Debate.

- Baumann, B. (1999): With the Possible Phase Out of MTBE, What Do We Know About Ethanol? LUSTLine Bulletin 32.

- Berg, C. (2001): World Ethanol Production 2001. Review from World Ethanol markets, Analysis and Outlook

- Berndt, A. & Mundell, J.A. (2001): Investigation and Remediation of a Three –Dimensional MTBE Plume in Groundwater. Presentation from the Annual International Conference on Soil, Sediments and Water 2001, University of Massachusetts.

- Bjùsell, M. (2004): Naturvårdsverket, Sverige. Personlig kommunikation.

- Browaeys, J. (2004): Personlig kommunikation.

- Buscheck, T.E., O’Reilly, K.T., Koschal, G. & O’Regan, G. (2001): Ethanol in Groundwater at a Pacific Northwest Terminal. In Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Conference. National Ground Water Association / API. Houston, T.X.–November 14 –16, pp. 55-66.

- California Energy Commission (2004): Quarterly Report Concerning MTBE Use in California Gasoline, October 1 through December 31 2003. P300-03-00144. February 2004.

- California EPA (1999): Air Quality Impacts of the Use of Ethanol in California Reformulated Gasoline. Final Report to the California Environmental Policy Council. Health and Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate. Volume 3. UCRL-AR-135949.

- Caprino, L. & Togna, G.I. (1997): Potential health Effects of Gasoline and Its Constituents: A Review of Current Literature (1990 – 1997) on Toxicological Data. Environmental Health perspectives, Vol. 106, pp. 115-125.

- Clark, J.J.J. (2003): Tert-Butyl Alcohol: Chemical Properties, Production and Use, Fate and Transport, Toxicology, and Detection in Groundwater and Regulatory Standards. In Oxygenates in Gasoline Environmental Aspects. Edited by Diaz A.F and Drogos D.L. ACS Symposium Series 799. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.

- Crowley J.P.E. & Tulloch C. (2000). Evaluation of MTBE occurrence at fuel leak sites with operating USTs. Presentation at Groundwater Resources Association 12 – 13 July 2000. Santa Clara Valley water district.

- Dakhel, N., Pasteris, G., Werner, D. & Hùhener, P. (2003): Small-Volume Releases of Gasoline in the Vadose Zone: Impact of the Additives MTBE and Ethanol on Groundwater Quality. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 37, pp. 2127 – 2133.

- Davidson & Creek, 1999 Survey of current UST management and operation practices. The California MTBE Research Partnership Report NWRI-99-04.

- Davidson, J.M. (2001): Key Environmental Cleanup Considerations for ethanol and Alkylates. Presentation. Alpine Environmental , Inc. Fort Collins, Co.

- Davidson, J.M. (2001): Key Environmental Considerations for Ethanol and Alkylates, Workshop on Ethanol & Alkylates in Fuels, April 10, 2001.

- Dee, R.A., Stocking, A., Flores, A. & Kavanaugh, M. C. (2002): Overview of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether Remediation and Treatment Strategies. In Oxygenates in Gasoline Environmental Aspects. Edited by Diaz A.F and Drogos D.L. ACS Symposium Series 799. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.

- DOE (2004): International Energy Data, http://www.eia.doe.gov

- Downstream Alternatives, Inc. (1999): The Use of Ethanol in California Clean Burning Gasoline. Ethanol Supply/Demand and Logistics. Report for The Renewable Fuels Association.

- Drogos, D.L. & Diaz, A.F. (2002): Physical Properties of Fuel Oxygenates and Additives. Appendix A. in Oxygenates in Gasoline Environmental Aspects. ACS Symposium Series 799. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.

- Duncan Seddone & Associates PTY Ltd. (2000): Octane Enhancing Petrol Additives/Products. Literature review and analysis. Report for Environment Australia. Victoria, Australia.

- Ellis, P. (2000): A Circle Vicious. What Do We Know About the Other Oxygenates? LUSTLine Bulletin 37.

- Energy Information Administration (2002): Impact of Renewable Fuels Standard/MTBE provisions of S. 1766, Department of Energy, EIA, SR/OIAF/2002-06.

- Energy Security Analysis (2003): Implications of a Connecticut and New York MTBE Ban. Prepared for The National Taxpayers Union Foundation.

- Environment Australia (2000): Octane Enhancing Petrol Additive Products. Literature Review and Analysis, Duncan Seddon & Associates PTY LTD, Victoria.

- Environment Canada (2004): Clean Air and Vehicles, Engines and Fuels.

- Environment Canada (2004): Taking Action on Vehicles, Engines and Fuels to Clean the Air and Protect Human Health.

- Environment Canada (2004): Transportation

- Environment Canada (2004): Vehicles and Fuels

- Environmental Literacy Council (2004): MTBE, http://www.enviroliteracy.org

- EU (1998): Information om Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets direktiv 98/70/EF af 13. oktober 1998 om kvaliteten af benzin og dieselolie og som ændret ved Rådets direktiv 93/12/EØF (De Europæiske Fællesskabers Tidende L350 af 28.12.1998). Vigtige juridiske meddelelser. http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/da.htm

- EU kommissionen (2000): Gennemgang af Auto-Oil II-programmet. meddelelse fra Kommissionen. KOM(2000) 626.

- EU kommissionen (2001): Anbefaling fra den Europæiske Komission af 07.11.2001 vedr. risikovurdering og risikobegrænsningsstrategier for stofferne: acrylaldehyd, dimehtylsulfat, nonylphenol, og tert-butylmethylether.

- EU kommissionen (2003a): Direktiv om fremme af anvendelsen af biobrændstoffer og andre fornyelige brændstoffer til transport. Europa-parlamentets og Rådets direktiv af 8. maj 2003.

- EU kommissionen (2003b): Quality of petrol and diesel fuels, SCADPlus, http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/evb/128077.htm

- EU kommissionen (2004): Transport and CO2, SCADPlus, http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/evb/128049.htm

- European Chemicals Bureau (2002): Risk Assessment Report; tert-butyl methyl ether, 3rd Priority List, Volume 19, 2002.

- European Fuel Oxygenate Association (2002): MTBE Resource Guide. Revised version no.2, October 2002.

- Fernandez, L. & Keller, A.A. (2000): Cost-benefit analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and alternative gasoline formulations, Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 3, pp. 173-188.

- Franklin, P.M., Koshland, C.P., Lucas, D. & Sawyer, R.F. (2000): Clearing the Air: Using Scientific Information to Regulate Reformulated Fuels. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 3857-3863.

- Freedonia (2002): Gasoline & Other Fuel Additives, Study # 1538.

- Gebhardt, K.H. (2002): Neues aus der Tankstellensanierung, MTBE Problematik und Lùsungssätze. Vortrag auf dem Symposium Boden und Altlasten, März 2002. Deutsche Shell AG Düsseldorf.

- Graboski, M.S. (2003): An Analysis of Alternatives for Unleaded Petrol Additives for South Africa.

- Happel, A.M.; Beckenbach, E.H. & Halden, R.U. (1998): An Evaluation of MTBE Impacts to California Groundwater Resources, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of California State Water Resources Control Board. UCRL-AR-130897.

- Health Effects Institute (1996): The Potential Health effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline. A Review of the Current Literature. http://www.healtheffects.org/Pubs/oxysum.htm

- Hoffman, J. (2001): Ethanol and MTBE Continue to Battle, Chemical Market Reporter, March 26, 2001, http:// www.findarticles.com

- Homepage of Energy Information Administration: MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline. http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/special/mtbe.html

- Hubbard, C.E., Barker, J.F., O’Hannesin, S.F., Vandegriendt, M. & Gellham R.W. (1994): Transport and fate of dissolved methanol, methyl-tertiary butyl ether, and mono-aromatic hydrocarbons in a shallow sand aquifer. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

- Infopower (2003): Bioetanol Galicia Plant. Infopower no. 51, http://www.infopower.es

- Johnson, R.; Pankow, J.; Bender, D.; Price, C. & Zogorski, J. (2000): MTBE – To What Extent Will Past Releases Contaminate Community Water Supply Wells? Environmental, Science & Technology, May 1, 2000.

- KOMEX (2002): MTBE Contamination: How Much Will it Cost to Cleanup?

- Lahvis, M. A. & Rehmann L.C. (2000): Simulation of Transport of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) to Groundwater from Small-Volume Releases of Gasoline in the Vadose Zone. American Petroleum Institute API Soil & Groundwater Research Bulletin No. 10

- Lahvis, M. A. (2003): Evaluation of Small-Volume Releases of Ethanol Blended Gasoline at UST Sites. American Petroleum Institute Soil and Groundwater Research Bulletin, No. 10 American Petroleum Institute, Washington D.C. 8 p.

- Lahvis, M.A.(2003): Evaluation of Small-Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (2003): Motor Vehicle Emission Control: Past, Present, and Future. MECA Clean Air Facts.

- Linder, S.C. (2000): Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA). MTBE may not be the only gasoline oxygenate you should be worrying about. LUSTLine Bulletin, No. 34. American Petroleum Institute, Washington D.C. 3 p.

- Lindstedt, J. (1999): Utveckling av drivmeddelsalkoholer, Kretslopp/Bioenergi, no. 5.

- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (2003): Motor Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality in the US. MECA Clean Air Facts.

- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (2003): The Catalytic Converter: technology for Clean Air. MECA Clean Air Facts.

- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (2003): Tier 2/LEV II Emission Control Technologies for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles.

- Marchetti, A. A., Daniels, J.I. & Layton D.W. (1999): Environmental Transport and Fate of Fuel Hydrocarbon Alkylates. In Volume 4: Potential Ground and Surface Water Impact. UCRL-AR 135949 Vol. 4 Ch. 6. University of California, Livermore, CA 94550.

- McDowell C.J.and Powers S.E (2003). Mechanisms Affecting the Infiltration and Distribution of Ethanol-Blended Gasoline in the Vadose Zone. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 1803 – 1810.

- McGarry, F.J. & Dee, P.E. (2002): Prevalence of Oxygenates in Fuel and at LUST Sites, State by State. Presentation at ASTSWMO 2002 State Symposium on Fuel Oxygenates.

- Miljø- og Energiministeriet (2003): Bekendtgørelse nr. 884 af 03/11/2003 om kvaliteten af benzin, dieselolie og gasolie til brug i motorkøretøjer m.v.

- Miljø- og Energiministeriet (2001): Bekendtgørelse nr. 555 af 9. juni 2001 om forebyggelse af jord- og grundvandsforurening fra benzin- og dieselsalgsanlæg

- Miljø- og Energiministeriet (2000): Miljø- og energiministerens besvarelse af spørgsmål nr. 700 – 709 (alm. del – bilag 1582) stillet af Folketingets Miljø- og Planlægningsudvalg, den 25. august 2000. J.nr. M. 2034 – 0239.

- Miljø- og Energiministeriet (1998): Miljø- og energiministerens besvarelse af spørgsmål nr. 1 (alm. del – bilag 29) stillet af Folketingets Miljø- og Planlægningsudvalg, den 15. juni 1998. J.nr. M 4034 – 0146.

- Miljøstyrelsen (2004): Undersøgelsesprogram for grundvandsforurening ved benzinstationer, under færdiggørelse.

- Miljøstyrelsen (2001): Opdatering af rapporten ”Afværgeteknikker for MTBE forurenet grundvand” Miljøprojekt nr. 614, Teknologiudviklingsprojekt for jord- og grundvandsforurening, Miljøstyrelsen , Miljø- og Energiministeriet.

- Miljøstyrelsen (1999): Afværgeteknikker for MTBE forurenet grundvand Miljøprojekt nr. 483, Teknologiudviklingsprojekt for jord- og grundvandsforurening, Miljøstyrelsen , Miljø- og Energiministeriet.

- Miljøstyrelsen (1998): Handlingsplan for MTBE.

- Ministry of the Environment Finnland, MEF (2001a): Risk Assessment of Tert-butyl methyl ether, EINECS-No.: 216-653-1, carried out in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 on the evaluation and control of the risk of existing substances.

- Molson, J.W., Barker, J.F. & Frind, E.O. (2002): modeling the impact of ethanol on the persistence of benzene in gasoline-contaminated groundwater. Water Resources Research, vol. 38 no. 1 1003.

- National Corn Growers Association, NCGA (2003): Ethanol, America’s Clean Renewable Fuel, http://www.ncga.com

- NESCAUM (1999a): Air Quality, Fuel Supply and Cost Impacts of MTBE and its Alternatives. Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management.

- NESCAUM (1999b): An Assessment of Options for Reducing MTBE in Reformulated Gasoline. Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management.

- New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission (2003): Summary Report on a Survey of State Experiences with MTBE and other oxygenate Contamination at LUST Sites. (NEIWPCC). Massachusetts.

- Oliebranchens Fællesrepræsentation (2003): Redegørelse til Miljøstyrelsen for muligheder for at producere benzin fra 2005 med og uden MTBE.

- Oxy-Fuel News (2003): Fuel Ethanol Terminal Market Price, www.worldfuels.com.

- Piel, W.J. (2000): Environmental Impacts for RFG without MTBE or Oxygenates, TEIR Associates, Inc.

- Potter, F.L. & Argyropoulos, P.N. (2001): ETBE and Ethanol as Fuel Quality Tools, presented at Hart World Fuel Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 21, 2001.

- Powers, S. & Rice, D. (2000): The Subsurface Fate of Ethanol. A Look at the Emerging Oxygenate Alternative to MTBE. LUSTLine Bulletin 36.

- Powers, S.E., Hunt, C.S., Heermann, S.E., Corseuil, H.X., Rice, D. & Alvarez, P.J.J. (2001b): The Transport and Fate of Ethanol and BTEX in Groundwater Contaminated by Gasohol. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 31(1): 79-123.

- Powers, S.E., Rice, D., Dooher, B. & Alvarez, P.J.J. (2001a): Will Ethanol-Blended Gasoline Affect Groundwater Quality? Environmental Science & Technology, vol.  24 – 30.

- Renewable Energy for Europe (2001): 176,000 t/y of bio-ethanol production for ETBE in Spain, http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/en/renewable

- Rice, D. & Cannon, G., eds. (1999): Health and Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate. Report to the California Environmental Policy Council in Response to executive Order D-5-99, Volume 1, Executive Summary, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, UCRL-AR-135949, Vol.1.

- Riuz-Aguilar, G.M.L., O’Reilly, K.T. & Alvarez, P.J.J. (2003): A comparison of benzene and toluene plume lengths for sites contaminated with regular vs. ethanol-amended gasoline. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 48-53.

- Schmidt, T.C., Schirmer, M, Wiess, H. & Haderlein, S.B. (2004): Microbial degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl alcohol in the subsurface. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. In press.

- Schmidt, T.S., Morgenroth, E., Schirmer, M., Effenberger, M. & Haderlein, S.B. (2000): Use and Occurrence of Fuel Oxygenates in Europe.

- Schremp, G. (2003): California’s Phaseout of MTBE – Background and Current Status. California Energy Commission, UC TSR & TP Advisory Committee Spring Meeting, March 2003.

- Schremp, G. (2001): California Issues – Expanded Use of Ethanol and Alkylates. LLNL Workshop, Oakland, California, April 10 – 11, 2001.

- Schremp, G. (1999): Staff Findings: Timetable for Phaseout of MTBE from California’s Gasoline Supply, California Energy Commission, June 18, 1999.

- Shell Oil (2000): RU 2000 Regular Unleaded Gasoline Automotive, http://hazard.com

- Shih, T, Rong, Y., Harmon, T. & Suffet M. (2004): Evaluation of the Impact of Fuel Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates on Groundwater Resources. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 38 pp. 42-48.

- Simeroth, D. (2001): Implementation of California Phase 3 Reformulated Gasoline. Workshop on Ethanol & Alkylates in Fuels, April 10, 2001.

- Smith et al. 2002

- Specialty Equipment Market Association, SEMA (1995/2004): Facts About Cleaner-burning Gasoline, http://www.sema.org

- State Water Resources Control Board, SWRCB (1999): Report of the State Water Resources Control Board’s advisory panel on the leak History of new and upgraded UST systems. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/cwphome/ust/leak_prevention/ advisory_panel/reports/advisory.pdf

- Statens Naturvårdsverk (2004): 95 oktanig bensin med tillsats av etanol.

- Stephenson J. (2001): Environmental protection. MTBE Contamination from underground Storage tanks. Testimony before the subcommittee on environment and hazardous materials, committee on energy and commerce, House of Representatives. GAO-02-753T.

- Stephenson, J. (2002): MTBE Contamination From Underground Storage Tanks, testimony before the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, United States General Accounting Office.

- Sur, Brackermann & Pahlke (2003): Umweltrelevanz des Stoffes Methyltertiärbutylether (MTBE) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Gewässerschutzes, Umweltbindesamt, Berlin.

- Svensk fùrfattningssamling (2001): Lag om motorfordons avgasrening och motorbränslen; utfärdad den 6. december 2001. SFS 2001:1080.

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004): Världens råoljereserver, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):95 oktanig bensin med tillsats av etanol, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Alkylatbensin, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Bensin, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Egenskapskrav fùr miljùklassad bensin, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Energiinnehåll, densitet och koldioxidemission, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004): Leveransvolymer, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Nordiska raffinaderiindustrin, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Råoljeexport, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Råoljeprisutveckling, http://www.spi.org

- Swedish Petroleum Institute (2004):Råoljeproduktion, http://www.spi.org

- Sønderjysk Landboforening (2003): Gylle & Halm som erhvervsudviklingsprodukt.

- Tamm, E. (2004): Personlig kommunikation, Swedish Petroleum Institute.

- T.W. Brown Oil Co., Inc. (2004): Material Safety Data Sheet for Gasoline, http://www.brownoil.com/msdsgasoline.htm

- The Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline

- Tulloch C.A., Crowley J.P.E., Hemmeter T. (2000) An evaluation of MTBE occurrence at fuel leak sites with operation gasoline USTS. Report. Santa Clara Valley Water District.

- Ulrich G. (1999). Fate and transport of Ethanol-blended Gasoline in the Environment. A literature review and transport modeling. Submitted by Governors’ Ethanol Coalition, P.O. Box 95085 Lincoln, Nebraska 68509.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2002): Impact of Renewable Fuels Standard/MTBE Provisions of S. 1766, SR/OIAF/2002-06.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2003): Environmental Issues and World Energy Use, International Energy Outlook.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2004): Explanatory Notes, Appendix B, Petroleum Supply Monthly.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2004): Monthly Oxygenate Telephone Report, EIA-819M, Petroleum Supply Monthly.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2004): Types of Gasoline Available in the United States.

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration (2004): World Survey of Recent Selected petroleum Product Prices (Including Taxes)

- US DOE, Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas (2003): Preparations for Meeting New York and Connecticut MTBE Bans.

- US EPA (2000): Summary of Workshop on Biodegradation of MTBE Workshop Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and American Petroleum Institute. EPA/625/R-01/001A.

- US EPA, Air and Radiation, Office of Transport and Air Quality (2000): Control of MTBE in Gasoline.

- US General Accounting Office (2001): Environmental Protection. Improved inspections and enforcement would better ensure the safety of underground storage tanks. Unites States General Accounting Office (GAO-01-464) Report to Congressional Requesters.

- Vainiotalo, S.; Peltonen, Y.; Ruonakangas, A. & Pfäffli, P. (1999): Customer Exposure to MTBE, TAME, C6 Alkyl Methyl Ethers, and Benzene during Gasoline Refueling, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 107, no. 2, http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov

- White, H. (2002). The Eleven Myths about MTBE, Wander Lust, LUSTLine Bulletin 42, October 2002.

- Whitten, G. (1999?): Air Quality Impacts of Ethanol in California Gasoline, http://ethanolrfa.org

- WHO (1998): Environmental Health Criteria 206, Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether.

- Young, T.M. (2002) Underground Storage Tank System Field-Based Research Project Report. State Water Resources Control Board. www.swrcb.ca.gov/cwphome/ust/leak_prevention/ fbr/docs/FBR_Final_Report.pdf

- Ùstermark, U. (1996): Alkylate Petrol, Environmental Aspects of Volatile Hydrocarbon Emissions, PhD dissertation from Chalmers University, School of Chemical Engineering

- Franklin, P.M., Koshland, C.P., Lucas. D. & Sawyer, R.F. (2000), Env. Science % Technology, Vol. 34, No. 18, pp. 3857 – 3863.

 

| Forside | | Indhold | | Forrige | | Næste | | Top |



Version 1.0 Juni 2006, © Miljøstyrelsen.