Miljøprojekt nr. 1186 – Trinopdelt forgasning af imprægneret affaldstræ – Bilag 1: Referencer fra litteraturstudiet

Trinopdelt forgasning af imprægneret affaldstræ

Bilag 1: Referencer fra litteraturstudiet

Litteratur fundet gennem personlig kontaktkreds

[1]
Release of metals during the pyrolysis of preservative impregnated wood Pyrolysis of CCA treated wood
L. Helsen and E. van den Bulck
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

[2]

Determination and Characterization of Copper, Chromium and Arsenic in CCA treated Wood and its Pyrolysis Residues by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Kristel Van den Broeck and Carlo Vandecasteele

Department of Chemical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, de Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

Lieve Helsen and Eric Van den Bulck

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300A, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

[3]

Low-temperature pyrolysis of cca treated wood waste: chemical determination and statistical

analysis of metal in- and output; mass balances

L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300A, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

K. Van den Broeck and C. Vandecasteele

Department of Chemical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, de Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

Published in Waste Management, Vol 17, No 1, pp.79-86, 1997

[4]

The Microdistribution of Copper, Kromium and Arsenic in CCA Treated Wood and Its Pyrolysis Residue Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis in Scanning Electron Microscopy

By L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck

Division Applied Mechanics and Energy Conversion, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Published in Holzforschung Vol. 52 Issue 6, Pages 563-676, 1998

[5]

Total recycling of cca treated wood waste by lowtemperature pyrolysis

L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Belgium

J. S. Hery

Beaumartin S.A., Chemin de Lestonnat, France.

Published in Waste Management Vol.18 pp571-578, 1998

[6]

Low-temperature pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood: thermogravimetric analysis

L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Belgium

S. Mullens and J. Mullens, Laboratory of inorganic and physical chemistry, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Belgium

[7]

Metal Behavior during the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Kromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood Waste

Lieve helsen and Eric van den Bulck

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

[8]

Kinetics of low-temperature pyrolysis of CCA-treted wood

Lieve helsen and Eric van den Bulck

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

[9]

Low-temperature pyrolysis as a possible technique for the disposal of CCA treated wood waste: metal behaviour

L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Belgium

[10]

Disposal of CCA-treated Wood: An Evaluation of Existing and Alternative Management Options

Helena Solo-Gabriele, Vandin Calitu, Monika Kormienko

University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida

Timothy Townsend, Brian Messick

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Final draft, November 18, 1999

[11]

Generation, Use, Disposal, and Management Options for CCA-Treated Wood

Helena Solo-Gabriele, Jennifer Penha, Vandin Catilu

University of Miami

Timothy Townsend, Thabet Tolaymat

University of Florida

Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

May 1998

[12]

Thermal Disposal of CCA Treated Wood

Alex E. S. Green, University of Florida

Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

June 2000, Report #00-07

[13]

Regulatory concerns with CCA treated wood

Satish Kastury

Department of Environmental Protection, Florida

[14]

Florida CCA Regulatory Issues

Bill Hinkley, Chief, Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste

Satish Kastury, Administrator, Hazardous Waste Regulation Section

Richard Tedder, Administrator, Solid Waste Management Section

Department of Environmental Protection, Florida

Powerpoint presentation

[15]

Material safety data sheet for CCA pressure treated wood

Wood Treaters, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida

12/98

Litteratur fundet gennem NERAC søgning

Ref 6. Recycling of impregnated wood and impregnating agents - combustion plant technology; Kyllaestetyn puutavaran ja kyllaestysaineiden kierraetys - polttolaitostekniikka

EDB 02-13 20254240 NDN- 108-0704-4667-6

Syrjaenen, T.; Kangas, E.Kestopuu Oy, Helsinki (Finland)

JOURNAL NAME- Annual seminar on waste to energy technology programme 2000, Helsinki (Finland), 23 May 2000 ; Published only as an abstract; In: Waste to Energy Technology Programme, Yearbook 2000,216 pages.

2000-07-01

DOCUMENT TYPE- CONFERENCE

CORPORATE AUTHOR- VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland). Energy Systems

CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER- TRN: FI0203206

REPORT NUMBER(S)- NEI-FI--393

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- Finland

LANGUAGE- Finnish

It has been estimated that in the 20th century it is possible to recycle about 70 000 msup 3 of impregnated wood, corresponding to about 48 of the total amount of annually demolished impregnated wood. The amount is estimated to grow up to 130 000 msup 3 in 2015 (about 65 of demolished impregnated wood). In the beginning half of the recyclable impregnated wood is poles, but the share of sawn timber will increase as the time goes by. The poles and pieces of them are demolished and transported to an intermediate storage e.g. on the yard of an electricity supply company, from which they can be fetched in larger quantities. Even wood impregnation plant can act as intermediate storage sites. Collection points for impregnated construction timber can be established on timer sales companies, but most of it will be collected at waste processing sites. The economy of impregnated wood recycling chain depends on the sales income of generated energy. Calculations show that collection, transportation and processing costs can be covered with the sales of impregnated wood for energy generation and with recycling fees. The recycling fee for sawn timber would be 20 FIM/msup 3 and that for poles 64 FIM/msup 3. In 2001 recycling fees were set for impregnated wood, the fees being 11 FIM/msup 3 for sawn timber and 42 FIM/msup 3 for poles. Collected impregnated wood can be crushed with either fixed or movable crushers used for crushing of waste wood. The impurities of wood (bolts, nails, stones, etc.), large dimensions of wood, in- homogenous material and dust require special features for the crushing equipment. Crushing device can be equipped with feeding crane and saw for processing of large-dimension wood, and metal detectors and magnetic separators if needed, but the large metal scrap has to be removed before crushing. At present in Finland there is not a combustion plant capable for combustion of impregnated wood without any modification. Improvements of flue gas purification systems cause extra investments. The emissions limits for combustion of impregnated wood are given in EU's Waste Incineration Directive. The amount of collected impregnated wood is sufficient for a 25 MW plant. Solid fuels fired gasification , grate firing and fluidized bed boilers suit best fir combustion of impregnated wood waste, gasification and fluidized beds being the best, because of the efficient combustion and low ash formation. Flue gas purification system is essential for incineration of impregnated wood. Kromium and copper , released in combustion, remain mainly in ash , but 60-90 of arsenic migrates in flue gases as small particles. By combining different technologies it is possible to obtain better recovery of impurities. One of the best methods is based on spraying of fluid in pre-cooling system into flue gases in order to cool the gases rapidly and to stop the reactions in the flue gases. After this the flue gases are pre-cleaned and cooled in a venturi scrubber. Fiber filters are recommended for dedusting of the flue gases. The formed ashes are recycled in Outokumpu Harjavalta metals copper smelter as raw material, which requires that the sintered material content of ash is low. The condensing waters of flue gas scrubbing can be used for preparation of copper/kromium/arsenic ( CCA ) concentrate.

DESCRIPTOR(S)- * WOOD ; *IMPREGNATION; *PRESERVATIVES; *RECYCLING; *COMBUSTION; *FLUIDIZED BEDS; *PACKED BEDS; *FLUE GAS; * ASHES ; *AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT; *WASTE PRODUCT UTILIZATION

SECTION HEADING CODE- 09; 32

SECTION HEADING- BIOMASS FUELS; ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION

Ref 7. Utilisation of wood waste and REF with a new fixed-bed gasification method.; Puujaetteiden ja REF-polttoaineiden hyoedyntaeminen uuden kiinteaekerroskaasutusmenetelmaen avulla

EDB 02-13 20254247 NDN- 108-0704-3192-2

Kurkela, E.; Staahlberg, P.VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland)

JOURNAL NAME- Annual seminar on waste to energy technology programme 2000, Helsinki (Finland), 23 May 2000 ; In: Waste to Energy Technology Programme, Yearbook 2000,216 pages.

2000-07-01

DOCUMENT TYPE- CONFERENCE

CORPORATE AUTHOR- VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland). Energy Systems

CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER- TRN: FI0203199

REPORT NUMBER(S)- NEI-FI--393

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- Finland

LANGUAGE- Finnish

Energy use of wood waste from wood-processing industries and of recovered fuels (REF) applying novel fixed-bed gasification technology in the size class of 3 - 15 MW will be developed. Data on the suitability of various fuels and mixtures for NOVEL gasifiers, on the capacity of the gasifier, on impurities in product gas, and on gas cleaning technology will be created for investment plans of enterprises participating in the project. The tests of development work will be carried out in a 400 kW pilot plant of VTT Energy with the following fuels: plywood waste, demolition wood, REF3, sludge/peat/wood mixtures and moist bark. The aim is a) to assess the suitability of various wood wastes and mixtures for gasification , b) to study the suitability of the Novel gasification method for REF3 and sludge/wood/ peat mixtures, c) to determine the impurity contents in the product gas (i.a., particulates, alkali/heavy metals, chlorine, tars, nitrogen compounds) during gasification cycles of different fuels, and d) to design and price a cleaning concept that meets the emission standards of waste incineration. The final target is the technical readiness for demonstration projects. The research project comprises three main tasks: 1. Experiments with wood wastes and a reference run with peat: Two-three pilot test runs will be carried out with wood wastes from participating enterprises, i.a., waste wood from plywood and furniture industries, and moist bark. The plywood waste contains sodium-rich resin, which has caused sintering and deposit problems in fluidized-bed and grate boilers. It is neither possible to use bark or light wood wastes from carpentry and furniture industries in conventional updraft gasifiers. A reference test run with sod peat as fuel will also be carried out to compare the results of Novel gasification with experiences obtained at the existing Bioneer gasification plants. 2. Experiments with REF and with sludge/peat mixture: Two-three pilot test runs with REF and sludge/peat mixtures will be carried out. A particular aim is to define conditions for REF3 gasification . The tests will be started by runs with REF3 and wood or peat mixtures, in which the proportion of REF will be increased. Should no insurmountable problems occur in these tests, the test runs will be continued with plain REF. 3. Assessment of gas cleaning need and of the overall concept: Alternative gas cleaning methods needed for various fuels and applications will be assessed and the concepts chosen will be designed. The efficiency of gas filtration and of removing different impurities will be assessed by taking particulate samples under various operation conditions. The need of gas cleaning will be assessed based on boiler fouling on one hand, and on requirements set by emission standards (and the future directive) on the other hand. Characteristics of solid wastes (bottom and fly ash ) will also be determined with regard to the assessment of final use and its costs. On the basis of the results, the overall economy of waste incineration methods based on the Novel process will be assessed, considering measuring commitments and ash after use. Techno-economic calculations related to demonstration projects of various partners will also be performed. The 400 kW pilot plant used in the research work is located at VTT in Espoo. The co-operating partners will deliver their fuels for test runs, set targets for the technology applied and participate in planning test runs and in assessing results. Hence, it should be possible to come quickly to a common understanding about the suitability of the technology for the demonstration object concerned.

DESCRIPTOR(S)- *BIOMASS; * WOOD WASTES; *REFUSE DERIVED FUELS; *PACKED BEDS; * GASIFICATION ; *WASTE PRODUCT UTILIZATION; *HOT GAS CLEANUP

SECTION HEADING CODE- 09; 20

SECTION HEADING- BIOMASS FUELS; FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS

Ref 9. Behaviour of heavy metals during the thermal conversion of sawdust in entrained flows

EDB 01-11 01:050058 20103637 NDN- 108-0692-8206-0

Reimert, R.; Klensch, S., (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Engler-Bunte-Institut Bereich 1 - Gas, Erdoel und Kohle)

2000

PP. 273-280

371 page(s)

DOCUMENT TYPE- I-Type Analytic

MONOGRAPH TITLE- DGMK conference 'Energetic utilisation and recycling of waste and biomass'. Authors' manuscripts

ISSN- 1433-9013

ISBN- 3-931850-65-X

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Engler-Bunte-Institut Bereich 1 - Gas, Erdoel und Kohle

CORPORATE AUTHOR- Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle e.V., Hamburg (Germany)

LOCATION OF WORK- DE

LITERARY INDICATOR(S)- Conference; Numerical Data

REPORT NUMBER(S)- DGMK--2000-1

SUBFILE CODE- DE

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- DE

CONFERENCE DATE- 10 - 12 Apr 2000

CONFERENCE TITLE- Velen IV: 4. meeting of DGMK-Fachbereich Kohleveredelung on energetic and material utilization of waste and biomass

CONFERENCE LOCATION- Velen (Germany)

ANNOUNCEMENT CODE- EDB; ETD

Document Order Number- DE20103537

INCOMING TAPE SERIAL NUMBER- DE00GD260

ANNOUNCEMENT IDENTIFICATION- EDB-01:050058

ORIGINAL CONFERENCE TITLE- Velen IV: 4. Fachtagung des DGMK-Fachbereichs Kohleveredelung ueber energetische und stoffliche Nutzung von Abfaellen und Biomassen

LANGUAGE- German

The behaviour of heavy metals during the thermal utilisation of sawdust was studied experimentally in a pilot-scale experimental plant at the Engler-Bunte Institute. The experiments served to determine the influence of reactor temperature (1050 -1300 C), dedusting temperature, and the nature of the gas atmosphere (reductive/oxidative) on the distribution of heavy metals contained in the sawdust over the product fractions slag, flue ash , and product gas. A calculation model was used to calculate the theoretical heavy metal concentrations in flue ash as a function of reactor temperature, dedusting temperature and gas atmosphere.

DESCRIPTOR(S)- BIOMASS; WOOD FUELS; TEST FACILITIES; PRENFLO PROCESS; FLY ASH ; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; SLAGS; PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS; METALS; POLLUTANTS; COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; EXPERIMENTAL DATA IDENTIFIER(S)- RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES; ENERGY SOURCES; FUELS; COAL GASIFICATION ; AEROSOL WASTES; ASHES ; ELEMENTS; SIMULATION; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; NUMERICAL DATA; GASIFICATION ; WASTES; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; RESIDUES; DATA; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; INFORMATION

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- S09;S5

Ref 27. Ash formation, transformations and deposition during fluidized bed combustion and gasification

EDB 99-14 99:061550 99002098359 NDN- 108-0670-8624-3

Kauppinen, E.; Lind, T.; Kurkela, J.; Latva-Somppi, J.; Lyyraenen, J.; Valmari, T., (VTT Chemical Technology, Espoo (Finland). Aerosol Technology Group)

EDITOR- Hupa, M.; Matinlinna, J.

1998

PP. 639-690

1181 page(s)

DOCUMENT TYPE- Report Analytic

MONOGRAPH TITLE- LIEKKI 2 - Combustion and Gasification Research Programme. Technical Review 1993-1998

ISBN- 952-12-0271-8

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- VTT Chemical Technology, Espoo (Finland). Aerosol Technology Group

CORPORATE AUTHOR- Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland). Combustion Chemistry Research Group

LOCATION OF WORK- FI

CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER- Project TEKES-LIEKKI2-307; 314; 326; Y46

REPORT NUMBER(S)- AAA-LIEKKI--L98-3

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE(S)- LIEKKI 2 Research Programme

SUBFILE CODE- FI

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- FI

ANNOUNCEMENT CODE- EDB; ERA; ETD

Document Order Number- DE99747780

INCOMING TAPE SERIAL NUMBER- FI9903145

ANNOUNCEMENT IDENTIFICATION- FI-99:003145; EDB-99:061550

LANGUAGE- English

In this work, ash formation and transformations as well as bed agglomeration and fly ash deposition onto the heat exchanger tubes during fluidised bed combustion and gasification were studied using experimental methods and chemical equilibrium calculations. The fuels were coal and pulp and paper mill sludges as well as different wood-based waste materials. The volatilized heavy metal behaviour during pressurized combustion and gasification was studied using chemical equilibrium calculations. The classification of trace elements into four groups presented in this report matched well with the former studies. The release of ash-forming compounds during pyrolysis was studied experimentally in a heated grid reactor. Very small fractions of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, and K were released from the biomass fuels, peat, and coals during pyrolysis at 900 deg C. Bottom ash during combustion of biomass fuels was found to be formed from bed material and ash-forming compounds. Ash-forming compounds were found to adhere to the bed material by two mechanisms: (i) by deposition of the non-volatile ash compounds as particles onto the bed particle surface, and (ii) by chemical reactions of the volatile ash compounds, e.g., K and Pb, with the bed particles. The size distributions of the fly ash particles were bimodal. The fine mode particles (Dp < 1 mu m) were formed by nucleation of the volatilised refractory oxides, e.g., SiO sub 2 . The nucleated particles grew further by coagulation and condensation of the volatile ash compounds. The coarse fly ash fraction (Dp > 1 mu m) was formed from the non-volatile ash compounds, e.g., Ca and Si. The coarse mode particles were agglomerated and irregular in shape. During sludge combustion, the fly ash was mostly in the supermicron size range. This is beneficial for conventional flue gas cleaning devices that are most effective in this particle size. This is especially true for paper mill sludges, producing negligible concentrations of submicron ash particles via condensation and very low trace element enrichment in the fine ash . Comparison between bubbling and circulating fluidization during sludge combustion did not indicate significant differences in the ash-forming mechanisms. The deposition of the fly ash onto the heat exchanger tubes was studied by aerosol measurements and deposition probes. The deposition was found to depend strongly on the fly ash particle size. Deposition mechanisms on the superheater tubes were derived from the deposition probe tests and aerosol measurements. (orig.) 42 refs.

DESCRIPTOR(S)- AEROSOLS; AGGLOMERATION; ASHES ; BIOMASS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COAL; DEPOSITION; ELEMENTS; FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION; FLY ASH ; GASIFICATION ; PAPER INDUSTRY; PARTICLE SIZE; PYROLYSIS; SLUDGES; WOOD WASTES IDENTIFIER(S)- AEROSOL WASTES; ASHES ; CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; COLLOIDS; COMBUSTION; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; DECOMPOSITION; DISPERSIONS; ENERGY SOURCES; FOSSIL FUELS; FUELS; INDUSTRY; MATERIALS; OXIDATION; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES; RESIDUES; SIZE; SOLID WASTES; SOLS; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; WASTES; WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- 014000

Ref 28. Gasification reactivity and ash behaviour of biomass fuels

EDB 99-14 99:061492 99002098356 NDN- 108-0670-8566-4

Moilanen, A.; Kurkela, E., (VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland))

EDITOR- Hupa, M.; Matinlinna, J.

1998

PP. 529-562

1181 page(s)

DOCUMENT TYPE- Report Analytic

MONOGRAPH TITLE- LIEKKI 2 - Combustion and Gasification Research Programme. Technical Review 1993-1998

ISBN- 952-12-0271-8

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland)

CORPORATE AUTHOR- Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland). Combustion Chemistry Research Group

LOCATION OF WORK- FI

CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER- Project TEKES-LIEKKI2-304; 308; 319

REPORT NUMBER(S)- AAA-LIEKKI--L98-3

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE(S)- LIEKKI 2 Research Programme

SUBFILE CODE- FI

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- FI

ANNOUNCEMENT CODE- EDB; ERA; ETD

Document Order Number- DE99747780

INCOMING TAPE SERIAL NUMBER- FI9903142

ANNOUNCEMENT IDENTIFICATION- FI-99:003142; EDB-99:061492

LANGUAGE- English

Measuring data required for describing the reactivity and ash sintering behaviour of biomass-based solid fuels for atmospheric and pressurised gasification are discussed. The measurements were carried out in a pressurisable thermobalance and bench-scale fluidised bed reactors. The main variables were temperature and partial pressures of H sub 2 O and H sub 2 , and CO sub 2 and CO. The reaction rates were determined in binary gas mixtures H sub 2 O-H sub 2 , and CO sub 2 -CO as well as in product gas mixtures H sub 2 O-H sub 2 -CO sub 2 -CO. The total pressure range was 1-30 bar and the temperature range 650-950 deg C. For wood, kinetic parameters were determined using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, which takes into account the effect of the product gases on the reaction rate. The results indicated that the H sub 2 O-H sub 2 system was well in conformity with this kinetics, while the reaction rates measured for the CO sub 2 -CO system required the description of the catalytic effects of the ash-forming material. In the gasification of wood as well as of other biomasses, the behaviour of catalytically active ash components is more complex during char gasification . Experimental set-ups used for gasification reactivity measurements were compared in Aabo Akademi University and in VTT. The set-ups were pressurised thermogravimetric reactor (PTG), pressurised grid heater (PGH), pressurised bench-scale fluidised bed reactor (PFB), and pressurised entrained flow reactor (PEF). In addition, the effect of stabilising heat treatment was tested. The samples used in the study were wood, black liquor, peat, and coal. The gasification reactivity measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 700-950 deg C, and in the pressure range of 1-10 bar. The gasification agent was either CO sub 2 in N sub 2 or CO-CO sub 2 mixture in N sub 2 . In the pyrolysis carried out in different devices, mainly the same pressure and temperature were used as in the char gasification . According to the results, the heat treatment seemed to have an effect on char gasification when the gasification rate was low and pressure was high. The gasification rates of the peat chars obtained from PGH and PTG were quite similar. The peat chars produced in PEF had a surprisingly low gasification rate despite the high heating rate used as compared with that in PTG. No difference was observed when the black liquor chars produced in PGH at AaA and VTT were gasified at 700 deg C and 800 deg C in PTG. No distinct difference could be seen when coal was gasified in PFG and PTG, not even when CO was used in the gas. For wood, however, a clear difference in reactivity between PTG and PFB was observed, which was, however, independent of temperature. Ash sintering behaviour in biomass gasification was studied in the thermobalance and in the atmospheric fluidised bed reactor. Various biomasses such as straws and woody biomasses were tested. The effect of gasification variables like temperature, pressure, and gasification agent as well as reactivity on ash behaviour was characterised in the thermobalance. Test conditions were as follows: temperature range 700-850 deg C, pressure 1-30 bar, gasification agent H sub 2 O, CO sub 2 , and their mixture. The appearance of the ash residues after the gasification was examined by microscopy. Ash behaviour in fluidised bed gasification was studied in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidised bed reactor, to find the conditions under which difficult biomass could be gasified. Bed agglomeration and deposit formation in the freeboard were followed by collecting samples after one-day test runs. The test conditions were relevant to those in the fluidised bed air-gasification process. The tests were carried out with the most difficult biomass types: wheat straw, willow, and spruce. In the test series, the main gasification variables were temperature (700-850 deg C) and bed material (alumina, limestone, and dolomite). The thermobalance measurements gave results comparable to the ash behaviour in the fluidised bed reactor. The strongest ash sintering was observed for wheat straw both in the thermobalance and in the fluidised bed reactor. For willow, spruce bark, and alfalfa straw, the thermobalance tests showed that ash sintering and melting were much stronger under increased steam pressure than under 1 bar steam pressure. These ashes differed from those of wheat straw in that they contained much less silicon. Wheat straw ash was not affected by pressure. The fluidised bed tests carried out for wheat straw showed that the bedcagglomeration was influenced by the bed material. It was stronger in the alumina bed than in the limestone or dolomite bed. The agglomeration in limestone and dolomite beds was observed to be dependent on the calcination of these materials. After each test run, different amounts of ash deposit were collected from the freeboard. They consisted of fused ash particles stuck slightly to the reactor wall

DESCRIPTOR(S)- ASHES ; BIOMASS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; COAL; COMBINED-CYCLE POWER PLANTS; FLUIDIZED BED REACTORS; GASIFICATION ; MEDIUM PRESSURE; PEAT; SPENT LIQUORS; TEMPERATURE RANGE 1000-4000 K; WOOD WASTES IDENTIFIER(S)- CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; ENERGY SOURCES; FOSSIL FUELS; FUEL DISPERSION REACTORS; FUELS; HOMOGENEOUS REACTORS; INDUSTRIAL WASTES; KINETICS; LIQUID WASTES; MATERIALS; MATTER; ORGANIC MATTER; POWER PLANTS; REACTION KINETICS; REACTORS; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES; RESIDUES; SOLID WASTES; TEMPERATURE RANGE; THERMAL POWER PLANTS; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; WASTES

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- 010404

Ref 38. Ash behaviour in fluidized bed gasification and combustion: release of harmful trace elements and the behavior of alkalis

EDB 97-21 97:129646 97001852394 NDN- 108-0650-4844-5

Kauppinen, E.; Valmari, T., (VTT Chemical Technology, Espoo (Finland))

EDITOR- Hupa, M.; Matinlinna, J.; Ljung, M.

1997

PP. 529-544

484 page(s)

DOCUMENT TYPE- Report Analytic

MONOGRAPH TITLE- LIEKKI 2 - Annual Review 1997. Project reports

ISBN- 951-650-955-X

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- VTT Chemical Technology, Espoo (Finland)

CORPORATE AUTHOR- Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland). Combustion Chemistry Research Group

LOCATION OF WORK- FI

CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER- Project TEKES-LIEKKI2-314

REPORT NUMBER(S)- AAA-LIEKKI--L97-1-Pt.2

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE(S)- LIEKKI 2 Research Programme

SUBFILE CODE- FI

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- FI

ANNOUNCEMENT CODE- EDB; ERA; ETD

Document Order Number- DE98701757

CORPORATE ENTRY CODE- 9834970

INCOMING TAPE SERIAL NUMBER- FI9703571

ANNOUNCEMENT IDENTIFICATION- FI-97:003571; EDB-97:129646

LANGUAGE- Finnish

During 1996 the behaviour of alkaline metals (K and Na) during circulating fluidized bed combustion of forest residue was studied in a real-scale plant using aerosol measurement instruments (filters, impactor, DMA). Prior to heat exchangers (850 deg C) the ash mass-concentration was 1.0 - 1.3 g/Nm sup 3 with 1 % of ash forming constituents as vapours. At least 98 % of sulphur, over 90 % of sodium and over 80 % of potassium were found in particulate phase prior to heat exchangers. On the other hand, at least 80 % of the chlorine was in vapour phase. 98 % of the ash was in coarse (> 0.3 mu m) particles. Coarse ash particles had an irregular surface structure often consisting of fine primary particles. The remaining 2 % was observed in fine particles of about 0.1 mu m. Both rounded and cornered (suggesting crystal structure) fine particles were found. The fine particles were composed of alkali chlorides and sulphates, mainly of KCl. About 80 % of the ash on mass basis was deposited onto heat exchanger surfaces when soot-blowing was not carried out. Practically all of the particles larger than 10 mu m were deposited. The deposition was less significant for smaller particles. The fine particle concentration before and after the heat exchangers was the same within the experimental inaccuracy. The deposited fraction of potassium, sodium and sulphur was about the same than that of the total ash : However, the deposition of chlorine was much lower since the chlorine content was low in the coarse particles that were deposited most effectively. (orig.)

DESCRIPTOR(S)- * ASHES AGGLOMERATION; ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS; BIOMASS; CIRCULATING SYSTEMS; DEPOSITS; FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION; HEAT EXCHANGERS; WOOD WASTES IDENTIFIER(S)- CHEMICAL REACTIONS; COMBUSTION; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; ENERGY SOURCES; OXIDATION; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES; RESIDUES; SOLID WASTES; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; WASTES

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- 092000

Ref 47. Gasification of waste preserved wood impregnated with toxic inorganic and/or organic chemicals

EDB 96-10 96:070983 96001573062 NDN- 108-0627-1367-3

Vesterinen, R., (VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland). Energy Production Technologies)(M)

1995

73 page(s)

DOCUMENT TYPE- Report

ISBN- 951-38-4782-9

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- VTT Energy, Espoo (Finland). Energy Production Technologies

CORPORATE AUTHOR- Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo (Finland)

LOCATION OF WORK- FI

REPORT NUMBER(S)- VTT-PUB--244

SUBFILE CODE- FI

PUBLICATION COUNTRY- FI

ANNOUNCEMENT CODE- EDB; ERA; ETD; NTS

Document Order Number- DE96744914

CORPORATE ENTRY CODE- 9834420

INCOMING TAPE SERIAL NUMBER- FI9603276

ANNOUNCEMENT IDENTIFICATION- FI-96:003276; EDB-96:070983

LANGUAGE- English

The overall objective of the project was to reduce or eliminate emissions of toxic compounds by disposal of waste preserved wood by gasification as an alternative method to incineration. One specific objective was to perform experiments with the gasifier in order to develop and test a process for generating combustible gases for production of heat and power from waste preserved wood. This process would ensure that heavy metals were present in the ash without any risk of wash out and that no toxic substances were emitted to the atmosphere. The objective of the gasification experiments at he 5MW Jalasjaervi gasification plant was to determine, which compounds emit from gasification of waste preserved wood impregnated with creosote or CCA ( copper , kromium , arsenic ). A further objective was determine the heavy metals in the ash from the gasifier and determine their leachability. Unfortunately, it was not possible to obtain any ash samples during the tests due to the unloading system for the ash . It is possible to gasify preserved waste wood impregnated with creosote and CCA with low exit concentrations of polychlorinateddibenzo-p- dioxins and dibenzofurans

DESCRIPTOR(S)- * WOOD FUELS COMBUSTION; DUAL-PURPOSE POWER PLANTS; EMISSION; GASIFICATION ; IMPREGNATION; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; TOXICITY IDENTIFIER(S)- CHEMICAL REACTIONS; ENERGY SOURCES; FUELS; OXIDATION; POWER PLANTS; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- 090900

Ref 59. Air gasification of biomass in a downdraft fixed bed: A comparative study of the inorganic and organic products distribution

EIX 00-40 E2000405292232 NDN- 017-0351-0336-3

De Bari, I.; Barisano, D.; Cardinale, M.; Matera, D.; Nanna, F.; Viggiano, D.

Energy and Fuels v 14 n 4 Jul 2000. p 889-898

2000

DOCUMENT TYPE- JA, Journal Article

ISSN- 0887-0624

CODEN- ENFUEM

AUTHOR AFFILIATION- ENEA, Policoro, Italy

JOURNAL NAME- Energy and Fuels

LANGUAGE- English

This paper deals with the gasification of agricultural residues such as almond shells and wood at high temperature (850 degree C) in a small-scale gasification plant coupled with a reciprocated internal combustion engine. Detailed investigation of both organic (tar) and inorganic (NHSUB3, HCN, metals, etc.) products distribution in the process streams are provided. This research aims to assess the existence of certain relations between feedstock composition and the observed products distribution in the steady state. Biomass feedstock is characterized for its elemental composition, its content of metallic species, and lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose fractions. A different feedstock composition was found to be associated with some important variations in the process monitored parameters such as the gasification rate, the tar content, and the char yield in the flue gas. Also a relation was found between the relative amount of ammonia and cyanide species in the flue gas at the operating conditions of the gasifier (oxygen-to-biomass ratio and activated carbon support). Spectroscopic features of the sludgy condensate formed in the upper part of the gasifier during the early stage of the process together with the characterization of char, fly ash , and acidic species in the flue gas shed light on some mechanistic aspects of the gasification process. (Author abstract) 25 Refs.

DESCRIPTOR(S)- Agricultural wastes; Fly ash ; Gasification ; Wood

IDENTIFIER(S)- Downdraft fixed bed

TREATMENT CODE- TC-X (Experimental)

SECTIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE- CAL525.1; CAL811; CAL802.3; CAL521.1; CAL821.5

SECTION HEADING- Biomass