Environmental and Health Assesment of Alternatives to Phthalates and to
flexible PVC

Contents

Preface 

1. English summary (Summary) 

2. Sammendrag (Sammenfattende artikel) 

3. Introduction and approach
3.1 Background 
3.2 Approach
3.2.1 Data search and substance selection
3.3 Properties information
3.3.1 Data collection
3.3.2 Estimation of exposure
3.3.3 Assessment
3.3.4 Combined assessment

4. Use patterns and substitutes  
4.1 Use patterns of phthalates
4.1.1 Assessment of use of phthalate plasticisers
4.2 Selection of substitute substances
4.2.1 Assessed substitutes for phthalates - substances
4.2.2 Assessed substitutes for flexible PVC - materials
4.3 Proposed use pattern for substitutes
4.3.1 Substitution matrix for the 11 substances in tons
4.3.2 Substitution matrix for the two materials
4.4 Assessment of emission and exposure
4.4.1Considerations regarding specific uses of phthalates/substitutes
4.4.2 Worker and consumer exposure
4.4.3 Exposure in environment
4.4.4 Migration potential

5. Health and environmental assessment for compounds
5.1 Di(ethylhexyl) adipate; 103-23-1
5.1.1  Use, emission and exposure
5.1.2 Health assessment
5.1.3 Environmental assessment
5.2 O-acetyl tributyl citrate; 77-90-7
5.2.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.2.2 Health assessment
5.2.3 Environmental assessment
5.3 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; 298-07-7
5.3.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.3.2 Health assessment
5.3.3 Environmental assessment
5.4 Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; 78-42-2
5.4.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.4.2 Health assessment
5.4.3 Environmental assessment
5.5 Tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate; 3319-31-1
5.5.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.5.2 Health assessment
5.5.3 Environmental assessment
5.6 O-toluene sulfonamide; 88-19-7
5.6.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.6.2 Health assessment
5.6.3 Environmental assessment
5.7 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentandiol diisobutyrate; 6846-50-0
5.7.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.7.2 Health assessment
5.7.3 Environmental assessment
5.8 Epoxidised soybean oil; 8013-07-8
5.8.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.8.2 Health assessment
5.8.3 Environmental assessment
5.9 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate; 27138-31-4
5.9.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.9.2 Health assessment
5.9.3 Environmental assessment
5.10 Dioctyl sebacate; 122-62-3
5.10.1 Use, emission and exposure
5.10.2 Health assessment
5.10.3 Environmental assessment
5.11 Polyester (polyadipates)

6. Health and environmental assessment for materials
6.1 Polyurethane
6.1.1 Use, emission and exposure
6.1.2 Health assessment
6.1.3 Environmental assessment
6.2 Polyethylene (PE)
6.2.1 Use, emission and exposure
6.2.2 Health assessment
6.2.3 Environmental assessment

7. Combined Assessment of Use, Exposure and Effects
7.1 Chemical Hazard Evaluation
7.1.1 Data availability
7.1.2 Physical-chemical data
7.1.3 Humans
7.1.4 Environment
7.2 Risk evaluation
7.2.1 Working environment
7.2.2 Consumer exposure
7.2.3 Human exposure in environment/secondary poisoning
7.2.4 Aquatic ecosystems
7.2.5 Sediment
7.2.6 Groundwater, soil and microorganisms
7.3 Overview

8. Conclusion

9. Reference list

A. Appendix 1
B. Appendix 2
C. Appendix 3
D. Appendix 4