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Phytochemical responses to herbicide exposure and effects on herbivorous insects

Contents

Preface
 
Sammenfattende artikel
 
Summary and conclusions
 
1 General introduction
1.1 Organisms studied
1.2 Types of experiments performed
 
2 Identification and quantitative analysis of selected phenolic compounds
2.1 Materials and methods
2.1.1 Plant material
2.1.2 General techniques
2.1.3 Hydrolysis
2.1.4 Extraction and isolation
2.1.5 Quantitative analysis
2.2 Results
2.2.1 Identification of the phenolic compounds
2.2.2 Quantitative analysis of phenolic in F.convolvulus leaves
2.3 Discussion
 
3 Impact of herbicides with different modes of action on phenolic compounds
3.1 Methods
3.1.1 Herbicides
3.1.2 Plants
3.1.3 Chemical analysis
3.1.4 Statistics
3.2 Results
3.3 Discussion
 
4 Phytochemical responses to chlorsulfuron treatment under laboratory and field conditions
4.1 Materials and methods
4.1.1 Phytochemical responses to chlorsulfuron treatment under greenhouse and field conditions
4.1.2 Effects of UV-B light on phytochemical response
4.1.3 Statistics
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Phytochemical responses to chlorsulfuron treatment under greenhouse and field conditions
4.2.2 Effects of UV-B light on phytochemical response
4.3 Discussions and conclusions
 
5 Dose dependence and persistence of chlorsulfuron-induced phytochemical changes
5.1 Methods
5.1.1 Statistics
5.1.2 Chemical analysis
5.2 Results
5.2.1 Dose-assay
5.2.2 Time-assay
5.3 Discussion
 
6 The effect of herbivory on phytochemical profile
6.1 Materials and methods
6.1.1 Comparison of phytochemical responses to natural simulated herbivory
6.1.2 Effects of herbivore density on the content of selected phenolic compounds
6.1.3 Effects of herbivory and UV-B-light in combinaion
6.1.4 Spraying procedure
6.1.5 Chemical analyses
6.1.6 Statistical analyses
6.2 Results
6.2.1 Comparison of phytochemical responses to natural and simulated herbivory
6.2.2 Effects of herbivore density on the content of selected phenolic compounds
6.2.3 Effects of herbivory and UV-B-light in combination on the phenolic compounds
6.3 Discussion
 
7 Phenolic compounds and mortality of herbivorous larvae
7.1 Materials and methods
7.1.1 Spraying precedure
7.1.2 Chemical analyses
7.1.3 Statistical analyses
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Phytochemical responses of F.convolvulus to chlorsulfuron, herbivory and time
7.2.2 Relationship between content of phenolic compounds and insect survival
7.3 Discussion
 
8 Modelling changes in the content of two phenolic compounds
8.1 Materials and methods
8.1.1 Plant model
8.1.2 Intake of phenolics by G. polygoni larvae over time
8.2 Results
8.2.1 Plant model
8.2.2 Validation
8.2.3 Body burden estimates as descriptor for larvae mortality
8.3 Discussion
 
9 Drift of herbicides, and the importance of droplet size - field and laboratory studies
9.1 Materials and methods
9.1.1 Laboratory studies of impact of differences in nozzle choice on the effect of herbicides on plants
9.1.2 Field study of drift of herbicide and related effects on plants
9.1.3 Statistics
9.2 Results
9.2.1 Laboratory study
9.2.2 Field study
9.3 Discussion
 
10 Relationships between herbicide treatment of host plants and the performance of herbivorous insects
10.1 Methods and materials
10.1.1 Pieris-Brassica test system
10.1.2 Gastrophysa-Fallopia test system
10.1.3 Sitobion-Triticum test system
10.1.4 Spraying procedure
10.1.5 Statistical analyses
10.2 Results
10.2.1 Pieris
10.2.2 Gastrophysa
10.2.3 Sitobion
10.3 Discussion
 
11. General summary and discussion
11.1 General phytochemical trends in relation to biotic and abiotic factors
11.1.1 Growth conditions
11.1.2 Chlorsulfuron treatment
11.2 Implications
11.2.1 Laboratory versus field
11.2.2 Indicator of exposure
11.2.3 Indicator of effects on herbivores in agricultural fields in the spray drift zone
11.3 Conclusion
 
12 References

 

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