Effects of reduced pesticide use on flora and fauna in agricultural fields

Table 3.10.
Beets. Mean densities of the most common carnivore and non-carnivore groups (no./1.5 m2). Estimates given are least squares means with 95% confidence limits in square brackets per sampling. Significant differences between dosages (p<0.05, paired t-tests) are indicated by different letters. P-values for test of the factor dosage are given (ns: p>0.05, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001). Abbreviations: Col.= Coleoptera, Dip.= Diptera, Hem.= Hemiptera, Hym.= Hymenoptera, Neu.= Neuoptera, Img.= Imagines, Lar.= Larvae, Nym.= Nymphs, Pup.= Pupae.
    

Carnivores

Normal dosage

Half dosage

Quarter dosage

p-value

Araneae

28.2

[ 24.6; 32.4]

26.5

[ 23.1; 30.5]

24.7

[ 21.4; 28.6]

0.4031 ns

Chilopoda

0,4

[ 0,3; 0,7]

0,3

[ 0,2; 0,5]

0,4

[ 0,3; 0,7]

0.6586 ns

Col: Cantharidae img.

0.6

[ 0.5; 0.9]

0.9

[ 0.7; 1.3]

0.9

[ 0.7; 1.2]

0.0947 ns

Col: Carabidae img.

18.8

[ 15.9; 22.1]

18.2

[ 15.5; 21.5]

19.5

[ 16.6; 22.8]

0.8425 ns

Col: Carabidae lar.

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.3

[ 0.2; 0.5]

0.6648 ns

Col: Coccinellidae img.

0.5

[ 0.3; 0.8]

0.4

[ 0.3; 0.8]

0.5

[ 0.3; 0.9]

0.8089 ns

Col: Coccinellidae lar.

0.1 a

[ 0.0; 0.2]

0.1 b

[ 0.1; 0.3]

0.2 b

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.0013 **

Col: Staphylinidae img.

11.5 a

[ 10.0; 13.2]

11.9 ab

[ 10.4; 13.7]

14.2 b

[ 12.5; 16.2]

0.0432 *

Col: Staphylinidae lar.

0.3 ab

[ 0.2; 0.5]

0.2 a

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.5 b

[ 0.3; 0.8]

0.0224 *

Dermaptera

0.3 ab

[ 0.1; 1.0]

0.2 b

[ 0.1; 0.7]

0.5 a

[ 0.2; 1.4]

0.0220 *

Dip: Asilidae & Empidoidea img.

0.1 a

[ 0.0; 0.3]

0.1 a

[ 0.0; 0.3]

0.2 b

[ 0.1; 0.6]

0.0022 **

Dip: Syrphidae img.

0.5

[ 0.3; 0.9]

0.3

[ 0.2; 0.7]

0.6

[ 0.3; 1.0]

0.2124 ns

Dip: Syrphidae lar.

0.4

[ 0.3; 0.7]

0.4

[ 0.2; 0.6]

0.5

[ 0.3; 0.7]

0.7242 ns

Hem: Nabidae img.

0,6

[ 0,4; 0,8]

0,5

[ 0,4; 0,7]

0,5

[ 0,3; 0,7]

0,4921 ns

Hem: Nabidae nym.

0,1

[ 0,0; 0,2]

0,2

[ 0,1; 0,3]

0,2

[ 0,1; 0,4]

0,3861 ns

Hym: Parasitic wasps img.

20.5 a

[ 16.9; 24.9]

24.1 a

[ 20.1; 28.9]

30.6 b

[ 26.0; 36.1]

0.0029 **

Neu: Chrysopidae img.

1.2

[ 0.8; 0.2]

1.0

[ 0.6; 1.6]

1.1

[ 0.7; 1.8]

0.7624 ns

Neu: Chrysopidae lar.

1.3

[ 1.0; 1.8]

1.5

[ 1.1; 2.0]

1.7

[ 1.3; 2.3]

0.3260 ns

Opiliones

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.3]

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.3

[ 0.2; 0.5]

0.4802 ns

Non-carnivores

Normal dosage

Half dosage

Quarter dosage

p-value

Col: Chrysomelidae img.

1.5

[ 0.9; 2.6]

1.9

[ 1.2; 3.1]

2.6

[ 1.7; 4.0]

0.2043 ns

Col: Chrysomelidae lar.

0.1

[ 0.0; 0.2]

0.1

[ 0.0; 0.3]

0.2

[ 0.0; 0.5]

0.3005 ns

Col: Cuculionidae img.

1.1 a

[ 0.7; 1.7]

1.7 ab

[ 1.1; 2.5]

2.2 b

[ 1.5; 3.2]

0.0136 *

Col: Lathridiidae img.

1.2

[ 0.9; 1.7]

1.2

[ 0.8; 1.7]

1.3

[ 0.9; 1.9]

0.8374 ns

Col: Meligethes img.

0.3 a

[ 0.1; 0.7]

0.8 a

[ 0.4; 1.4]

1.6 b

[ 1.0; 2.7]

<.0001 ***

Diplopoda

0.3

[ 0.1; 0.5]

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.5]

0.4

[ 0.2; 0.7]

0.1836 ns

Dip: Bibionidae img.

0.4

[ 0.1; 1.8]

0.9

[ 0.3; 2.9]

1.0

[ 0.3; 2.9]

0.4244 ns

Dip: Tipulidae img.

0.4

[ 0.2; 0.7]

0.4

[ 0.3; 0.7]

0.6

[ 0.4; 0.9]

0.3890 ns

Dip: Others img.

242.4

[ 187.4; 313.4]

227.6

[ 175.2; 295.8]

252.6

[ 196.0; 325.5]

0.7725 ns

Dip: Lar./pup.

0.4

[ 0.2; 0.7]

0.5

[ 0.3; 0.8]

0.4

[ 0.2; 0.6]

0.6814 ns

Hem: Auchenorrhyncha img.

17.0 a

[ 14.2; 20.4]

13.2 b

[ 10.9; 16.0]

11.7 b

[ 9.6; 14.3]

0.0002 ***

Hem: Auchenorrhyncha nym.

2.1

[ 1.3; 3.5]

2.3

[ 1.4; 3.7]

1.6

[ 1.0; 2.7]

0.0864 ns

Hem: Miridae img.

1.6 a

[ 1.3; 1.9]

2.3 b

[ 2.0; 2.7]

2.1 b

[ 1.8; 2.5]

0.0006 ***

Hem: Miridae nym.

1.3

[ 0.7; 2.3]

1.5

[ 0.8; 2.6]

1.5

[ 0.8; 2.6]

0.9118 ns

Hym: Symphyta lar.

0.1

[ 0.0; 0.3]

0.2

[ 0.1; 0.4]

0.3

[ 0.1; 0.5]

0.1097 ns

Lepidoptera img.

1.3

[ 0.9; 1.9]

1.5

[ 1.1; 2.2]

1.5

[ 1.1; 2.1]

0.7361 ns

Lepidoptera lar.

3.3

[ 2.7; 4.1]

3.3

[ 2.6; 4.1]

3.7

[ 3.0; 4.5]

0.6814 ns